ULSF NOTES ---------- current versions: ulsf01-1.0.14 ulsf02-1.0.5 ulsf03-1.0.2 ulsf04-1.0.2 ulsf05-1.0.3 CONFLICTS 1) OXYGEN PHOTOSYNTH+CYANOBACTERIA 3800MYBN OR 2700MYBN a) There are serious conflicts between fossil dates and molecular dates. In particular: 1) c13, isoprenes, stromatolite, cyanobacteria have been found in the oldest sediments (3500mybn), but many molecular estimates put cyanobacteria at 2923mybn (s12), 2300 (s17). a) for 3800my cyano+oxy phot: (cyan:schopf oxy phot: mojz, cowen ) (basically all the geological people [no clear exceptions to my knowledge]) i36: (oxy phot) 3850my c12 and c12 biomarkers, Mojzsis i39: (cyano) fossil that looks like oscillatoria/lynbya, Schopf i37: stromatolites at Warrawoona, i186: (oxy phot) Sulfur isotope ratios (34S/32S) i184: (oxy phot) Amount of Uranium isotope measured in Isua, Greenland Banded Iron Formation evidence of prokaryote Oxygen photosynthesis. i45: BIF at 3850my: clearly free oxygen is responsible for the orange bands in BIF...only from uv? b) for 2700my cyano+oxy phot: Hedges (s12), Knoll (check), Doolittle (basically all the genetic people [knoll as the exception]) i172) genetic comparison has cyano here. TP: could be 1) ancient bacteria radically different from surviving species...large amount of DNA transfer 2) DNA clock inaccurate...many DNA trees vary widely TP conclusion: I kind of lean toward the BIF being evidence of free oxygen, and that this O2 was from oxygen producing photosynthesis, but I don't doubt the DNA evidence. I think either it is a problem of time scale or living organisms having very different genomes than their ancestors. 2) Molecular dates vary widely. 3) As a plus, the order of species for genetic estimates appears to be consistent and widely agreed upon. 2) undulopodium, cilium, or flagellum OR FLAGELLA FOR EUKARYOTE FLAGELLA? 3) FOSSIL OR GENETIC RECORD? Origin of various phyla a) genetic usually puts farther back than fossil record b) some anomolous fossils 1) Grypania - eukaryote or giant prokaryote? 2) brown algae fossil of 1800-1600 mybn from China - even RNA trees put Stramenopoles at no earlier than 1600mybn. 3) earliest molusc fossil at 560 my, but some rna trees put c539 Fossil Papers: Molecular Papers: make Fossil history? Molecular summary: s4 = R Doolittle (amino acids) s10 = Dawkins s12 = Hedges s16 = Cavelier-Smith s17 = Hori (5S rRNA) first rrna common ancestor: s12) 4250my s16) 3850my first eubact s12) 3900my s16) 3850my first arche/meta/meso s4) 2142-1873my s10) 2300my s12) 4100my (has arche b4 eu) s16) s17) 1800my first eukaryote s4) 1951-1699my (Doolittle) s10) 1600my (Dawkins) s11) 2350 (Schopf) p57 s14) ? (Knoll) s16) 850my (T. Cavalier-Smith) s17) 1400my (Osawa, S., Honjo) s19) 2725 (Hedges) s29) 2800-2400 (geochemical record) 1900 (oldest fossils) (Knoll) 2700my (molecular fossils) first plant s10) glauc 1500my (Dawkins) s20) red algae 1609my (Hedges) s18) 1580my (Hedges) s4) 1228my (Doolittle) s8) red algae 1010my (relaxed) s15) glauc 1558my first fungi s10) 1300my (Dawkins) s20) 1587my (Hedges) s18) ~1500my (Hedges) s24) Chytrids 1458my s4) 1000my (Doolittle) s8) 984my (relaxed) s15) ~1700my (opisthokonts) * there is a large difference between genetic trees and fossil trees for fungi first animal (difference of 500my) s10) DRIPs 1000my (Dawkins) s18) Choano ~1500my (Hedges) s20) Choano ~1450my (Hedges) s4) 965my (Doolittle) 1996) >1200my s8) 984my (relaxed) s15) ~1700my (opisthokonts [fungi+animal] before red,green algae) animal+plant+fungi s24) 1600my s7) 1392my s4) 1000my (Doolittle) TP: could be 2700 (1: steranes 2:euk dna, 3:mito dna, 4:plancto), next would be 2350 (1: schopf fossil interpret, 2: takes time for riketsia to become mito, 3: Dawkins, Doolittle, Osawa have earlier according to DNA) current conclusion: from: animals: 1100 or 1200 (compromise 1000/1500) 3) there is a large difference between genetic trees and fossil trees for fungi 4) If the ancestor of mammals and birds is before crocodylian, warm bloodedness had to evolve twice in mammals and birds (since crocodiles are cold blooded and it is doubtful they lost this property). I think the common ancestor of birds and mammals was warm blooded (egg layer) is a logical theory, but some genetic data appears to put crocodylians branching with birds after mammals. 5)Paranthropus or Australopithecus 6) Toumai bipedal, from 7mybn, 1 my before chimp, humans according to genetic. chimp lost ability to walk on two legs? (and Orrorin) s10=A wiki=P Taxon=P 7) oldest family hominidae fossil/age of dryopithecus: s37 23.3my mostly in east africa (*here clearly something is going on) [2] 12my africa (wiki) s39 13my eurasia s10 13my eurasia [7] 13my eurasia (http://www.primates.com/history/) ======== FOSSILS ======== oldest prokaryote (TP) prokaryotes (eu+arche) rRNA trees shifted here? or go with rrna trees but as importance=2 3850 C12/C13 (evidence of photosynthetic bacteria) oldest sediment id36 3800 isoprene (evidence of archaea) id185 3500 cyano fossils id39/stromatolites id37 3235 thermophylic fossils (possible evidence of archaea) id68 2700 steranes (possibly from eubacteria/mito) 1874 oldest eukaryote fossil grypania id61 1850 oldest acritarch (with budding protrusions) id66 1800 end of BIF 1100 s31 red algae reported in 1990 900 s31 unicellular green algae Bitter Springs 100 s31 diatoms 2) CONFLICT: ALGAE PLANT OR PROTIST PROTIST s18 hedges shttp://mclibrary.nhmccd.edu/taxonomy/plantae.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Plantae/ http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/algae.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista PLANT Cavelier-Smith s23 wf doolittle baldauf 2003 (has brown algea as not plant) s10 Dawkins (has brown algae as protist) s6 tree of life in science (s24 appears to) s8 (relaxed molecular clock) many papers refer to "land plants" for above group http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Index/MajorTaxa/..%5C..%5CClassification%5C3463.htm has rhodophyta in kingdom plantae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Algae s6 (brown algae protist) OTHER: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Green_plants&contgroup=Eukaryotes has green algae as "green plants" and does not appear to follow the two traditional naming systems. TP conclusion: I kind of lean towards algae as being plants, although just barely...I would like to hear more arguments, but I can't accept simply "traditionally that is the name...etc.", we should examine everything all the time and collectively determine (and ofcourse individually determine) the best systems, names, etc. But I think I will put in some statements, explaining the conflict. I think that animals are more closely related to nonvasular plants than brown algae or red algae is, is good evidence that nonvasc plants may be different enough from algae to call algae protists, but one thing is the similarity of apearance and filament, photosynth, that probably was inherited. I think I will add 2 and 3 events like "For those that think algea is a plant, the plant kingdom begins here" TP NOTES: 1) It is very interesting how similar cyanobacteria are to the other algaes: a) grow in filaments [does cyanobactera do many from one like metazoans? or is it colonial?] b) photosynthesis could be from convergence because of same lifestyle in ocean, cell wall is: http://plantphys.info/principles/prokaryoticcell.html "The cell wall is a four-layered structure. An apparently soft inner layer (colorless in diagram) faces the cell membrane. The second layer is the rigid layer (orange in diagram) composed of murein. Murein is a peptidoglycan: peptides attached to a polysaccharide made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. The softer two outer layers (yellow in diagram) are made of lipopolysaccharides. " big differences: no nucleus, cell wall not made of cellulose ARGUMENTS: algae are protists: 1) many single celled 2) algae has no roots, stems, leaves, flowers 3) plants anchored to ground, algae free floating 4) many algae motile (green algae: Chlamydomonas) 5) euglena is motile and does photosynthesis...is more like protist 6) plant defined as using photosynth to make starch (check which organisms do not do this) 7) animals are more closely related to nonvascular-plants than phaeophyta (chromists). [in berkeley chart, but in s18, red algae is next to green algae and plants.] 8) euglenoids also photosynthize but are not plants. 9) tough to call brown algae a protist, but red and green algae plants. algae are plants: 1) photosynthesis 2) some are multicelluar 3) nonvascular plants reproduce with spores like algae 4) there are algae that live on land. 5) kelp (brown algae), many forms of red algae look like plants, with leaves. 6) algae does have differentiating cells. ("Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and C[tp h]lorophyta constitute the 'algae', The larger static types show some degree of cellular differentiation and organization into root-like (holdfast) stem-like (stipe) and even leaf-like (blade) structures.") 7) algae are closest living relatives to nonvascular-plants (there are no species in between them) [phaeophyta, brown algae may be earlier and in a different family=Chromalveolates] 8) with algae as plants, multicellularity is not in protist kingdom (check) 9) many members of all algea (brown, red, green) look the same, grow with filaments...it is hard to believe that filament growth evolved separately for each species. 10) tough to call kelp a protist colony, or perhaps a multicellular protist. list major difference between algae and land plants: algae: 1) unicellular and multicellular (but cells not differentiated) land plants: 1) anchored to ground (http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Plantae/) 2) multicellular (cell always differentiated? y according to http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/algae.htm). I am not sure, the nonvascular plants have differentiated cells. They have no flowers, seeds (reproduce by spores), no vascular tissue, ... it appears there are differentialted cells in liverworts: "Rhizoids, in bryophytes, are root-like structures that anchors the plant to the ground.". Liverworts are interesting: the main body is haploid. both: 1) photosynthesis info: according to http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/algae.htm: "The Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Clorophyta constitute the "algae" (singular alga) They include motile unicellular (Chlamydomonas), motile multicellular (Volvox) and static multicellular types (Cladophora, Spirogyra and "seaweeds"). The motile types often use whip like flagellae to propel themselves. The gametes of static multicellular types are free-swimming and also have flagellae. The larger static types show some degree of cellular differentiation and organization into root-like (holdfast) stem-like (stipe) and even leaf-like (blade) structures. [tp yes like brown algae has leaf like structures...kelp] The smaller free floating or motile forms make up a major part of the phytoplankton (along with Chrysophyta and Cyanobacteria)." "Chlorophyta "Green algae" include some of the most plant-like organisms. There are many marine types including Ulva or sea lettuce. Unlike the other two groups, this division includes some terrestrial (Protococcus on tree bark) " from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae "Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellate spores, which closely resemble other heterokont cells." tp: interesting that flagellated spore cells are present in fish, amphib, reptiles, and mammals. That reproductive link perhaps did not change? 3) MULTICELLULARITY from wiki, there are 3 theories given: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_multicellularity "1. Symbiotic Theory This theory suggests that the first multicellular organisms occured from symbiosis or cooperation of different species of protozoa, each having different tasks. 2. Cellularisation (Syncytial) Theory This theory states that a protist could have developed internal membrane partitions around each of its nuclei. Many protists such as the ciliates or amoeba can have several nuclei and so this could be a valid theory. However, this has never been known to occur in any organism and so is generally disbelieved to have happened in the past either. However, a multicellular organism would be called multicellular and not a single celled protozoa that has undergone compartmentalisation, making this route hard to prove anyway due to our current definitions of organisms. 3. The Colonial Theory The third, final, and most convincing explanation of multicellularisation is the Colonial Theory which was proposed by Haeckal in 1874. This posits the symbiosis of many organisms of the same species (unlike symbiosis theory, which suggests the symbiosis of different species). This is most likely as it has been seen to occur independantly many times (in 16 different protoctistan phyla). For instance, Dictyostelium is an amoebae which groups together during times of food shortage, forming a colony that moves as one to a new location. some of these amoeba then become slightly differentiated from each other. Other examples of colonial organisation in protozoa are Eudorina and volvox (consisting of around 10,000 cells, only around 25-35 of which reproduce - 8 asexually and around 15-25 sexually). It can often be hard to tell however what is a colonial protoctistan and what is a multicellular organism in its own right. Most scientists therefore believe that is by the Colonial theory that Multicellular organisms evolved." TP: I think there may be a problem in that, metazoans build the organism from one cell (zygote) and so, it would seem that all cells are made from that one piece of DNA, and to me that is evidence that multicellularity (not colonization...or multiceullarity at the level of animals...with cell differentiation, and perhaps even other noncolonization multicellularity...I have to learn more about...for example prokaryote I doubt splits into more than one kind of cell, but perhaps most if not all multiceullar eukaryotes divide into different kinds of cells...which to me implies that multicellularity in eukaryotes at least evolved slowly in the DNA of single celled organisms by natural selection. The changes were in the DNA of a single celled organism that affected later stages of the life cycle coded in the DNA. For example, on a mitosis, a new cell is made that is different from the original cell, (the original cell remains the same...but the development stage ...or DNA pointer is later). There is the possibility that DNA from other members of the species was included and incorporated into DNA in one member of some species. The above examples, of volvox, and multicellular colonization, and organization, I think evolved at the individual level through natural selection. Changes effected all future generations, which produced only one kind of cell. I think the key to multicellularity in metazoans is cell differentiation. In other words, the new cell made was not the same cell, but a different kind of cell with a different function. For the first time, a single celled organizism produced two kinds of cells. (Perhaps the first occurance of this was the gamete, somatic differentialtion.). (and then perhaps the 2 gender gametes, and 1 somatic cell). I think cell differentiation is the same process as multicellularity in the metazoans. So multicellularity happened as a process of: 1) 1 single gamete cell=>2 single gametes cells: single cells that make exact copies in mitosis, no cell differentiation. 2) 1 single gamete cell=>1 single gamete cell(1 gender)+1 single somatic cell: single cells that exhibit cell differentiation, but remain a chain of single cells throughout the life cycle. One mitosis results in a different kind of cell with a different function. The first example of this is a single cell that mitosis to produce a different kind of cell (check...but a sporocyte and a nonreproducing cell). Homosexual reproduction? Are their two nuclei joining, but only one kind of sporocyte? If yes, then sexual reproduction may have started as homosexual (or one gender) reproduction. 3) 1 single gamete cell=>2 single gamete cells (2 genders)+1 single somatic cell: Mitosis produces 2 different kinds of gamete cells (and presumably one somatic cell...I have to check this). This is the actual beginning of 2 gender sexual reproduction. Presumably "sexual reproduction" is the combining of two different sets of chromosomes, so I think that only happens with 2 different gender gamete cells...I am not sure and I will have to check that. Actually I think no, and identical sporocytes do fuse, and the first sex on earth appears to be homosexual sex (the DNA of two cells with only one gender fusing). (from here I have to think more) 2 same gender gamete cells=>1 zygote cell=>2 same gender gamete cells 2 different gender gamete cells=>1 zygote cell=>2 different gender gamete cells (somewhere a somatic cell is produced through mitosis) 4) 2 gender gamete cells=>zygote=>1 gender gamete cell, 1 somatic cell 5) zygote=> 1 gender gamete producing cell=> 1 gamete cell 1 somatic cell 1 somatic cell 6) zygote=> 1 gamete producing cell=> (mitosis 20 times before death, or DNA stops copying/functioning from mutation) 1 gamete cell 1 somatic producing cell=> 1 type A somatic cell 1 type B somatic cell We should look carefully at the organisms with the least number of cell divisions in their life cycle (perhaps the smallest eukaryotes? or smallest metzoan eukaryotes). Because we need to trace the sporocyte producing cell...that must have been the cycle that was produced first? (Kind of our species was built around our twats and balls...nice), since reproduction is the basis of life, the one thing every living species has in common, the oldest part of our bodies design. Reproduction is the oldest and most essential portion of the design of all living objects. The sperm and ovum are the oldest designs of all cells in or bodies. Each cell division may be carefully coded/marked in the DNA. Or is it a continuous process...where basically the instruction is keep copying (dependent on all the necessary molecules being there). I have to look more closely at the details because I think a single cell mitosis' into one kind and then that cell mitosis' into a different kind...it appears like a 2 generation thing. tough to know if the zygote is a sporocyte because it continues the reproduction cycle, where somatic cells do not (or they do, but they cannot rebuild a human, for example). The zygote ultimately does build more sporocytes (for one gender only though). It's kind of wild, that the process of that first zygote in building cells that build other cells, kind of repeats itself at some point...for example, for the gametes, there are the gamete producing cells...the cells that make all the gametes (for males, for females...I think they are born with the full set of ova), there perhaps were cells that made those gamete making cells. And so, the gamete making cells reproduce/mitose and make themselves, but (check) they also mitose and make sperm cells, repeating the process of cell differentiation the zygote does. It's like the basis of aging...hopefully, people will figure out how to make cells that can grow back an arm in humans, etc. somewhere in the line of development that cell is destroyed, or does not reproduce to make exact copies of itself (it mitoses into a differentiated cell, and then dies or does not mitose anymore)...if it could be made to make copies of itself, then perhaps arms could be grown back...but those cells would need to be instructed when to copy (which currently happens in the embryo stage, the "stem cells"). For example, perhaps all the cells in our arm could be potential stem cells. multicellularity in metazoans may be when the sporocyte and the somatic cells stuck together, and the organism functioned as a two (or more) cell object. already the organism had cell differentiation..which happens during/after mitosis. for choanozoa, and sponges, which are the earliest living metazoans, I would be interesting in following the cell lines thru mitosis from zygote...clearly there must be two lines where the cells produce different types of cells. The key to the sponge is that the cells from the zygote stick together...basically that is the key to metazoan is that from zygote the cells stay together. There are zygotes that produce different cells, but they do not stay together...or I think only one cell is produced at a time, differentiation happens in stages. The main difference between colonialism and metazoans is that one metazoan cell (zygote) produces the entire organism, where in colonialism, many individual cells (sporophytes presumably) form the entire organism. There are 2 relatively big events: 1) where cell mitosis leads to differentiated cells (sporocyte, zygote, or both?) 2) where a zygote produces differentiated cells that stick together to form one organism. I guess it's the difference of e plurabus unum (from many there is one, colonial multicellularity), and e unum pluribus (from one there is many, metazoan multicellularity) There are other interesting points: 1) does the multicell structure (organism) originate from one cell? [this is the key difference between colonialism and [from one manyism....which could be called Name for "from one many"ism: 1) eunumpluribus 2) multiplicity * 3) pluribus 4) pluralism 5) onetomany 6) monomulti 7) monoamulti 8) monoadmulti * ad- to, towards, near 9) unumadpoly 10) unimulti, uniadmulti 11) deuniadmulti 12) euniplurabusism de=from e,ex out,away,from one un,unum, uni, hen many multi,poly from: "Biology of Plants", 1992, p. 292: "Each cell in gonium can divide to produce a new colony." potentially "multicellular" may be used to strictly mean derived from 1 cell. p 454: "Differentiation - the process by which cells that have identical genetic constitutions become different from one another and from the meristematic cells from which they originated - often begins while the cell is still enlarging." There is an illustration of 4 cell types that may originate from a meristematic cell. paraphrase: the multicellular object will be genetically identical to the original cell. "In other species [t of volvox], members of a single genetically uniform clone (a culture derived asexually from a single indivudual) become sexually reproducing spheroids - either male or female (spheroids that include both sexes are unknown)." from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_differentiation "A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as pluripotent. A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as totipotent. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants, many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques." (I think this only describes a cell that mitoses into other kinds of cells, but not a cell that produces a multicellular organism). "Three basic categories of cells make up the mammalian body: germ cells, somatic cells, and stem cells." (presumably a stem cell is a cell that produces differentiated cells in mitosis, while a somatic cell only makes identical copies in mitosis). Interesting that stem cell do or do not? make identical copies of themselves? but one problem with monoadmultism is that it is paraphyletic...it applies to cyanobacteria (perhaps) and to metazoans. I have to see what species it does and does not apply to, and one test is to see if a single cell does infact create the multicell object. But here is a partial list: red algae: onetomany=yes somatic differentiation=yes gamete differentiation=yes (although...for isogamy, will any two gametes combine? basically is it one gender, or are there molecular differences?) unicyte oocyte isogamy oogamy anisogamy [heterogamy] isogamy: ISoG'emE (I had ISOGoME, I think is part of a conpiracy to hide the roman/greek/latin origins of words...it's seen as more sophisitcate to say polymerase as Po'liMRAS instead of the more logical PoLE'mRAS) " in biology, a condition in which the sexual cells, or gametes, are of the same form and size and are usually indistinguishable from each other. Many algae and some fungi have isogamous gametes. In most sexual reproduction, as in mammals for example, the ovum is quite larger and of different appearance than the sperm cell. This condition is called anisogamy." it seems that differentiation happened before monomultiism, and that there does not exist a monomultiistic species that does not have differentiation. 2) Perhaps there was a transition between a zygote that mitosed into cells that float apart versus a zygote that mitosed into cells that stayed together. Already by red algae cells are definitely going from one to many (expressing this monoadmultism). 3) There is a phenomenon where cells that originated from different cells can be exchanged into the larger multicell organism with total acceptance and no rejection by the larger organism. For example, if a multicelled volvox can be produced from one cell, can individual cells in the volvox be replaced with cells that were created by a different original cell? I think this is a phenomenon of generic multicellurism versus specific multicellurism or something like that. For example, at what point would one cell from any species not be accepted by an organism of the same species? Perhaps this relates to organisms with an immune system only and so is very late in the story of evolution. ------ http://www.natur.cuni.cz/~zdenap/linksMS.html has some multicellular species. 4) CONFLICT: History that stopped science, part of story of science? (for now yes) 5) CONFLICT: how many scrolls in Alexandria 40,000 or 400,000? 1m3=1,000,000cm3 scroll=3cmx3cmx20cm=180cm3 small estimate=1cmx1cmx20cm=20cm3=.01x.01x.2=.00002m3 (2e-5 m3) (20cm3) small 40,000x.00002= 400,000x.00002=8m3 large scroll=3x3x20cm=180cm3=.000180m3 40,000*180cm3=7,200,000cm3=7.2m3=1.93x1.93x1.93 or .2mx6mx6m 400,000*180cm3=720,000m = 72e6cm=72m3=.2mx19mx19m in 19x19m which is maybe the size of a small house. (about 10 Teds x 10 Teds) and viewing this as just one wall of scrolls in 19x19m a scroll of 1cm2, 19m can hold 1,900 1cm width scrolls,2cm=950 scrolls ,3cm=633 scrolls there needs to be added space to walk and get the scrolls so if a wall is 19m, which is possible, it could hold 633 3cm scrolls on the bottom row, in the first meter up could be held 100cm worth of scrolls at 3cm in height, 1 meter is 33 scrolls high, so: 633x33= 20,900 a 1 meter tall wall 19m long with a scroll depth of ... say 20cm, can hold 20,900, a 2 meter tall (again possible), 66 scrolls tall, 633 scrolls wide=41,800 scrolls, and I can imagine a number of such rows, if 10, that would be 400,000. So, at the very large scroll length of .5m (50cm), I can imagine one row: |.5|1.0 |.5|1.0 | .....|.5|1.0 |.5| |sc|spac|sc|spac| |sc|spac|sc| for 2 meter tall shelves (my condo is 2.5m tall), (there must be spaces too to keep the scrolls workable), 19 meter walls (mine are 6-7m) each with a .5m depth (mine is about 6m), rows probably only have 1 depth of scrolls each giving 1.5m for a row and aisle, 9 is 13.5+.5 for last row is 14m. (7 teds)...I can see a large room easily holding 400,000 scrolls, in My room alone can hold: 6mx6mx2m 6mx2m can hold 200x66=13,200 scrolls a row at 6m of depth=.5 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 5m (4 rows)=52,800 scrolls so 10 of my Condos would be needed. For a two story house, 5 of my condos 2 stories tall, which is a typical house. But also there had to be lecture halls, we are talking about rooms strictly for rows of scrolls. 1 large room (like my condo) can easily hold 50,000 scrolls. 6) Science of "medicine" or of "health" clearly "health" is more accurate in describing this science than "medicine", however, cosmetic operations are not exactly health procedures (although it can be argued that a person's mind is more at ease after the cosmetic operation). Is reducing pain a health procedure, I think that can be answered yes. Also is the issue of, "doctor" or "physician" as a more accurate name? I reject "patient" in favor of "person", because patient is dehumanizing, and there is too much treatment without consent which views a person as an object, but this is minor. Does a doctor or physician practice the science of "healing"? Clearly there is fraudulent "healing" but then perhaps this should not be called "healing". I think the science of health, the science of healing is better than the science of medicine. Do people "practice" health (science)? Since a large part of healing involved understanding medicines, perhaps science of health and medicine. Also is the word "cure" and curing. Perhaps "body repairing and augmenting". 6) CONFLICT: CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION OR PRECAMBRIAN PHYLOGENETIC FUSE? see Bromham, L., Rambaut, A., Fortey, R., Cooper, A., & Penny, D. (1998). Testing the cambrian explosion hypothesis by using a molecular dating technique. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 95 (21), 12386-12389. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.21.12386 "Although we cannot provide precise estimates of the origin of metazoan phyla, we can use our results to confidently reject the Cambrian explosion hypothesis, which rests on a literal interpretation of the fossil record and assumes that special evolutionary phenomena, capable of producing profound differentiation in a short period, operated in the Cambrian but not before or since. By contrast, the Precambrian phylogenetic fuse hypothesis assumes no more than we already know to be reasonable: that lineages can diverge gradually over time and that the fossil record contains gaps that can greatly reduce the chances of finding fossils for certain periods or particular types of organisms. " 7) CONFLICT: Humans reached americas 60,000 years before now or 20,000 years before now. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2004/11/041118104010.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3086777.stm 8) CONFLICT: first to observe red blood cells and the first to draw them: Leeuwenhoek or Swammerdam? id light as motion of material particles colliding with each other like sound versus light as material particles through empty space time dilation/contraction true/false expanding universe true/false (or infinite universe) matter and motion can be intraconverted true/false star clusters made by living objects true/false END CONFLICTS =============================== ====== LINKS ====== http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1 (actually this appears to be just an individual and is not a group, in addition, many of the classifications are do not appear to be fully accepted, or at least the wiki pages have differences, plus the person uses "insane" so that is worrisome). http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html open source biology journal with images that can be downloaded and used freely: http://www.micrographia.com/index.htm NONCOMMERCIAL http://3dscience.com (actually, requires link citation) *** http://phil.cdc.gov/phil 4) Useful Links: http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/courses/v1001/clover16.html has cladograms with each important character difference SCIENCE LINKS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science Ancient Greek Scientists: http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/2/36.html http://ancientlogic.republika.pl/13.shtml (has greek lettered names) http://www.cup.gr/catalogue/book.asp?bookID=87 (has names in greek) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/papers.html (original famous chemistry papers, translated to English, for example Avogadro's 1811 paper) http://people.clarkson.edu/%7Eekatz/scientists/electrochemists.htm (this appears to be duplicated around the web amd this may be some kind of mirror) http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/index.html (may 50 scientist biographies) Online texts: http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-02/TOC.htm#TopOfPage (Socrates Scholasticus history) www.stoa.org/sol Suda online tlg.uci.edu (I realize that is hard to believe, but yet uci.edu) is Greek text only, but does contain links to free web translations. www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook2.html (Internet Medieval Sourcebook) Major HISTORY sources: historians: +Socrates Scholasticus (380 Constantinople -~450 CE) "Ecclesiastical History" by a Christian historian +John, Coptic Bishop of Nikiu who lives around 696 CE. "The Chronicle of John" +Damaskios. c.480-c550 The philosophical history : text with translation and notes //Apamea Cultural Association,,Athens : +Suda Lexicon +Synesius of Cyrene (370-414 CE)The letters of Synesius of Cyrene, translated into English with introduction and notes by Augustine +The church history of Rufinus of Aquileia, books 10 and 11 //Oxford University Press,,New York :,199 +Paulus Orosius +Ammianus Dictionary of Scientific Biography (Charles Scribner's Sons New York 1970-1981) 18 vol, alphabetical, (possibly various, many multiple volumes) Gillispie, Charles Coulston [Editor In Chief] 1: Peter Abilard - L. S. Berg 2: Hans Berger - Christoph Buy Ballot 3: Cabanis-Heinrich von Dechen 4: Dedekind to Firmicus Maternas 5: Fischer to Haberlandt 6: Jean Hachette - Joseph Hyrtle 7: Iamblichus - Karl Landsteiner 8: Jonathan Homer Lane - Pierre Joseph Macquer 9: A.T. Macrobius - K.F. Naumann 10: 11: A. Pitcairn- B. Rush 1975 12: Ibn Rushd - Jean-Servais Stas 13: 14: Staudinger - Zwelfer 1981 15: Supplement 1981 16: Index 1981 17: 18: somebody selling vol 1,2 & 4 for $125 (each around $20+) set=$300 @$40=$600 editions All 18 vols are being sold for $600 ($33/each) http://melvyl.cdlib.org/F/M4PKME5GI5DEBIRJNGED2SK9MQA1QQXSI58FTQKJXXE34IE4U5-02667?func=full-set-set&set_number=015775&set_entry=000011&format=999 in both LL and SL Q141 D554 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography http://www.indiana.edu/~newdsb/ updated new dsb $895 v1-8 Vol. 1. Abderhalden-Byers -- Vol. 2. Cabeo-Eysenck -- Vol. 3. Fairey-Hypatia -- Vol. 4. Ibn Al-Haytham-Luria -- Vol. 5. Mac Lane-Owen -- Vol. 6. Pachymeres-Szilard -- Vol. 7. Tammes-Zygmund -- Vol. 8. Index. "The Dictionary of Scientific Biography (DSB) is a monumental compilation of biographical entries (some running to dozens of pages) created by professional historians of science across the world. The persons and institutions covered date from classical antiquity to the present, with the exception that persons still living when the compilation was begun were excluded from consideration." [t notice "excluded"] A "concise" abridged version was issued in 1981 by the same publisher; this edition is only one volume. Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography = 1981 $7,2000 $25 Biographies of Scientists for Sci-Tech Libraries: Adding Faces (Scientific & Technology Libraries) (Scientific & Technology Libraries) by Tony Stankus (Hardcover - Dec 1991) $5.20 timelines to check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution http://www.johnkyrk.com/evolution.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time http://www.philosophyforum.net/HistTimeline_files/HistTimeline.htm http://home.entouch.net/dmd/chron.htm http://ruhs.milwaukee.k12.wi.us/staff/anderson/MrAWebWorld2/GeologicTimeline.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_invention http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines#Sciencens) mental health history timeline http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/mhhtim.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_medicine_and_medical_technology http://books.google.com/books?id=Kil72tKqDo0C&pg=RA1-PA237&lpg=RA1-PA237&dq=gordon+beccaria+electrolysis+history&source=web&ots=yVtM7KZvMF&sig=rpzZXmQcu0J1cUAOHdmGnZ_2OVc#PRA1-PA237,M1 (electricity) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_science http://www.asm.org/membership/index.asp?bid=16731 (microbiology - cites original papers) EVOLUTION TIMELINES: http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm SCIENCE TIMELINES: http://history.enotes.com/peoples-chronology http://www.ysee.gr?type=english&f=lovestories (Christian persecution of Helle http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm http://www.enotes.com/microbiology-resources/historical-chronology http://www.precinemahistory.net/index.html (motion pictures) space exploration http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/how_it_works/timelines/ mars http://chapters.marssociety.org/toronto/Education/TL1700.shtml health: http://books.google.com/books?id=JvoIAAAAIAAJ (An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology) electricity: http://itp.nyu.edu/~nql3186/electricity/timeline.html#Reymond astronomical spectroscopy http://www.europa.com/~telscope/histspec.txt 1800s view of evolution 1922 http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20417/20417-h/20417-h.htm (The Outline of science) helicopters http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/early_20th_century/HE2.htm ======= TO DO: ======== 1) track the development of reproduction a) binary fission to b) budding c) mitosis d) meiosis track the differences of gender, do sexual have both gender at first? when do genders separate? track change from spore to seed track change to flower, fruit (nut), drupe track each organ's (and cell kind) evolution: muscle, neuron, heart, kidney, lung, 2) add checkbox: include images with "PD, public domain, GNU, CC" in their description, or source has "wiki" or ".gov", in name, to ulsfout.htm 3) check the timing of anatomy on the protists. Sort out: various mito kinds, haploid, diploid, budding, mitosis, meiosis. make sure chronology is correct. 4) http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page uses this taxonomy: Superregnum Archaea Superregnum Bacteria Superregnum Eukarya - Regnum Protista - Regnum Fungi - Regnum Plantae - Regnum Animalia Virus (classification still unclear) I can see an alternative of: perhaps a non-monarchy,non-class naming convention can be used. I see nothing wrong with phylum(division), class, order, family, genus, species including super and sub (but my opinion is to avoid those, because aren't there enough groups...I think the difference between genus, family, order, class has to be clearly defined by number of differences in DNA or something similar, for there to be clear rules that define what is a class, an order, genus, species, etc.). Maybe just Kingdom, and perhaps class should be changed. Kingdom to group, domain, regnum, universe, set, archetype, structure, empire, collection, assembly, category, company, body, similar to Chatton 1937: Prokaryote eubacteria archaebacteria (or meta/meso bacteria) Eukaryote protists plants fungi animals the mainstream one is: Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Perhaps most importantly, all the names should be voted on, the system should be democratized, with the public getting to vote, and all people's votes being counted, with the majority winning and the current "official" name. 3/2/06 I think super/sub/infra should be avoided, it's too many layers, and is probably unnecessary. suffixes: (clearly not uniformly applied except for family) Phylum a (euglenozoa) superclass ia (pasabasalia) class ea (Trichomonadea) order ida (Lophomonadida) family ae (Microjoeniidae) super, sub, infra, parv another complaint about nomenclature is using division twice (if not more) and seemingly extra labels like "cohort", "series", "Magnorder", "legion" 5) need a good book on protists, there is a lot of conflict in naming convention. What I want is a book that basically listed all the various properties: method of reproduction, single cell/multicell/colonial, metabolisms, cell wall composition, organelles [and types]. This also for the prokaryotes [but more generalized and simplified than Bergey's probably]. 6) Statement: In making this project "ULSF" I encountered many major questions and conflicts, for example, "did oxygen producing photosynthesis happen 3.8 billion years ago, or only 2.7 billion years ago?", and "are algae plants or protists?", for which there was no consensus or clear answer. Many times, I could find very little data on some event, for example the evolution of the ribosome, the change from a circle of DNA in prokaryotes to DNA in the form of chromosomes in eukaryotes, and so I had to guess as to when some changes happened only in order to make sure I have included as many major events as I could think of. So, I want to state that the times for most of these events, and in some circumstances even the order of each event are probably wrong. In addition, as science continues to reveal more and more truth to humans, and perhaps even now to some extent, probably much of this information will be viewed as inaccurate or simply wrong. But my goal in this project is to get the major story of the universe, the evolution of life, the history of science, and the future clear and structured in my own mind, in addition to making this information available to the public for free, in the interest of science, and the progress of life on earth. in addition add in: "In many instances, to shorten the length of ULSF, I have not prefaced every statement with words like 'perhaps, probably, theoretically', etc. but statements in ULSF are to be viewed as my own opinion given what information I could find, and definitely as speculation in many instances. I did try to explain where there is conflict of opinion, and uncertainty for some events, but for the most part, I made many decisions and statements without stating any uncertainty, but in my mind doubt certainly exists. [or some doubt always exists] I did focus on making this as accurate as possible. MISC Extra Statements: a) PHOTO CREDIT PAGE: http://tedhuntington.com/ulsfcredits.htm b) I use the word "Archaea" instead of "Archaebacteria" mainly because: 1) the majority of people use this term (for example wikipedia). But my vote is for archaea to be in the kingdom "Bacteria" and thought of as bacteria. 1) I think that archaebacteria and eubacteria are so similar that both should be thought of as bacteria. 2) Calling all prokaryotes "bacteria" is logical to me. 3) We do not call "Proteobacteria", "Proteo", and so perhaps I then would use "Archae" instead of "Archaea", if I did use "Proteo". Although there are other bacteria that do not have "bacteria" in their name. 4) I do think Archaea are a form of bacteria. 5) Cavalier-Smith has "Archaeabacteria" in a Kingdom "Bacteria" (in a 2005 paper s34). This is the view I agree with (in addition to perhaps accepting the use of the word "archaea"), but I am yielding to the majority view on the issue of using "archaea" instead of "archaebacteria" for this particular instance, while supporting the view of archaea as bacteria (however I choose to use the word "prokaryote" to avoid confusion). One compromise I can see is using the term "archaea", since it is quicker to say, but with the understanding that archaea are a form of bacteria, and that "prokaryote" is the scientific term, while "bacteria" is the common name for prokaryotes. Even while keeping the 3 domains, or moving the archaebacteria branch within a "prokaryote" kingdom (with only a second "eukaryote" kingdom). I think time will resolve these issues, and this issue will be resolved within 50 years. c) Time estimates are most likely wrong, in some instances perhaps by as much as a billion years. Because I simply had to choose one system to work with, and there were many other competing theories. In particular for: 1) origin of cyanobacteria and oxygenic photosythesis 2) origin of the eukaryote nucleus 3) origin of full cell fusion (sex) 4) validity of genetic time estimates (which vary greatly of the few that exist) 5) To me that eukaryotes evolves a way to dissolve the nuclear membrane and rebuild it (open mitosis) shows what amazing, detailed, and developed possibilities exist...trying to find that one path that actually did happen seems like finding one of a million. In addition, the many variations of living object life styles can lead or mislead in many thousands of directions. d) At some point, for many issues, I had to put down what I was reading, and simply admit that I didn't have the time to learn all there is to know about some topic, and I came to the conclusion: "My ending point is going to be your starting point.". Which is much more than I had. Where I end is where the next generation will be perhaps starting from, in my opinion much farther along than the starting point me and this generation was given, but then that starting point was much farther than they had been given. e) I could only find a few sources that would give time estimates for any phyla, and then, many times the data is at a high level, or a very specific level (only plants, for example). Basically I used a variety of genetic (mostly rrna, but amino acids and other reports based on DNA genes other than rrna) for all life before glaucophytes. From glaucophytes on I use s10, Dawkins' compiled estimates from Ancestor's Tale, one of the only sources I can find for time origin estamates that encompasses most major phyla. I found that Blair Hedges has published a few relatively complete DNA (presumably rrna) compilations (s20 and s18) which I found very useful. I found that Hedges' estimates were about 500 years later than Dawkin's estimates, and since Dawkins has the more complete and detailed estimates I decided, for consistency, to simply adopt Dawkins' estimates. The time estimates are not going to be exact and so I think it's more important to be consistent, a 100my difference here or there I have to expect. In addition, knowing that Dawkins is openly skeptical of religion makes me feel more comfortable, not that other estimates are inaccurate, or other researchers tainted by religion, just simply that I am glad to know that Dawkins bravely shows allegience to truth on religious matters, and so it is likely that Dawkins shows a similar faith to truth on scientific matters. It made me think that "The Ancestor's Tale" should by made into a movie for the public, and in fact to some extent this is what I am doing (although with my own individual views on the universe, evolution, science, and the future). It is interesting that the two main sources s10 and s20 aligned closely for many groups, however on fungi and later there were larger differences around 500my which shows how much uncertainty there is in terms of the detailed (at the scale of 100my for example) chronology of evolution on earth. f) future estimates: I could have spent more time, fine tuning these estimates, but because this is really the first effort at logical analysis and prediction/estimation of the future that I am aware of, I want to just get the basic picture, without worrying about differences of a few centuries. In addition, while many estimates (for example population estimates) fall into a range of centuries, clearly, there are so many factors involved, and unknowns that estimates into the future will clearly be inaccurate. At times I feel I need to add time because of some kind of "dumb factor" (although perhaps this may correspond to religiousness or be aligned with that long-term trend), just some variable that accounts for how unbelievably dumb people appear to be, as pertains to examples like Fiorini, Cesar, 9/11, Pupin, religion, etc. Basically, this estimate of the future is based on the current public knowledge and an imagination about what might be possible. I feel certain that the future will be very different from what I estimate, simply because the current understanding of science is so poor, but I am hopeful that many of the large scale details (life of earth forming globular clusters, the milky way becoming an elliptical galaxy, etc.) are recognized many millions of years later as being basically correct, accurate, and truthful estimates. g) I understand that there may appear to be a bias towards English and beyond that European advances in science over other peoples, and I have tried to avoid this, however, the sources I use are all written in English, and there is no doubt a bias in not having other science history books translated into english to draw from. My hope with this ULSF project is that this story is improved upon and evened out as time continues. In addition that the accuracy of the times and data is improved. g) Without doubt if I have learned anything in doing this project, it is that, without question the best theories of now will almost certainly all fall to future theories that are more accurate, although it sounds unlikely, even simply looking back at the 1800s shows how many theories have been replaced, although not all. The best we can do will be bettered by our descendent who have better equipment, better education and understanding of all that went before. For example in 1900 there were no computers (other than mechanical devices), any predictions of planetary motions, or of particles, had to be done by hand on paper and would be seriously restricted to only a few pieces of matter, for only a short time, as compared to 2000 where the movement of millions of pieces of matter can be modeled for a large amount of time into the future. h) For statements which I state without a qualifier such as "perhaps", "it may be", etc. people should understand that all statements made by me are subject to error and inaccuracy. I want people to avoid the idea of absolute truth in belief, and have no fear in exploring alternative theories. Not only for the ideas I express but those held dearly by the majority of the public, scientists or any body. So all statements that I make, such as "the universe is infinite in size and age", may be stated as a certainty, but of course, these statements are open to debate and all other theories may be freely explored. All statements I make should be regarded as having an implicit "perhaps", "probably", or "in my opinion". For myself, and I am sure many others, we live life presuming that bedrocks of truth, such as the theory of evolution are true, and this is fine and the reason we as a species are able to make progress by stringing together the "most probable" theories into a single most popularly believed picture of the universe. So to summarize, even if I state something as a certainty, it should be presumed implicitly that there certainly is room for disagreement, doubts and uncertainty. i) I cite my own name, in particular, to know that the statement attached to it may be in error as it has my memory or opinion as it's only source, not out of a belief that I am a universally accepted encyclopedia of accurate information. j) In the future, when people are surpassing this project, I would pay attention to images and chronology. For this project, I do show modern images of ancient people when there are no contemporary images available, however there is something to be said for a fully chronological story that only introduces those images when they are created. k) Appendices: 1) Fields of science, description (including future), job types, salaries l) predicting secret technologies. The key to this is determining when such technology was possible, because it is very likely that it became actual at that time. (walking robot, electronic camera, being two prime examples). m) 06/24/07 In the Science section, I was confused on the issue of biographical non-science information about people. My initial thought was to simply tell only a history of science, and not mention or even bother to research biographical information. However, I think a certain amount of background contextual information is many times necessary to understand the circumstances around some scientific advance. There is no doubt that the biographical information of the scientists is interesting, but I am not telling that story. So, this work should not be viewed as an all emcompassing encyclopedia of scientist's works and lives. This is simply the story of the actual science itself, without any effort to detail the lives and non-science related works of people who made scientific advances. However, I have included some biographical information where relevent and interesting (for example, in the beginning of universities, where a scientist may have been at the U of Paris, because that is relevent to the story of the beginning of free thought centered around the U of Paris, etc.), and other contextual non-science background material (conquerors, wars, religions, etc) because of their effect on science. But it is difficult to simply ignore all the interesting biographical stories of the lives of many scientists, in particular the non-science parts of the lives and works of ancient science lovers and workers. It becomes much easier to ignore biographical data as the story moves closer to the present, because the context is not as complex or unfamiliar to average people living now. But I was confused by this issue, and as a result, there probably is a lot of biographical data that will be deleted as this project continues. n) nth century versus n00s (ie 15th century versus 1400s). I prefer the "hundreds" usage, although the more popular usage is the nth century usage, because seeing 15th century, in my mind, and no doubt the minds of others, I have to do a small arithmatic procedure in thinking "oh yes...the 1400s", so simply saying the 1400s eliminates this extra thought. In any event writing a quick program to change all "1400s" to "15th century", etc is easy. In addition, there is something sort of ridiculous in saying "the first century", because, obvious time has existed for many years, and perhaps an infinite number of years before. 6/25/07 Another nice deature of using hundreds is that statements such as "in the 5th century" is 400-499 (doesn't include 500 as some people might think) where as in the 400s leaves no question about year 500 being excluded. With the hundreds usage, the 1st centuries BCE and CE must be used, because there is no good way of saying the 0's or perhaps "oughties" as Webster Tarpley refers to the 2000s. o) Possibly using Asimov's encyclopedia of scientists as a starting point and main resource for the timeline of science was not the smartest choice being in a biographical format as opposed to a chronological format. There are few chronological sources for the history of science, one is the "timetables of science" from 2000, and another is wikipedia (although not a complete science history timeline as of this typing): (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_science). I guess Asimov's book was the first that inspired me about the history of science, and in addition Asimov being atheist removes religious elements from the story. The timetables book is a valuable resource and I plan on using this as a resource too. Asimov does a good job of handling some of the physics history in a way that appeals to me as being simple, where the tables authors are younger and may have missed the context of physics (and other science) in the early 1990s. Certainly Asimov's text has flaws, and this is probably a longer way to go, but ultimately I would want to use Asimov's book as a secondary source anyway, and I am definitely going to try to get all major science events in there. 6/25/07 I think an in depth history of science might include biographical information, (the "tables" include birth and death of famous scientists which I exclude, except to show alongside their name). 10/27/07 I remember thinking from time to time, 'if I can simply tell the stories Asimov has told here, I think I will have done a good job, and the history of science portion of this project will have gone a long way to provide a basic history of science to the public.', happily, though, I did take the time to supplement Asimov's telling with other sources, and more fully round the ULSF telling of the history of science. p) I decided to use BCE and CE instead of BC and AD because I am for people recognizing that the best interpretation of the universe is through science and not through religion, and that people should not believe the lies of the religions. But changing all BCEs and CEs to BCs and ADs is very easy to do with the SQL database, and there may be a BC/AD version made available for those who prefer that time naming system. q) plagerism: much of the text in ULSF is copied directly with very little editing from sources. I tried my best to indicate where all text comes from, so in no way am I claiming credit for creating many of the sentences in ULSF. People are, I think, very wrong about the idea of copying being a bad thing, because much of learning is based on copying. Good history is copying word for word from the original documents..."plagerizing" the words of that original author. In addition, there are only so many ways to say "Faraday invented the electric generator"...there is nothing unique to such sentences. I try to remove ay uniqueness from the sentences in ULSF, trying to find a common simple word usage and sentence structure. Basically, to tell history is to repeat the information written earlier, and the entire story of history is one massive copying of original authors who themselves copied from the works that guided them. Of course, all of ULSF is a reflection of my own personal opinions, beliefs and interpretations, but I would say 90% of ULSf is a compilation of the writing of other authors. Simply because, I cannot invent history, and many people have nicely summarized historical events in a way that would take me far too long to do myself...and then I would only be repeating what they wrote using different wording. ULSF is a compilation of my own anaylsis of historical documents, but also mainly I depend on the analysis of people who have spent more time analyzing specific historical events. I wish I had the time to do that research myself, and I think that perhaps, there may even be many mistakes, simply from me trusting the opinions of so-called history experts. But ultimately, the end product of a historical summary of evolution and science is the most important thing, having something complete and ready to show, although flawed is better than having nothing. r) pronunciation: I am sure my pronunciation is inaccurate for many words. i vote for a phonetic alphabet where one symbol can only equal one sound, to remove confusion. I try to pronounce all names in their contemporary and native pronunciation. s) In doing ULSF, I have found that, we really need to have electronic copies of all ancient works (papers, books, paintings, etc) on the web distributed to the public for free. In particular all of Leeuwenheuk's letters to the Royal Society, Galileo's and Da Vinci's drawings, anything where the illustrations are important. Of course, scanned in a way that leaves the original work completely undamaged and preserves it in particular so at least an electronic copy might remain if the original paper document is somehow destroyed or damaged. In particular the works of people involved in the history of science, with the widest scope possible, I think before others less important in non-science fields (ie religion, pseudoscience, etc). This seems inevitable, and so I am glad to be one who sees this as the future and as a very useful thing. t) The fastest method of researching the history of science happens when the actual scientific contributions of a person are identified and then the actual source that proves the achievement, for example: person, achievement, evidence Newton, light is a particle, 1675 letter to Royal Society "Hypothesis of Light", Newton describes light as a "body" However, I find that there are very few sources that are this concise and good about citing the original document or source of proof, and that is one major goal of ULSF. Problems to this goal are: 1) abstract nature of scientific advance 2) scientific advance is spread over time 3) need to describe historical context 4) lack of primary source 5) difficulty in ranking importance of scientific contribution u) After printing became popular, it is difficult to summarize the many works published by people that set the context of learning, in particular textbooks. In addition, many scientists have numerous books, and they can't possibly all be listed, even though some may contain minor contributions to science and also more importantly give a context of the person and society at the time. v) contextual info I have decided to reveal at the time of the person's earliest contribution. Perhaps this will change to being given at the relevent time (although many historical contextual sentences have no exact time). This way the initial contribution is revealed, and while on the subject of the person, the person's life story is given, after that, since the viewer is familiar with the human, just the science contribution are given. w) I am not a health expert, and as simply a history reporter, should not be held responsible for inaccurate health information given or taken. x) Descriptions of elements and element properties. I am adding general descriptions (atomic number, mass, etc) for the identification of each element, but not repeating them for the isolation of each element. Finding images of oxides is difficult, but generally I am trying to not show the isolated element (metal, usually) until it is isolated. (For some elements finding who first isoalted is not easy). y) Works that are not important to the story of science on their own, are not put in individual chronological records. For example some book that is relevant to a scientist with some other major contribution, but not important enough to have its own record. Possibly I may go back and create new records for each of these. The chronological context is very important, however, these works or activities are not important enough on their own to mention...are more biographical in nature, although are science works. Reading them might give deeper shading to some chronological period, however, it may seem jumbled or trivial, unless people recognize the scientist's name (and image). The key thing is: is it relevant to the story of science or is it relevant only to understanding the mind or life of a scientist with some other major contribution? 7) todo: send emails, and phone calls to physiologists - to determine if they will try remote neuron activation, in addition to getting any leads on those who might be. - Determine if already receiving direct-to-brain Windows. Inform them of potential for remote muscle contraction, remotely sending sound to ear, remotely sending image to appear in front of eyes. Prepare and work against neuron writings implying insanity. 8) Try to get chronology of music ULSF records correct - for each piece - use camera-thought net recordings if possible. Add in more detail - lesser known or significant works (first, most popular, other styles-like opera, keyboard, etc...one of each) - in particular if music runs out during larger versions of ULSF. miscellaneous comments: c1) Through scanning many wikipedia entries, one advantage to wikipedia is that many unpleasant or controversial topics are discussed, and other sources are more deeply explored since unlike other encyclopedias where there is a single author, numerous authors tend to explore more deeply the available sources such as books, videos, web pages, etc. In particular atheistic, or sexual material is more likely to be discussed in wikipedia as opposed to an official source. One mild example is for Ben Franklin: "Although Franklin's parents had intended for him to have a career in the church, Franklin became disillusioned with organized religion after discovering Deism. "I soon became a thorough Deist."[10]", where other sources mention Franklin as only writing "Deist" writings. [10]http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/bios/franklin/chpt4.htm WIKIPEDIA ACCOLADES 1) only major source aside from Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15750b.htm) to mention Francesco Zantedeschi find of magnet producing current c2) I have to remember not to bother with all works by a person in science, unless they make a new or large contribution to science, or represent a new idea that contributes to science. I feel for early history that I want to set the context of what kind of books were being read. c3) One piece of advice for people compiling history of science is that, individual scientists generally have only 1 major breakthrough, some, rarely may have 2, or 3. Generally I would say most fall into: a) 1 advance only, b) 1 advance and 1 or more much smaller advances, c) 2 or 3 major advances and 1 or more minor advances a: typical people who had a new view on the universe and found something new in science, but what they found was isolated or they did not develop their find, and there were no further contributions by them [galvani, volta, ] sometimes this is a lucky person who stumbles onto something, but more likely it is a person whose achievement is the culmination of a lot of experiment and thought - many experiments tends to lead to new untried ideas and finds. There is a difference between one-time-wonder, versus lots of experiment, development, exploration, investigation but only one significant result from decades of work b: good scientists - probably may experiments over a long period, several that produced significant contributions c: [people who enter into major new finds, fields, etc: Newton, Galileo, Aristotle, Faraday, Pupin, Lavoisier, Edison, ... people who found a new idea and pursued it in detail before others could] Beyond this guideline, there are publications that are important and serve to inform the public and peers which are difficult to quantify: star catalogs, species catalogs, histories, math and chemistry textbooks, c4) In the interesting of speeding up this process, perhaps I need to try for a 1 hour maximum for each scientist. c5) I want to keep an open mind in terms of science controversies, in particular because in the future some answer will be probably established to a large degree of certainty, and all views of those in the past will be judged based on that new knowledge to see how accurate and intuitive their views were. So I don't want to close the door on any potential accurate answers, in the same sense, however, those who were chained to the inaccurate beliefs of their time look nonvisionary, unable to pursue that true and accurate paths that others will eventually recognize. c6) I think a scientist should simply be anybody that follows the belief of science, that does not necessarily have to be in any scientific field. In this view "scientist" is equivalent to "creationist", "evolutionist", "religionist", simply somebody that believes in science as the truth, a believer in the method of science. Perhaps a "sciencist" can be the believer in "sciencism". c7) One thing I have noticed is that, because there is no systematic history of science education, most scientists have tunnel vision on their own times. One example is Faraday, who has no notion of the corpuscles of Newton, never having received a grounding in this theory (possibly the writings of Young contribute to this view of light as not made of particles). And so it is now, with people who have no knowledge of George Fitzgerald as the creator of the concept of space dilation in the early 1900s. So, in this way, a past accurate idea, such as Ampere's view of magnetism as identical to electricity, fall to the past and are forgotten. Another aspect is that people appear to not challange or offer alternative explanations. There is a very absolutist, one-sided mind set in establishment science. For example, there are other explanations for the red-shift of distant galaxies, but all are rejected. There are those who reject and offer alternatives to time-dilation, but they are ignored. In addition, where are those who would criticize the claims of time dilation? Apparently they were and are either ignored or did not want to anger the creators of those theories. For example, all matter made of photons seems very logical, the simple question, is the photon made when the match is lit, or always there, offers two opinions, one which is dogma, the other which is systematically ignored and rejected. c8) Possibly I should write a program to reformat my footnotes to conform to use page number in the footnote as opposed to in the footnote number bracket (citation?). This would involve renumbering citations, adding "ibid" with each differing page numbers. But then this would conform to a standard. Although to me, it is messier. Because, to me a source should be viewed as a single object, and then there are various parts, not 3 different objects, but perhaps using the ibid standard is clearer. Using the ibid standard, makes it look like there were 10 different books, when really only 1 was used. Which is clearer in checking a source? Either way, the ibid is the standard and I should make ULSF conform to that. Wikipedia does, and all journals do. Perhaps go through an store an array of each [] cite[]+numcite, and another for each source src[]+numsrc, for each differing page number create a new source and move back all later sources. Rewrite text with only [#], and new sources. On the topic make sure sources have complete footnote including publisher, date, etc if possible. Then don't bother with "sources" database. Keep [# wiki] for all wiki links because I need to know if some data is not verified by a standard source. [4 ox][4 col], etc needs to be translated to [#] and standard answers link with Oxford and Columbia footnote. c9) Possibly make individual records for 5.9 data such as: In 1823 Lobachevsky publishes a gymnasium textbook in geometry.[4 rus] Currently I am going to give a brief biography when a scientist's first achievement (record) is introduced in the movie. c10) Public Domain Journals that should be scanned (and translated to all major languages, in particular English) and available for downloading: 1) Royal Society 2) Philosophical Magazine 3) Annalen der physik (is at http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34462944f/date but only 1 page at a time) 4) Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 5) Annales de chimie et de physique (http://gallica.bnf.fr/) 6) Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences (http://gallica.bnf.fr/) 7) Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae (Richman's works at Academy of Petersburg) c11) One view of physics is that after Newton, there were numerous attempts to try and generalize equations for the movements of systems of multiple masses, as opposed to simply summing all masses and the acclerations imparted to them from each other, this includes Laplace's, Hamilton's, in addition there were attempts to include effects unexplained or not accounted for by the single inverse distance squared law of gravitation such as electromagnetism and group effects, particle rotation (spin), etc. c12) Many times the contributions of those in math are difficult to describe, but I find that looking at the entire life of the person reveals many times a singular theme (for hamilton it is the characteristic function, for example) that dominates most of their work and interpretation of the universe, and their main interest in math. Their work generally reveals their fundamental training and habits learned at a young age and developed in middle age. c13) As a basic guideline, any science advance above 4.0 should also list publication if any. c14) In some sense my respect for great scientists is increased, many of these people are relative nobody's to modern people, but in the past they made great finds and performed a large amount of work for the benefit of society...it's like discovering a group of heroic people who have been kept secret or somehow never noticed by the public. Some have bad beliefs and character flaws, but generally many seem to be on a mission for truth, human advancement and public education. While other people have sports, acting, musical and political heros, and to some extend I do too, the best scientists and science ingeneral are I think probably more deserving of recognition and examination. c15) I have to say that this project is made 1000 times easier and better by the accumulated work done by the Encyclopedia Britannica over the years, and in particular to the recent work of Google in scanning and making freely available the books now in the public domain of many libraries. c16) My advice to sources is to clearly state specific dates (for example in parentheses), and cite original sources. In addition, to focus as much as possible on the most significant and lasting contributions of a person being biographied. It seems that citing original sources was standard practice for EB1911 but has since been dropped. Most other sources tend not to cite original sources. Massive amounts of time are spent on my part to find the original dates and original papers of those in science, and this time would be greatly reduced had the major large sources made this info available initially. c17) The real experiment for light is not sunlight dark lines becoming darker with a sodium flame, but a sodium flame bright lines being darkened from sodium crystals, or ... sodium metal is not transparent. But a more clear proof that the frequencies emited are those absorbed. For example oxygen absorbing the light of oxygen emission or combustion. c18) Each (science) event needs to be clearly catagorized (in terms of subject), for example science, type of science, subset, etc. So mainly there are Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Health, Physics, Engineering, Mathematics, etc. then Electrical Engineering, Circulatory System, Plastics, Particle Mechanics, etc. So far, I have not done a good job of keeping a consistent set of categories. c19) One perspective is telling the story of science with the main focus on the scientific achievement and little or no focus on the person that makes the contribution - since learning about the science fact is more important than who is credited with it. My current view is to try and attach a person/name to every advance, but to tell little or no biographical infomation about the person's life. c20) One very good source for a comprehensive summary of the scientific contributions of a person's life, and in particular for insider information about secret work is in their obituary (for those who have died), in particular obituarys in scientific journals. c21) There is a conspiracy of silence when it comes to telling the public about the history of science. For all the wealthiest people, in business and education, they have not produced one movie telling the history of science for the public. Not a single video for the large screen. The closest there is are a few free video lectures (such as "The Mechanical Universe", "Cosmos", ). We have a billion dollar National Science Foundation in the United States, but yet they have not produced a single history of science large screen or television movie for the public. What are the reasons for this silence? I think clearly their participation in secretly hearing thought and seeing inside people's houses slows their interest in informing the public. Perhaps it is greed, or fear of the competition of others leaving less for them, sort of a dog-eat-dog kill-or-be-killed viewpoint of their fellow humans. It seems clear that religions and mistaken religious and mystical beliefs may explain part of the delay. c22) It's interesting with my double refraction which might actually be simple reflection - isn't it some times a let down - finding truths in science? In some sense there is an excitement and high from discovery, but many times - an interesting and perhaps somewhat mystical property is many times reduced to a common occurrence - no magical double refracting crystal - just a tilted glass that reflects part of the beam while allowing the other part to transmit through. It's kind of a let down perhaps - but I like that it unifies simplicity - it gives the impression that many things in the universe are somewhat simple phenomena as opposed to complex un-understandable phenomena that are difficult to visualize comprehend fully. c23) It's kind of funny that people sometimes beam to me that it is easy to dominate and easily defeat the theories of those people who theorized 200 years ago - kind of like making fun for picking on people who lived in the 1800s as being equipped with far inferior equipment than today. But honestly, even today the theories of the 1800s are publicly stated as truths. In addition, those scientists of the 1700 and 1800s had very logical minds, and it is no surprise to me that their writings are still useful in scientific exploration and examination - in particular if we examine the collapse of the light as a particle theory - they clearly were ahead of us today in publicly accepting and investigating the idea of light as a particle of matter and the implications of this hypothesis. c24) Many times I feel bad for spending so much time researching the work of a person like Maxwell, Clausius, Boltzmann, etc. but it is important to me to learn as complete and accurate account as I can in particular because many times a person is like a rung on a ladder to modern science- to understand the work of Planck you need to understand the work of Boltzmann, etc - and similarly for relativity, you need to read about Lobechevski amd the origins of noneuclidean math, etc. c25) I find that few scientific encyclopedia sources fail to cite original works and years, although science history journal papers, such as those in ISIS do. c26) If I cannot understand some reported scientific advance, then I tend to rank it lower. I think scientific achievements have to be fully explained in a way that is understandable to a majority of people. If I cannot understand some claimed science advance I tend to doubt the autheticity, and/or importance of the claim. Why wouldn't people try to explain in the most simple and understandable terms? In particular the person/scientist originating the claimed advance - in order to prove it to as many people as possible? In addition, add to this the 200 year secret of neuron reading and writing, and the probability of dishonesty and inaccuracy either accidentally or purposefully tends to be rule as opposed to the exception. c27) Fun experiments: Make rayon-hobby kit available? plastic threads, does any material change shape under high voltage low current? c28) To people who may say that I missed, skipped, overly simplified, or overgeneralized many science findings, I want to say that, so much of the story of science, in particular after 1900 is a total mystery, because the vast majority of science - mainly focused on neuron reading and writing, and particle beams, has been kept secret - so how much time can a historian dedicate to a fraudulent story? And what truth if any can be gained from the fraudulent public story which is extremely far removed from the actual true story? So many inventors go uncredited and unknown, most of the actual history of science has been kept completely secret from the public but yet, images and information about most of the important events, presumably exist in the phone companies and governments archives waiting to reach the public. c29) For any person that is looking for the original text because it is incomplete, because of typos in the text as reproduced in ULSF, or because copyright restrictions prevent me from copying and pasting it in its entirety, you can simply go to any local university library and use scholar.google.com, and/or the university library catalog to access most of the original source. Other than that searching the internet with google.com is perhaps the best place to start - eventually you will find what is available and use my links in the footnotes to find public pages like Comptes Rendus, etc. c30) Possibly department of university should be included in location line. c31) Having completed a preliminary complete history of evolution and most recently the comprehensive history of science. I have a nice feeling for having a comprehensive view of both evolution and the history of science, and this journey of learning about history has been an extremely helpful eye-opening learning experience, that is certainly not going to end now. In particular I am inspired by the wisdom and decency of many of the people who have made and reported contributions to science. There is, in all honesty, kind of a small stomach-turning feeling, because, knowing about the secret of remote neuron reading and writing...a secret that apparently has spanned more than 200 years...puts a light on the history of science in particular...that reveals that many of the popular claims are not only very inaccurate but given the truth about direct-to-brain windows, most likely purely fraudulent and meant specifically to mislead the public. I particular I would cite the silence about neuron reading and writing, camera, nanotechnology, etc - but also the widespread embrace of the unlikely theory of non-euclidean geometry as applied to the universe, of space and time dilation, of the expanding universe, light as a wave and not a particle, all particles not being made of light, light as being mass-less, light as an electro-magnetic dual sine wave, etc. Looking back at people like Copernicus and Kepler, I am reminded that there are societal pressures placed upon people to lie, to withold important information, and that people simply make honest mistake - I can certainly identify with that having held many mistaken beliefs myself. But, I think the closer you get to the present time, the less sympathy a person experiences for those making contemporary inaccurate claims in science. So my feeling is one of positivity for this amazing story and extremely beneficial learning experience, with a serious effort to bring it to as many people and in as many languages as possible, but also a feeling of nausia that such fraud as the secret of remote neuron writing and many deliberate lies, could be committed onto the people of earth. In addition, when we realize that 70% of people reject the theory of evolution, that is natural selection and descent from a common ancestor, and are graduating from colleges never having learned about the history of evolution or science, and given the history of the domination by bizarre, shocking, dishonest and inaccurate religious claims, it no wonder that we have so chaotic a planet and society. I wish I could express more positivity and that everything was the best it could possibly be, but I am person that prefers truth - and for me, the truth is more important - and I don't feel right misleading people with false information. Just to say that, the realization is that so much of what is being called science of the 20th and 21st century is strictly high paid lies, lies that those reporting them know are lies - multimillion dollar fraud committed many times with the public's own money. In particular any person documenting the history of science, in particular modern science, finds, that what you are reporting on is basically mostly or in large part, high paid lies, which the people reporting them know are lies, ...basically reporting propaganda...which is purely false..meant specifically to delay, confuse, and trick the public...and it's frustrating because it seems a waste of precious time to simply be reporting on the works of a bunch of tricksters and three-card-monty experts. So the story kind of crumbles apart - and trying to unify various people in science is very a tough thing to do- because the story of the 20th century is about 80% lie - what the hell is anybody going to tell- "...and then this fraud was committed against the public...the expanding universe lie....then this lie rose up into fashion...."....etc. c32) I have basically completed entering in records for the ULSF project today 07/04/2011. Really the majority of the science portion was done on May 30, 2011, but I wanted to enter a history of music too which took another month. I timestamped each ULSF record tracking "created" and "updated". The earliest entry (id 1) is 12/29/2004 and I am writing this on 07/04/2011 which means I have spent over 6 1/2 years actively working on this project. In the course of this project I have uncovered many startling truths. Just to briefly mention them here: 1) Remote neuron reading and writing: That people figured out how to see, hear and even write back to thought - and this has been secret for well over a century and possibly for seeing thought - even, shockingly - possibly back to the 1300s. That many people have probably been secretly murdered by particle beam, in particular by neuron writing ("galvanization") either directly or indirectly. This includes the secret development of tiny dust-sized, micrometer and nanometer technology and particle (wireless or radio) communication, including image and sound capturing electronically - long ago in the past- at least 200 years ago. This technology can see capture thought-images, thought-sounds, write images to what the eyes see, to the thought-screen, to what the ear hears, to thought-audio, to what a body feels, smells, to stop or cause pain a body feels. 2) That all matter is probably made of light particles and this simple truth is hinted at over the centuries (...for example the quote "and Newton said 'all is light'...or even earlier William Byrd's 1300s "...your minde is light...'). Given that many humans are direct-to-brain windows consumers, this implies that much of the claims in published papers on particle physics are deliberate lies- in particular all new "exotic" particles that are not made of light particles, that "anti-matter" particles are not material and made of light particles, that light particles are massless. 3) That the red-shift of light (Slipher 1922?) is easily explained by the Bragg-Schuster-Fraunhofer simple equation: nlambda=2Dsin(theta) - and this great truth that a diffraction grating is the result of particle reflection - and so that even large radio gratings are possible. Given the truth about neuron reading and writing - this implies that Slipher, and then later Hubble and all later astronomers purposely lied and lie to this day about this simple truth. 4) That light is a material particle - not a wave and the 400 year battle over this simple theory. That the claims of "diffraction" (1600s Francisco Grimaldi), "interference" (1800 - Thomas Young, August Fresnel), and "polarization" are more accurately described as a result of particle reflection. In addition to this that the Electromagnetic wave theory of light (Maxwell, 1800s) is clearly inaccurate, as light travels in a straight line and is not composed of material moving in any kind of sine wave shape and there is no evidence for a medium for light as a wave. 5) That globular clusters are probably made by living objects- the realization that our species is extremely far behind on what is a standard development for living objects in the universe- we have not even reached a different star. 6) That probably very smart robots, including walking and running robots, and the secret development of artificial muscles- but all done secretly- and still a secret. 7) The truth that atomic fusion, simply building up atoms by colliding carbon ions, for example, with other atoms, was made public (Rutherford 1900s, 1950) in the 1900s, and that all atoms can be fisioned or split- not just uranium and thorium (Seaborg, 1950), but that this entire industry of converting one atom to another has been kept secret - an industry that will be massive - because the main way to produce oxygen on the moon, mars, mercury - and no doubt everywhere humans go - is going to be probably by this method of atomic transmutation - taking the most abundant atoms - silicon and iron and so on, and converting them into more useful atoms like oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. 8) The many inevitable truths about the future of humans - that probably planets and moons will be ultimately nothing more than food and fuel sources for large ships which most humans live on- because most of the matter in planets is hidden under the surface - it would be unthinkable to not use that matter to feed humans, to build and fuel ships to go to other stars, etc. That the shape of the human body will probably adapt to a weightless environment - like living objects in the oceans. 9) That no human or group of humans before me has made a "history of science" video or even a "history of evolution" video for the general public - for free or for a small price - not one - it's absolutely shocking - and implies a very large and effective invisible coersion on the part of the remote neuron reading and writing device owners and providers. 10) That the concept of "energy" is somewhat flawed because of the truth that matter and motion cannot be exchanged or converted from one into the other as is implied in the unity of matter and motion in the product of a variable for energy- and the history of the concept of energy - initially called "vis-viva". 11) The principle of "conservation of motion", aside from conservation of mass, which has never clearly been identified. {12) That entropy (1800s? Clausius) is probably not an actual force or phenomenon - as a violation of the principle of conservation of matter and conservation of motion- but that perhaps it may describe the way material objects can only fill empty spaces} {13) To learn about the collapse of science around 400 CE, and the rebirth and growth of the university system- in particular the early views of atheism and scientific truths- like the helio-centric realization of Aristarchus, accurate estimate of the size of the earth by Eritosthenes, etc.) c33) I'm simply using the molecular date of the ancestor of all living species as the start of that kind of phylum (or category) - although clearly more distant extinct relatives probably exist. If there is an earlier fossil of a phylum, I will use the fossil record as the start of the phylum. c34) I have to determine whether to use the split in the phylogenic tree that contains the ancestor that leads to a group or the later point where the two earliest living species branch, as the start of the group. Because do both groups start then, or does each group only clearly start later? Its a point where you could, in theory, distinguish between members of two groups. Perhaps the early branch point is the best one to use for both groups of the split. c35) Experiments: 1) show how waves of sound in air, and water can cancel, but how light cannot cancel - but how reflection can make it appear to cancel- but generally more light sources equal more light, but more sound sources may not equal more sound. 2) radio reflection (diffraction) grating, show how radio and larger interval (wavelength) light can be diffracted in exactly the same way as visible light- using a large grating with regular spacing. Use different frequencies of electricity to create different frequencies of radio. 3) Focusing radio light particles to a focus using metal parabolic (eliptical, or spherical) mirror- another piece of evidence that wavelength is most likely particle interval and light contains no sine wave or amplitude. 4) Does sound show a lowering of frequency over large distances? Is there an observable "red shift" for sound? 5) possible to make different kinds of atoms by changing the way molten material cools? Possible to change kinds of atoms with high pressure?- we know many different atoms are easily transmuted with particle accelerators- so it seems likely that starting with one kind of atoms it would be relatively easy to change it into a wide variety of atoms, simply with very high pressure and heat. 6) Do two radio signals cancel at points of intersection as would be expected if light is a movement carried by particles like sound? 7) CLASSIC EXPERIMENT: Unlike with sound, light interference between two identical sources places close together is only "additive" not subtractive. Take two wimshurst machines, or two low frequency radio light producing circuits. Show that the light signal is no where less than would be expected from a single signal. Probably one 555 timer chips with two inductor coils, would be the easiest at low frequencies ~80hz-10khz- making the interference easy to see- like 10 cm interval (wavelength), frequency=3ghz (300 mhz=1m, 30 mhz=10m, 3mhz=100m)- but even with two wimshurst machines sparking at the same time or very low frequencies like 10hz- some kind of interference could be observed where the two "wave" fronts meet. 8) focus sound with a big parabolic surface (mirror) and radio too- do experiments with radio and sound that have identical wave lengths. Do they have the same focal point with a mirror? Can long wavelength sound be focused to variable focal points? c36) With protists there are some unresolved issues: a) use Protist or Protozoan? to describe single celled eukaryotes? to complicate matters, currently there are 2 kingdoms protozoa and chromista. b) Refer to infrakingdoms (Chromalveolates, Rhizaria) at the highest level, at a middle level, or not at all? c37) I have trouble deciding between "light particle" and "photon" or some other name. Because strictly speaking, the view I support, or light as being made of individual material particles, is different from the definition of "photon" which, by definition, must include more than one light particle, since a photon is a quantum of energy based on the frequency of some light beam. I thought "photron" might work, or perhaps "atom" as a particle of light, but currently, I am settling on simply "light particle" and "particles of light". c38) The important thing to remember about the future, is that the actual times are of less importance than the events themselves. The events occurring seems inevitable, and so the time that they do occur is of less importance. It's very difficult to predict accurately into the far future. c39) There is some uncertainty about the relationships of some protists, for example Cercozoa (was id320) by Baldauf are called Rhizaria by Dawkins - and there is no Cercozoa to my knnowledge in sn2000.taxonomy.nl. c40) The origin of plants has different opinions, many exclude brown algae, which to me seems more like a plant than a protist, Dawkins includes red algae. Hedges includes red algae in 2002 but not in 2004. It will be interesting to see if the algaes eventually are viewed as monophyletic with plants- that they all have (except possibly brown algae but it seems likely brown algae too) homeobox genes, multicellularity, and differentiation- and similar filamentous appearance. Determine what are the major differences between the algaes and plants. c41) Make an area for "Weak areas of research" or "Areas where research is weak". 1) earliest drum: is only 6000BC Moravia, Czeck Republic according to EB c42) Tough decisions: a) Determining whether to go with the oldest fossil record of a phylum or the much older genetic estimate. In particular for the origin of eukaryotes, for example algae. 1) Pros for fossil a) can't believe that, in the case for algae, I presume that fish, trilobyte, etc fossils form a continuous record, but that large leafy algae would somehow just not be found yet, but perhaps. b) With the genetic estimates - almost all vary, and perhaps there are many other factors not accounted for - for example an unusual few million years that experienced slow development or some unusual condition. c) A fossil leaves little doubts and many genetic trees are based on the fossil record. d) Maybe the genetic common ancestor of two algae phyla, was not multicellular, or somehow very different from the modern algae whose nucleic acids were used for comparison. e) Perhaps there were unusually fast developments or accumulations of nucleotides. 3) Pros for genetic estimates a) It seems likely that as time continues older fossils will be found of most phyla. b) We do live in a primitive age where only 30% even accept evolution - so clearly an extensive and exhaustive fossil search has not been conducted. c) The theory of measuring the genetic differences between phyla based on number of nucleotide differences is logical, and aside from substitution or uneven rates of nucleotide number change, seems definitely relevent - in particular to family relation but also to chronology. b) choosing which pronunciation, for example: selachii SelAKEI or I SelAKEE? (and Elasmobranchii) a) I think I am choosing the E, because the "I" pronunciation sounds older and perhaps not as accurate, but the "I" is easier to say and is preferred by the McGraw-Hill (and howjsay.com source although this is reversed for Elasmobranchii) pronunciation b) The E pronunciation of words like nebulae which I have always pronounced with E seem to imply that E is the last sound- but possibly two E's together may imply the EI sound. c) Other example words: trachea and tracheae c) Using "script" or "alphabet" to describe the set of letters in a specific people's written language. 1) I chose "alphabet", because "script" is not as clear that we are talking about a group of individual letters. Perhaps the word "script" could include the various forms of writing like printing, cursive, different cases, etc. d) use actual Greek pronunciation for names like Pyhtagoas, Aritoteles, etc. or use Latinized/English names - I personally prefer the accurate Greek pronunciations. As is the case for "wireless" versus "particle" communication- I view the popular names as corrupted or mistaken. But it's tough for people to connect into the wealth of info online that connects with the popular keyword or spelling (like Artistarchus, instead of Aristarchos) 1) currently I am kind of leaning towards Latin, because for Aristoteles, and others the difference is probably unrecognizable to average people- perhaps future people can correct this, or in later detail can mention the correct pronunciation. a) one argument in favor of the authentic pronunciation is that it doesn't last long until the Latin names appear when told chronologically- starting with Plinius and Lucretius. b) then use traditional or last name like Galileo or Galilei 2) one answer is to make another "authentic names" version for my own personal use e) Use scientists names or just mention the achievement. 1) One method is that if their achievement is on ulsf3, then mention their name on ulsf4 2) If the name would take just as much space as "humans recognize" etc. then use the name 3) Using the name is nice to place the context- location in particular 4) Against using the name in audio- is that name and location can be displayed in text on the video version (although audio version would not have this) f) to use fishes or fish as the plural for fish g) Using "Hertz (Hz)" or "cycles per second (cps)" for various frequencies. 1) Mostly have decided to use Hz h) Use metric, English, or both a) decided to give both b) decided to use the unit published first and the other unit in parenthesis i) list popular theories but for which I think are inaccurate and or deliberately false theories a) decided to list most- 1) as a guide for historical purposes 2) as a history of popular inaccurate and fraudulent scientific theories 3) the problem is that if you bury or disregard the origins then when they pop back up years later-many times in a more complex form- nobody knows the initial claim/experiment/theory etc. j) Using "dicotylendon" or "eudicotyledon"- dicotylendon is more symmetryical with monocotyledon, but eudicotyledon appears in all genetic studies and taxonomy sources.: from wikipedia: "The Eudicots, Eudicotidae or Eudicotyledons are a monophyletic clade of flowering plants that had been called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicotyledon which cites: Endress, Peter K. (Oct. - Dec., 2002). "Morphology and Angiosperm Systematics in the Molecular Era". Botanical Review. Structural Botany in Systematics: A Symposium inMemory of William C. Dickison 68 (4). and this also from Wikipedia: Dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group, and therefore the names "dicotyledons" and "dicots" are paraphyletic terms. However, the vast majority of "dicots" do form a monophyletic group called the eudicots or tricolpates.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledon k) Use the name "Galilei" or "Galileo"- because Galileo is referred to by many just by first name, but that is inconsistent with how the other names are given, and it seems possibly too cutsie or shallow. Also, it may distort Galileo's achievements, which of course were tremendous, but yet, of course we don't see the full D2B story- nonetheless using last name puts it in comparison with the rest- still of course rising to the top. 4) use wavelength, interval, or both for light l) using .1 nm or 100pm for the size of an atom, I want to use nm because it is more understandable to average people, but 100 pm sounds better. m) Use BC/AD or BCE/CE - I decided on BCE/CE 1) pros: is non religious, Encyclopedia Britannica is using BCE/CE, is simple to convert to BCE/CE and may prompt some people to investigate how to convert 2) cons: may confuse and/or put off some people who are more familiar with the BC/AD system n) Using titles like "Baron", "Sir", "Prince", etc. I chose to not use these titles for the most part except only in the case where the person was mostly known by their title such as Lord Kelvin. 1) Pros: It's unnecessary, puts all people on an equal playing field, Scribner's Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography chose to not use the titles, puts focus on the human as a mortal, regular person, removes the intimidation or unthinking acceptance of authority 2) Cons: It hides perhaps wealthy and/or secret connections, and the reality of an existing class system- it's interesting that this issue of titles only becomes an issue around the 1600s c43) There is wide disagreement of phylogenetic tree order, for example some have amobozoa as the root http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Eukaryotes.html others have metamonada/diplomonads (Hedges, Dawkins). Some have the eukaryotes at 2230 (Hedges) others a billion years later at 1126 (Berney & Pawlowski). To confuse matters, there are fossil algae at 1800 and 1700 my - which makes most phylogenetic trees appear to produce each group too late in time. A genetic tree is forced to be rooted with some "most distant time", for example the 2700 steranes and that seems to me to be a possible source of error- because a new fossil might push branches back in time. Hopefully molecular and other fossils will help to confirm an acceptable/most likely phylogenetic tree. c44) The protist eukaryote part of the tree is extremely variable and unclear in terms of family relations and in particular chronology- not at all like the later metazoan part of the tree. Probably because the metazoan fossil record is much more complete than the protist fossil record. c45) Finding pronunciations for many protists was difficult. There is howjsay.com. I find that there appears to be, historically, an effort, perhaps unintentional, to try and disguise the Greek origin of words- for example micrometer - which in the popular form rejects the "micro" prefix. Other words include diplomonad, haplodiplontic which apparently rejects the "di" long i sound- which would emphasize a meaning of "two". Probably all of these non-Greek pronunciations should be viewed as corruptions, and phased out, like the letter C for s or k, and the use of "ph" for f. c46) I want to use a consistency in language, and so had to decide on one of three or four possible phrases to describe common occurances. One example is variations of: "earliest extant", "earliest surviving", "most primitive living", while "extant" is not as common a word as "survive" or "living", I chose extant because it is perhaps the most concise way to describe the most primitive surviving organism. c47) The events of the story of evolution are mostly clear and in wide agreement, the genetic relationships are mostly clear and agreed upon, but when each event occurred is where there is different opinions. Probably some of the biggest disagreements are: are the earliest fossils at 3500 mya cyanobacteria- they look similar but the rRNA places cyanobacteria 1000 mybn more recently. Are acritarchs eukaryotes- were there eukaryotes at 3200 mybn? DO eukaryotes have a much longer history than previously thought (1700 mya)? But beyond this, most of the story is clear, and it's simply: microscopic prokaryote cells (both univellular and filamentously multicellular) are all there is from 3500-c1000 and the origin of multicellular animals (metazoans). From there the fossil (and genetic) record is somewhat clear and agreed upon. One interesting truth is that, while nucleic acids, bacteria, or even possibly eukaryotes could have reached the Earth from a different star, it seems clear that the evolution of multicellular animals (metazoans) definitely occurred here on the Earth- because it seems doubtful that a frozen multicellular organism could survive the journey between stars, and the fossil record shows the clear chronological development and progression of the many phyla of animals. c48) pronunciation: many times the pronunciation that I choose from my thought-audio is not the popular pronunciation. Words I could not find the pronunciation to: 1) Trigonotarbid 2) Attercopus Words in which the popular pronunciation does not reflect the Greek roots: 1) Myriapoda 2) Arthropoda 3) trigonometry 4) micrometer 5) Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta 6) Gymnosperm 7) totipotent, omnipotent 8) Chlorophyta 9) ectoderm entoderm 10) Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo) 11) Tracheophyta 12) Holometabola, Holometabolous 13) Ctenophora {Ti-noF-R-u} 14) heterostracan {HeTR-o-STroKeN} 15) Hexapoda 16) Ciliophora 17) Notochord 18) thermocouple and thermopile and thermometer 19) polymerization 20) Electrolysis 21) cytoplasm 22) pseudopods Words where I went against the modern pronunciation and opted for the pronunciation respecting Greek-root words: 1) Gymnosperm and Angiosperm: It just sounded wrong to say "Gymna-sperm" 2) Diploid: Certainly there are arguments for dip-loid - like diptera, but there are also arguments to respect the Greek roots, for example, we don't say quadrap-loid- and there is also the word "ploidy" which implies that the prefix "di" should be distinct. -perhaps the feeling is that, science should not be simple, or an embarrassment about the Greek roots and an effort to try and hide it- perhaps to disguise the origin of a word is an effort to appear to be more sophisticated- by confusing people with complex jargon. c49) My intention is not to make history and science sound complicated because I think it is simple to understand; making it sound complicated is a mistake, because it isn't complicated. If it's complicated then it's not being told correctly (or is probably false or fraud). alt: or is probably a mistake or mistaken belief. c50) During the process of making ULSF 1, 2 and 3, I realized that for just the "Life" part, the story of evolution that I am telling is one of common ancestors, which is one way of telling the story. Another version, one that might be more popular and less detailed, might just tell the "visual story" of what the Earth looked like, and what the major organisms were for each period. I think the main goal in telling ths tory of evolution, would be to at least cover the major transistions, innovations, etc, with the two secondary goals of giving a visual description with the major organisms, and describing important common ancestors. c51) Music used in ULSF: The music I have chosen to use in ULSF is music that I tried my best to align with the correct chronological order and occurrance, and which I felt was representative of popular music, or of popular issues of the time. Many songs, I chose, because I think they are more well written, or have an important message. Many songs were chosen, not because I think that they were the best song of that year or time, but because the message seemed relevant to that particular scientific achievement, or some important historical truth. There are too many good and relevant songs to include all of them. So I would look at the music choice as more of one very quick version of a historical documentary, as opposed to some kind of award or "best of", or also as some kind of all-encompassing music history. -It was tough to choose which songs to include. I tried to step outside of the mainstream messages to find music that more accurately described the historical context. With every song choice there are always positives and negatives. For some people classic popular songs like "White Christmas" and "God Bless America" are offensive, but not to others. We can't escape offensive ideas, or language that is offensive to some people. c52) Other major movies that should be made and released to the public to see for free: a) Complete story of flowers- the story of their evolution in chronological order, comparison of their leaves, flowers, spores, seeds, fruits, uses, etc. b) Complete story of sex, - in protists, in plants, fungi, animals - all the details, c) complete story of evolution of insects, animals, protists, c53) oxidation and reduction shuold not be used to describe electron borrowing and lending- it should be clearer, since oxygen may not be involved. It should be called something like "electron taking or giving". c54) It is tough to distinguish between "life" and "science", so generally, I am labelling the science part as containing all relevent creation, and use of technology/tools, and also any event where wisdom that set humans or human ancestors apart from other species played an important part- like in leaving Africa, reaching Australia and America. On eidea was to say that anything after the first use of tools should be science, but there there are some strictly "life" events, like "start of Wurm glaciation", etc. Life starts with the formation of the Milky Way Galaxy and the first living objects in the Milky Way. Perhaps the best answer is that some events are both science and life, (like humans reach australia by boat). I think I am finally settling on the Life/Science barrier being simply a time barrier so that the story is continuous- but perhaps later there should be a clear distinction drawn for post science events that more relate to evolution and life and not to science. the label and split at "Science" is simply like a description of the story entering into a new phase- not necessarily a change in the theme of the story. For example, we reached the beginning of science, and now on with the story. c55) Good guides for editing down each ULSF too size: a) from one ULSF to the next, it is best to add at most only one sentence for any record. c56) MISTAKEN FIRST CREDITS 1) Newton with the corpuscular theory for light- Descartes identified it- although only in a single sentence- but Newton uses the same comparison of light to a tennis ball 2) the concept of inertia - goes back to Hipparchus 3) that heat moves from hot to cold see id2295 Prevost before Clausius ================ END COMMENTS ================ 7) perhaps make a field: noeditinfo, for records where 2,3,4,etc are identical to importance=1, otherwise I have to hand copy text1 to text2, and from there I may not know which are supposed to be identical. Maybe a t2t1, and t3t2 field. it would need to be set to 0 if I change any text in text2 or text3. initially set the field by determining which text2 and text3 are empty. a) make 1 check box for each text area: 1) copy above text a) existing text goes after above text b) otherwise text will be integrated by hand 8) Big excel table of species and various differences a) reproduction method mitosis, budding, conjugation b) fusion/sex+sexual method c) spores d) mito kind e) plastid f) nuclear envelope made of g) cell wall made of h) cytoplasm made of i) organelle kinds j) ocean, fresh water, land k) size l) base pairs m) aerobic/anaerobic n) heterotroph/autotroph (litho, photo) o) monomulti (interchangable/not interchangable) p) differentiation (since cell life cycle, multicell post mitotic) q) spindle kinds r) flagella (1,2,etc) (prokaryote, and eukaryote) s) land, salt water, fresh water t) what and how they eat u) life cycle (haplontic, diplontic, haplodiplontic) v) do they age? (able to repair mutation from photons?) 9) hand draw basic tree of life as documented in ULSF a) convert to bitmap+jpg (post jpg to web) b) convert to HTML with image links (post to web) 10) Include viruses: "DNA viruses" "dsDNA viruses" (1 order, many families) Genus Mimivirus "ssDNA viruses") "DNA and RNA reverse transcribing viruses" DNA Reverse Transcribing Viruses" "RNA Reverse Transcribing Viruses" "RNA viruses" dsRNA viruses Genus Endornavirus "negative stranded ssRNA viruses" "positive stranded ssRNA viruses" "subviral agents" satellites viroids prions 11) summarize evolution of and description for complete anatomies of all species, basic systems. a) digestive b) respiratory c) nervous 1) touch sensor 2) heat sensor 3) info store 4) taste 5) smell 6) sleep d) reproductive e) circulatory 1) immune defense 2) blood cells (red white) f) endocrine/gland g) muscular h) (locomotive) i) other metabolisms (many) 1) lithotrophy 2) photosynthesis 12) 2/27/06 clearly pull apart cell differentiation (for both prok and euk), monoadmulti (fastened/free, interchangable/specific), colonialism, isogamous (interchangable/specific [same gender join possible]) 13) 04/17/06 It is interesting that the main prevailing belief in genetic chronology is based on rrna being the most conserved gene. But, to me, the reproductive method may be the most conserved, since changes to those proteins might stop reproduction, and reproduction is the main basic requirement. Maybe the genes relating to reproduction, like dna polymerase, etc are better indicators of chronology, but maybe no. It's interesting that, if a gene for, say, cell wall changes (substitutions with other species happen), isn't it possible that the same replacements could have happened for rrna? ... why would the genes that produce proteins used in the cell wall, rrna, cytoplasm, etc...be any different from rrna? To me, with a novice view, they seem all relatively equally likely to be replaced over the millions of years. If reproduction was the most conserved process then the order of species would perhaps be different. So, for example, ciliates (have conjugation, which may be more ancient) and dinoflagellates have closed mitosis, and therefore should be more ancient than euglenids that have closed mitosis (but orthagonal? check). (the same argument applies to conjugation, and those eukaryote species that divide by binary fission). I think ultimately, that each major gene line will be evaluated and a more strongly supported chronology for all the major phyla will be clearly seen with a large amount of supports. 14) figure out place for apusozoa (apusomonads and Hemimastigophora) 15) Make timeline with events (for evolution) and people (science) with lifespans (autodraw/calculate from data) 16) Make button to adjust all YBN dates to current date based on BCE/CE date if any. 17) trace origin of "soul" theory (Plato 400s bce believes in), first to reject theory, falseness (or overly abstract, nonspecific nature) of theory. 18) trace origin of Hell, Hades (Greek underworld, afterlife location), Tartarus (part of Hades/Greek Hell), Gehenna (Judaism Hell), Jahannam (Islam Hell), other myths, origins of religions=polytheism and monotheism. 19) Add historical references: a) major political events: reign of terror b) major wars 20) http://content.answers.com/main/content/pronkey-answers.html, Try to find source of and change upside down e in American Heritage Dictionary Pronunciation Key as conveying more than one sound, all of which are handled by other symbols, and other similar errors. 21) PRIORITY DISPUTES/ COMMOON PUBLIC PRIORITY MISTAKEN BELIEFS MISPERCEPTIONS 1) The theory of natural selection: clearly published at least as early as 1794 from James Hutton (although a single common ancestor for all of life on Earth may not be described) (for example EB doesn't even mention it for Hutton) 2) earliest electrolysis- done with static electricity (,,Ritter) 3) Electricity moves compass - id2845 Gian Domenico Romagnosi or id2454 Hans Orsted 4) dynamic electrical induction (current is produced by moving a wire near a magnet) id2844 and id2702 TO DO FAR FUTURE ================ 1) buy/pay for access to SEM electron microscope and get images of bacteria and in particular as many protists as possible. 2) 3d models of as many species as possible, including motion animations. ULSF MOVIE INTRODUCTION One of the reasons that I decided to make Universe, Life, Science, Future, is simply because there is no movie that tells the complete story of the universe, evolution of life on earth, the the develop, growth and history of science, and of the future- and, in my mind, that is an extremely important movie for people to see. It shocks the thinking mind that no such movie existed when I decided to make ULSF, or even now eight years later. But also simply I made ULSF because I want to see and learn that story, and as the old saying goes, if you want something that doesn't exist, you have to make it yourself. EVOLUTION MOVIE KEY EVOLUTIONARY EVENTS -evolution of flight in insects -warm bloodedness evolving SCIENCE MOVIE POPULAR MOVIE FUNNY, FAMOUS, CUTE, SHOCKING, EXCITING, CUTESY, EMOTIONAL, or DRAMATIC PARTS in "SCIENCE" movie 1) 391 CE Fall of the Serapeum 2) 415 CE Murder of Hypatia-horse bucks/whines 3) c200BCE Aristarchus (Indian Sun centered findings) 4) c965-1039 CE al-Haytham camera obscura, and pretending to be insane 5) William Hershel and his sister making lens 6) (1600 murder of Giordano Bruno) 7) (murder of Michael Servetus)- Servetus apparently yells out his unitarian views (although probably he would have something in his mouth- if the burning at the stake was like those in Italy)- perhaps like "Jesus was a human". Asimov writes "crying out his Unitarian views to the last."- examine contemporary accounts 8) Galileo seeing moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus (Galileo being placed under house arrest, made to recant, shown torture implements) 9) (Newton and apple) 10) (Franklin and kite) 11) (orsted needle moves) 12) (king drops telephone it talks) 13) Wollaston hears ears and thought, seeing eyes and thought-screen-famous tragic royal society decision to not publish 14) murder of Lavoisier-trial judgement - (execution) - comment of dismay 15) the German Humboldt and French Aimé Bouplan trudging through South America on scientific exploration 16) Trevithick and others drive steam carriage through town 17) 07/14/1791 Priestley's house getting burned down, priestly says "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do." - people smashing chemical tubes - 'reverend Priestley!', priestley's book being burned Priestley’s interest in science intensified in 1765, when he met the American scientist and statesman Benjamin Franklin, who encouraged him to publish The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments (1767). 18) Voyages: columbus, magellan, cooks scientific voyage to australia with banks 19) Avogadro just as an interesting looking, kind of large-eyed, person who made an epochal contribution to science (at least as so far determined), that of molecules. 20) poor people who succeed in science: Vauquelin, Thenard, John Snow, Boole, Pasteur, Marie Curie, Julius Thomsen (chemical process patent), Ferdinand Julius Cohn (ghetto to professor) 21) Oersted with the needle 22) Faraday with the spinning motor (and perhaps big smile) 23) Davy sees green gas of chlorine when running electricity through hydrochloric acid 24) Faraday with the galvanometer moving from induced current, the first transformer 25) Sturgeon with the powerful electromagnet 26) Guericke with the vacuum strength and horses 27) Ada Lovelace, female programmer for Babbage, dies of uterine cancer, or blood letting age 36. 28) Joe Henry rips up wife silk petticoats to wrap insulated wire 29) William Lassell is an amateur astronomer who builds his own massive 24" reflector telescope, builds a machine to grind the mirror and lenses, and is the discoverer of Triton (Neptune), Hyperion (Saturn), Ariel and Umbriel (Uranus), Lassell own his own brewery. (see image of Lassell on the top of his large 48" telescope) (and later 48") 30) Davy bends an electric arc (in air and in an evacuated tube) with a magnet 31) William Parsons, (Lord Rosse), The 72" reflector "Leviathan" telescope. 32) Darwin and the controversy around the theory of evolution (meets Huxley) 33) electric shock kisses of the 1700s 34) guericke's demonstrations of hand crank first air pump (with horses) 35) Galvani moves frog leg with spark.- Their surprise 36) (Volta with electrophorus) 37) Volta displaying first battery 38) wealthy who chose career in science over religion or other career, or simply used their wealth for science (Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, Joule) 39) Young equates wavelength and frequency to Newton's measurements of lens on glass 40) Foucault with pendulum and crowd 41) Michelson (and then with Morley) find no aberration from motion of earth through aether - fizeau and foucault too or typo? 42) fizeau and foucault measure speed of light 43) Rev Cecil with loud combustion engine 44) gregor mendel with pea experiments 45) Pasteur with dead anthrax sheep 46) anaxagoras says sun is red hot stone, and moon place - not gods - young people probably excited - older religious probably fear punishment of gods for anaxagoras' theories-pericles? defends 47) Biologists in the jungles (Bates), sea (Huxley), 48) Huxley Wilberforce debate - which line passes through - I would rather have a monkey 49) Leon Scott capturing sound on paper 50) Reiss telephone demonstration, Reis demonstrates his apparatus in a meeting room before members of the Physical Society. id3997 51) Edison phonograph playing recorded sound out loud 52) turning on of first permanent electrical distribution plant on Pearl Street, NYC id4014 (or Edison lights main street at Menlo Park) 53) Edison and first motion pictures captured, stored, and played back (muybridge zoopraxiscope, earlier "fusil rifle" perhaps too, W. Friese-Greene celluloid film moving pictures 1882) 54) story of Marie Curie - first woman to win nobel prize 55) George Washington Carver takes job for Booker T Washington at Tuskegee 56) Wright brothers flying - first flights - orville around statue of liberty 57) women astronomers of havard with annie cannon, henrietta leavitt 58) De Forest, inventor of the triode (audion), grows up in Alabama, and his father, a minister, had moved to Alabama in 1879 to serve as a principal of a school for black people. The family is ostracized for this and young Lee finds his friends only amoung black children. 59) Goddard first liquid fuel rockets, seeing test rocket (Tsiolkovski and Olbers) 60) Vladimir Zworykin electronically scanning and image and wirelessly sending and receiving and redrawing the image 61) Joliot-Curies find artificial radiation - aluminum continues to give Geiger counter clicks after the bombardment has stopped. 62) Rutherford detects transmutation (transmutation of gold and other...) 63) Mitner and Hahn, Fermi uranium fission 64) Rutherford letter to Fermi "Congratualations on your escape from theoretical physics" 65) Fermi et al with first sustained uranium chain reaction 66) movie of first uranium explosion 67) first uranium-fission electric power station (soviet union) 68) Lawrence and first cyclotron 69) Anderson and antielectron (and mesotron) 70) transistor Julius Lilienfeld (Brattain and Bardeen/Shockley) - Lilienfeld explains 71) scribe schools- beginning of writing 72) first rockets in China 73) paper in China - centuries later reaches Europe 74) Raman finds change in frequency - first Indian person to win Nobel 75) Galileo finding moons of Jupiter 76) discovery of Uranus, Neptune 77) First electron microscope - Ernst Ruska (1929,1931) 1933 - sees object more magnified than any known optical microscope. (sees first viruses - 1938) (all in Berlin during the rise of the Nazis) 78) Dorothy Hodgkin - determines molecular structures while raising 3 kids, wins Nobel 79) Larger so-called "Hydrogen fusion" bomb explosion 80) Peenemunde rocket program 81) Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn, Strassmann identifying transuranium elements 82) first fission of medium-mass elements Seaborg 1950 id5553 (fission of many lower atoms in 1947 id5550 tantelum 73 through bismuth 83) 83) first larger atom fusion to be published Guido Barnard Rossi, carbon+Al=>Cl et al id5555 84) luna 1 first ship to pass the moon, luna 2 first ship to land on/hit the moon, luna 3 first ship to return images of the dark side of the moon, luna 10 first ship to orbit another body, return samples from the moon 85) Vivaldi spent most of his career teaching violin and leading the orchestra at a Venetian girls' orphanage. - perhaps view of people somewhat shocked at his speed at playing. The simplicity of Vivaldi's funeral on July 28, 1741, suggests that he died in considerable poverty. 85) William Byrd possibly seeing thought - "your minde is light" and getting in trouble- perhaps excommunicated. 86) Bach performing in his later prime - when probably well recognized 87) Handel and the first performance of the Messiah Halleluja chorus in Dublin 88) Mozart as child playing/performing piano - or perhaps father recognizing composing talent "did you wrote that?..." (and sister and touring) his gentleness and sensitivity (he was afraid of the trumpet) - also song: Leck mich im Arsch, "Lick me in the ass," K. 231 (K6 382c), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_scatology 89) Beethoven at 5th symphony, and deaf at 9th symphony to loud applause. 90) Tchaikovsky teaching at the Moscow Conservatory, and/or seeing his wonderful compositions performed and the reactions. 91) Holst composing the planets (perhaps) while teaching at the St. Paul's Girls' School in London. 92) Scott Joplin composing at the George R. Smith College for Negroes in Missouri 93) Armstrong singing scat and the curious phenomenon 94) first performance of bennie goodman sing, sing, sing 95) Elvis' early performances - perhaps the one being rejected after the grand ol oprey, or getting the RCA first payment for buying his first 5 songs- there are probably many stories like that 96) Finding the archaeoptyrx fossil "it's a feather", chinese finding of bird fossils. 97) Finding the first pterodactyle (pterosaur) fossil - first flying vertebrate- former secretary of Voltaire, 1784-cosimo collini, cuvier recognizes it as flying reptile-1801 98) Simon Stevin showing that two different lead balls, of the same times but the one 10 times heavier than the other does not fall 10x faster, but that they land at the same time. As chair of mathematics at the University of Pisa. There, according to his first biographer, Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703), Galileo demonstrates, by dropping bodies of different weights from the top of the famous Leaning Tower, that the speed of fall of a heavy object is not proportional to its weight, as Aristotle had claimed. But according to the columbia encyclopedia: the famous story in which Galileo is said to have dropped weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa is apocryphal. The actual experiment was performed by Simon Stevin several years before Galileo's work. 99) Galileo first sees 4 moons of Jupiter and determines there period 100) Kepler determines that planets move in ellipses with Sun at one focus 101) First direct neuron reading- Caton 102) Swammerdam - and the surprise of frog leg contracting with electricity 103) Waller with the heart electric potential measuring 104) Al-Zarqali describes the motion of Mercury as "oval" instead of circular in 1081. A translation under Alfonso X has a picture with Mercury with an oval orbit. 105) ctesibius and the first organ- very loud- possibgly scaring people and other animals "scared goats/sheep away" 106) sad: id892- Archimedes is killed by a Roman soldier. 107) Trotula. The first woman doctor in the Dark Ages learns at Solerno around 1059. The school in Solerno is unusual in welcoming Arab and Jewish people, and women. 108) Heraclides of Pontos (Herakleitos) first theorizing that the Earth rotates around it's own axis (presumably at the Academy), and putting mercury and venus as orbiting the Sun instead of the unseen "central fire" of Philolaus, and then Aristarchus of Alexandria adopting and improving this theory. 109) SAD: Roger Bacon arrested, jailed for 14 years, and his works suppressed - his effort to get the Pope to support experiments in the curriculum.- the arrest must have scared other scientists at Oxford, Cambridge, U of Paris, and other universities. id1401, id1404 110) INTERESTING: Columbus's three ships and the voyage that reached America in general, seeing magnetic compass change direction over the course of journey that reaches America but doesn't tell crew. 111) SCIENCE TRICK - Fernel the French army physician runs out of oil and finds that rose oil, egg yolk, and turpentine allow the wound to heal faster - instead of boiling oil, ties arteries to stop bleeding 112) SAD - Spanish doctor Michael Servetus burned alive 113) Funny- John Harrington invents the flush lavatory (toilet) and instals one for Queen Elizabeth in her palace at Richmond, Surrey around 1591. 114) interesting/shocking/surprising: Automatic crossbow of 300bc 115) CUTE/FUNNY: Santorio Santorio adapts Galileo's thermometer to measure body temperature. 116) Sad/inpiring: Kepler helping his mother facing death jailed for witchcraft 117) the first x-ray image of the hand of rontgen's wife id3936 118) Henri Becquerel finding photographic plates fogged even without sunlight reaching the uranium. id4151 119) Dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld inventor of the first transisotr or solid state (non-vacuum tube) electronic switch and amplifier, was a German scientist who worked at the University of Leipzig before immigrating to the U.S. in the 1920's (due to the increasing persecution of Jews in Germany). 120) id1028 the first hydrualis organ- eventually by the 200s it has 8 rows and is so loud hydraulis players have to plug their ears. 121) The father of German mathematician Rheticus was a physician who was beheaded for sorcery when Rheticus was age 14. id1552 Reticus with Copernicus publishes the heliocentric theory and is the first to use the trig. functions sin, cos, etc. on triangles and not arcs of a circle. 122) Horrocks sees the first transit of Venus- has to run out of church to see dies mysteriously at age 22 id1708 123) Ada Lovelace writing notes and commentary about the first programmable computer, and some say the first computer program id2758 124) the first successful tracheotomy - must have been stressful but probably saved the life of a young girl - id2461 125) Macedonio Melloni - makes one of the first heat sensors with Nobili, and takes part in an unsuccesful revolution 126) Daimler riding the first motorbike on the roads of Manheim (with presumably horses and carriages- no doubt getting quite a few stares) id3712 127) Chinese first printers 128) Gutenberg printing first copy 129) Chinese firing first rockets 130) Chinese firing first gun 131) first satellite 132) Gugarin in orbit 133) Moon landing 134) Priestley "forgive them father" 135) reaching America "Tierra!", "Aves!" 136) Tycho tracing comet path finding crystal spheres impossible 137) Kepler light inverse, tracing ellipse 138) first spiral galaxy seen 139) first fission chain reaction secret scenes: 1) camera behind head - experiments trying to see thought - and first successful seeing of shapes behind head of willing subject - a) first seeing of eyes - shapes - clear picture b) first seeing of thought image - shapes - clear picture 2) seeing that sounds entering the ear create different radio light emitted from brain - translating the light to the frequency of sound heard - seeing that even internal sounds produce variations in the heat signals emitted. a) first hearing of ears - changes in sound - clear sound b) first hearing of thought sounds - changes in sound - clear sound 3) using a particle beam to remotely cause a muscle to contract - over larger and larger distances 4) using a precision particle beam to cause neurons deep inside the brain to trigger - producing an image, a sound, a smell, a feeling of touch, a feeling of pain, ... what else?! (Zworykin and Westinghouse go public with image capturing, and wireless image sending and receiving) (Closest to public record of these experiments and results: Pickering telepathy experiments - try to draw images people think ) stirring movie for trailers: 1) beethoven: 9th choir 2) mozart: requiem, dies irae 3) vivaldi: winter fast movement Narration: "The greatest story ever told. At great cost, over many years, the (quest) search for truth, to understand the universe" "The greatest story ever told...of people who died for their beliefs....to make the world a better place...to understand the (truth) universe (around them)....with surprising genius (shocking courage/amazing/startling/great wisdom/immense achievement/collasal designs/engineering/construction)....a struggle for truth...(against powerful forces)...at great cost...to fulfill our destiny (in the stars)...and the dream of the future.....Science" People who paid for the truth with their life People whose allegience to the truth cost them their lives People who paid with their lives for their belief in the truth People who died for their commitment to the truth People whose commitment to the truth cost them their lives the birth of a galaxy to tell the truth about the universe/world around them "The greatest story ever told...of people who died for their beliefs....to make the world a better place...to understand the truth of the universe around them...(and within them)...with shocking courage and startling genius ...a struggle for truth...against the forces of evil (darkness) (against great odds) ...at great cost...to fulfill our destiny in the stars...and the dream of the future.....Science" "Universe Life Science Future" "A universe made of light....life (bodies) that adapts to a planet (the stars)...science that takes them to the stars...the future of the galaxy (as one giant body)....Universe...Life....Science....Future" life in the fight for survival life in the struggle to survive life in survival of the fittest life adapted to survival "A universe made of light...the birth of a galaxy...around one lonely star....living objects (tiny bodies) struggle to survive on the surface of a tiny (their dust-like) planet...with tremendous wisdom and (great compassion) immense achievement they journey to the other planets and stars...and ultimately join with other galactic civilizations (galactic allies/neighbors) to reshape their (home) Galaxy (the Milky Way Galaxy) and fulfill their destiny (dreams/answer their calling/play their part/follow their program/determine-find-fulfill their design-instructions)....Universe...Life....Science....Future" simply "Universe....Life....Science....Future...." - 9th symph chorus __various chronological classic music snippits, then 9th symphp chorus trailer: ===life/evolution=== RNA/DNA bacteria protist (first nucleus) first multicell (digestive) first circulatory (first nervous/eye) (first muscular) first (arthropods) insects first fish first amphibians first reptiles first mammals primates walking homonids ===science=== stone tools metal casting agriculture writing (Euclid) Eritosthenes with stick (Aristarchos) (archimedes with squared circle) Hypatia horse carriage Bruno burned at stake (Galileo sees moons of Jupiter thru telescope) Newton galvani with frog leg spark CRT hearing and seeing brain sound and image Wright brothers flying - first flights rocket/moon landing ===future=== earth like bee hive with ships multistar system globular galaxy all people are guaranteed a base amount of food, water, a room, and daily quantity of spending money (although people can earn more through jobs such as sex for money/prositution, building robots, entertainment) and inherited-wealth ppl still have more money and property than most ppl. most jobs are done by walking robots Universe "A universe made of light...the birth of a galaxy...the evolution of intelligent beings...the reshaping of the galaxy...it's inevitable death....only to be reborn as new galaxies...to repeat the cycle again...endlessly...infinitely...in every scale (at the very largest scale....and the very smallest)....Universe..." Life "...On the surface of a tiny planet around a lonely star....tiny bodies take shape and start to grow...over the many centuries they adapt and improve...with immense setbacks...they endure and survive....working together they build and construct to defend themselves from the unforgiving nature/universe.... with tremendous wisdom and achievement they journey to the other planets and stars...and ultimately compete with with other galactic civilizations just as adapted to survival as they to reshape their (home) Galaxy (the Milky Way Galaxy) and fulfill their destiny ...Life" Science see above Future ============ END TRAILERS ============ ============ Experiments: ============ important experiments key experiments to do *) Show that radio light can be focused to a point which would be impossible given a large sine wave structure *) Make a lower frequency grating and show that the bragg principle, which is very simple - how a small portion of light particles, of various angles of incidence are reflected in the same direction from regular planes of a grating - but why are there no larger spacial interval gratings for infrared and radio? *) remote neuron activation - can uv, xray, radio, infrared be used to remotely ionize a neuron and cause the neuron to fire? Use a squid neuron, or frog neuron. Perhaps using uv or xray laser or lower frequency maser *) model Bragg diffraction in 3D *) Demonstrate Bragg shift for various sources - that this has nothing to do with Doppler shift and is strictly an effect of distance. - for example use car lights *) very small flying devices, small flying/floating microphone, camera, tranceiver Simple but important experiments I want to do: *) Can a Fizeau gear wheel be used to lower the frequency of photon beams in radio? *) Can sound be made to change frequency by a method other than Doppler shift - this might add to the doubt that the frequency shift of light is only due velocity of light source. Measuring sound through a medium that gets more dense, such as at the top and bottom of water, using microphone and constant pitch generator such as keyboard, recording and analyzing using audio software. Perhaps just over air there may be a measurable difference. What about wit h obstructions? moving obstructions {like hand over harmonica - is this to be interpreted as a changing source}? Simply the hand over harmonica - if this changes pitch is a perfect example of how the source of sound might not be moving, but how objects between the source and receiver might affect the frequency. (tried 09/16/08: tried with ha a rmonica - possibly tiny shift detected - but is due from movement of harmonica? tried in air little shift detected from synth. *model stars around milky way- how often do they collide? ------------ 1) Does BIF alternate between northern and southern hemisphere sediments? If the summer=more iron oxide formation theory to is true that would be expected. 2) reproduce BIF using a closed box+photosynthetic bacteria+water+iron. measure O2, measure population of bacteria over time. What does sediment look like? Important papers: 1) Arguments for light as made of material particles 2) Spectral line shift due to Bragg equation - how much is distance of light source and how much is Doppler shift? 3) Neuron reading and writing, direct and remote/"Remote neuron writing - the mysteriously missing experiments" Questions: --------- 1) BIF iron bands appear to cover decades, and then stop for decades...this clearly is not seasonal and appears to be cyclical over decades...the only explanation I can think of for this is a cycle of more sun light intensity...but since we do not experience this in recorded history, it is doubtful that anything like that happened in BIF times, so I tend to think that BIF is caused mainly and perhaps even exclusively by bacteria. How much time is covered by BIF bands? 2) Does BIF show signs of increasing and then decreasing? It's hard to believe that the absence of iron oxide indicates a mass death of bacteria. If the seasonal cycle theory is correct (although I can't see how it could be) then oxygen production was simply slowed enough and there was no massive bacteria death. 3) Is so-called radioactive decay common in all elements, but the frequency is so low that atoms only emit infrared and radio frequencies of photons? is this basically the same phenomenon of atoms separating into their source photons or are the two different? For example one simply being free photons finally finding an exit which results in infrared while the other is a full separation of an atom. Great Questions: ---------------- 1) How did protists and fish get to fresh water lakes and rivers? 1) rivers from oceans reach lake on continents. As time continues land deforms to send fish in river to other freshwater lakes. Since water is a liquid and so movable, it seems possible that constant land deformations could send fish from the ocean to fresh water lakes (mostly formed from rain) in the center of continents. 2) attached to land moving arthropods 3) through evaporation ex: can protists be evaporated with water? or does evaporation filter out some or all protists? This can simply be tested with a container of water with an angled drip surface, the collected water from the evaporated water can then be searched for protists. And I would try the same thing for fish sperm, ova, zygotes (these I doubt can be transported through the air). 4) Do denuded protons give off photons? What is there spectrum? Where does the mass come from? 5) What are the basic particle collision equations (with reagents and product)? CONFLICTS ========= oxygenic photosynthesis occured before 3800my or after 2700my? 3800my (fossil people) 3) Cowen 11) Schopf a) C12/c13 (may be anaerobic sulphur photosynth) b) 3600 fossil cyano c) BIF d) stromatolites e) 3000-3400my spheroid cyano from fig tree in south africa 2700my (nucleic acid people) 14) Knoll (fossil) 18) Hedges a) rrna/amino b) biomarker (technically only proves that cyano at 2700 does not exclude b4) possible answers that fit the data: 1) oxygenic photosynth evolved before 3800, but the bacteria had more ancient DNA than their descendents. TIMELINE OF MAJOR EVENTS -------- making the first cell after the 1st cell, before oldest living cell after oldest living cell Genetic=first Eubacteria Genetic=first Archaebacteria first spore (is differentiation?) first multicellular prokaryotes (filaments) (monomulti or colonial?) After oldest sediments (possible fossils molecular or other) first/oldest molecular fossils (C12/C13, alkanes, etc) oldest physical fossils [prokaryotes on land] first eukaryote (protist) mitosis (haploid, no different life stages) euglenozoa [asexual haploid mitosis, discoid cristae mitochondria, no differentiation, no colonialism, no monomultiism, captured green algae for chroloplast (must have been later)] *mitosis (haploid, different life stages/differentiation) *syngamy (cellular and nuclear fusion, sex) (one gender=isogamy?) meisos syngamy (two gender) mitosis (diploid: may not be very different from haploid mitosis) first algae (brown algae) [] first fungi multicellular (monomulti) monomultiism first land fungi first plant (land plant, nonvasc) nerve cell muscle cell shell (exoskeleton) first animal first mouth first anus first digestive tract [first land animal] *figure out/resolve place: metmonada (giardia) chromalveolates [is debated] (brown algae [2 gender, monomulti+differentiation], diatoms) [red alga chloroplasts (not the more basal like water moulds, ciliates)] rhizaria (foraminifera) isogamy, heterogamy (anisogamy) and oogamym [from http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e42/42h.htm "The progression from isogamy to oogamy occurred several times in the course of evolution. It exists in the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, and with fungi."] Volvocales (green algae) have some primitive looking species, volvox and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii Spirogyra is isogamous. Gametes are transferred by the process of conjugation. (same as ciliates) Saprolegnia isogamous? http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Biology/Harbour/SPECIES/PHYTO/3C.HTM has asex/sex for protists. In pennate diatoms, reproduction is isogamous and both gametes are non-flagellated. Golden algae reproduce asexually through the formation of a zoospore. Dinoflagellates also reproduce sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction involves longitudinal cell division. Each cell receives one flagella and a portion of the theca. During development, it regenerates any missing parts. In non-motile dinoflagellates, asexual reproduction occurs by producing zoospores that have mature cells but no flagella. Sexual reproduction is isogamous, meaning the male and female gametes are the same size. The zygotes, called hystrichospores, form thick and decorated cell walls. http://eng-sci.udmercy.edu/courses/bio123/Chapter17/main17.htm has a few isogamous species listed http://www.ntu.edu.au/faculties/science/sbes/sbi106/sbi106-cyano.htm isogamous (where the two types of gametes are similar in morphology), anisogamous (gametes different), or oogamous (where one of the gametes is spherical and non-motile and the other is smaller and motile). "Protozoa and other Protists",l Michael Sleigh, 1989 good points: 1) 4 main groups of protists: 1. main life stage is flagellate 2. amoeboid (even if they have flagellate stages) 3. ciliates 4. reproduce by spores, parasitic on animals, possess flagella only on gametes if at all. 2) nucleus forms to protect DNA from cytoplasm that now has no cell wall. "the urkaryote is assumed to have developed as an anaerobic phagotroph, feeding upon bacteria and organic debris. It is speculated that this mode of life required a naked surface, internal membrane systems for phagotrophic digestion and cytoskeletal systems for prey capture and for internal transport of food vacuoles and lysosomes. During the development of these eukaryotic featuyres the nuclear material became isolates within a nuclear envelope, possible to remove it from an unstable anchorage at a naked plasma membrane and from the digestive activities of the cytoplasm...." 3) first eukaryote without mitochondria was obviously anaerobic 4) "The presence of multiple chromosomes presumably led to the need for eukaryotic mitosis involving microtubules, and eukaryote sex and meiosis probably also developed early, since they have similar features in all eukaryotes. " 5) more ideas: seems possible that fusion evolved strictly from conjugation because surprisingly some protists reproduce by conjugation...possibly a second link to ancient invention for modern processes (the same possibly for filementous multicellularity/monomultism, and cell differentiation) but the 3 could be independently evolved. But it's amazing that conjugation could represent the beginning of sex, which would put the origin of sex (although not in the formal sense of full DNA exchange, but in the plasmid exchange sense) in the "beyond fossil record" past >3.8ga. "Conjugation is a process in which a cytoplasmic bridge is formed between two cells; in some cases (ciliates) gamete nuclei are exchanged and in others (some algae and fungi) one gametic nucleus or cell migrates through the bridge to fuse with the other. Autogamy is the fusion of gametes or gametic nuclei formed from the same gamont." gamont is a protozoan gametocyte. gametocyte is a cell capable of dividing to produce gametes eg a spermatocyte or oocyte. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations: "Foraminifera undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generations between a haploid gamont and a diploid agamont phases. The single-celled haploid organism is typically much larger than the diploid organism." Here is something interesting: "Ciliates generally carry nuclei of two types. The macronucleus which is typically polyploid and has a somatic function disintigrates and is replaced during the sexual process, while the micronucleus is diploid and carries the genetic information through sexual processes. Sexual activity in ciliates commonly involves "... "conjugation". in ciliates "each gamont is (noramlly) hermaphrodite and undergoes meiosis in the formation of gametic nuclei; each gamont normally receives a gametic nucleus from the other gamont, and each becomes a zygote. Autogamy is also common." more ideas: how many times a cell reproduces may actually be coded in the DNA, or it may not: ex: how consistent are the number of cell reproductions in protists? maybe ciliates are very ancient to have conjugation still preserved, that they have the (thought to be) later tubular cristae (not the discoidal), perhaps happened after their initial appearance. For example: euglena and ciliate ancestor (conjugating) rickettsia/mitochondria engulfed/enslaved/commensalism is discoidal ciliates and euglena split (both with discoidal) euglena loses conjugation/changes to budding ciliates change to tubular christae (retains conjugation) moves sex (conjugation) before mito event how about first budding then conjugation? conjugation first ...euglena loses conjugation does budding conjugation or budding comes first? CONJUGATION: ============ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_conjugation "Bacterial conjugation is often regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating. However, it is not actually sexual, as it does not involve the fusing of gametes and the creation of a zygote. It is merely the transfer of genetic information from a donor cell to a recipient. In order to perform conjugation, one of the bacteria, the donor, must play host to a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element, most often a conjugative plasmid. Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element." "When conjugation is initiated, via a mating signal, a complex of proteins called the relaxosome creates a nick in one plasmid DNA strand at the origin of transfer, or oriT. In the F-plasmid system, the relaxosome consists of proteins TraI, TraY, TraM, and the integrated host factor, IHF. The transferred, or T-strand, is unwound from the duplex and transferred into the recipient bacterium in a 5'-terminus to 3'-terminus direction. The remaining strand is replicated, either independent of conjugative action (vegetative replication, beginning at the oriV) or in concert with conjugation (conjugative replication similar to the rolling circle replication of lambda phage). If the F-plasmid becomes integrated into the host genome, donor chromosomal DNA may be transferred along with plasmid DNA. The amount of chromosomal DNA that is transferred depends on how long the bacteria remain in contact; for common laboratory strains of E. coli the transfer of the entire bacterial chromosome takes about 100 minutes. The transferred DNA can be integrated into the recipient genome via recombination." TP: that the strand is unwound to me, means that the strand is tranferred as a single strand (not a connected circle), which may be the origin of chromosomes...where the plasmid was not reconnected into the receiving cell's DNA circle. Maybe where the receiving cell splits it's DNA circle, but fails to reconnect and then would have 2 proto chromosomes. http://www.bio.ilstu.edu/armstrong/syllabi/222book/Chapt%203.htm "bacteria only conjugate when environmental conditions become very unfavorable and their survival is in jeopardy." TP: still conjugation has to be chemically initiated, which means that there are certain molecules or temperatures, for example that release the needed proteins, and that can be turned on or off any time. "Margulis and Sagan (1986) hypothesize that conjugation evolved as a DNA repair mechanism, a means of repairing DNA damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation or some other environmental mutagen. " TP: clearly zygote thickening of wall implies it was inherited from the survival mechanism of prokaryotes... INVENTION OF CHROMOSOME ============== from linear plasmid from virus "Borrelia burgdorferi as compared with other eubacteria is its unusual genome, which includes a linear chromosome approximately one megabase in size and numerous linear and circular plasmids." BINARY FISSION ============== * bacteria (for example, Rickettsia species, that cause diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever) * Entamoeba histolytica (a protozoan that is a human intestinal parasite) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1915743&dopt=Abstract has "The movement of microtubules (MTs) during nuclear division of Entamoeba histolytica was ultrastructurally studied. Regarding this MT movement, five stages of mitosis could be defined: prophase, metaphase, anaphase A, anaphase B, and telophase. In early stages of mitosis, chromatinic material appeared condensed, and MTs were detected in the center of the nucleus. Later, MTs seemed to grow from an electron-dense body located in the center of the nucleus. This body might be the microtubule organizing center, which organized the MTs, first in a lateral way, and later to form the mitotic spindle, which was made of a bundle of MTs joined by their ends. This junction of MTs to themselves could also be observed in cross-sections. The last stage of mitosis was the nuclear separation. Two different morphological types of intranuclear vesicles were also observed, which seemed to have different types of membrane. Both intranuclear vesicles were present during nuclear division, generally in clusters, and located close to the nuclear periphery." * Pyrodictium abyssi (an anaerobic hyperthermophilic archaea of deep-sea hydrothermal vents) * Schizosaccharomyces pombe (a fungal organism that is a species of yeast) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7548843&dopt=Abstract "The investigation of fission yeast chromosome structure and function has moved rapidly over the past 10 years. The isolation of replication origins, telomeres and centromeres has allowed the development of minichromosomes, a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-like cloning system and investigations into chromosome segregation and behaviour during mitosis and meiosis." "The recent discovery of a heterochromatin-like structure mediating transcriptional repression at centromeres reinforces the notion that fission yeast centromeres are similar to those of larger eukaryotes. Further characterization of such phenomena will accelerate the genetic dissection of this important chromosomal element." Some protein must initiate the DNA polymerase (RNA polymerase brings the instructions to build DNA polymerase to ribosomes), here is an interesting info: http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9&page=1 "The expanding cell must pinch itself in half at some point and it starts this by synthesizing a new cross wall at the septa that will divide the two halves. This process of division is amazing because there is a significant amount of pressure that is constantly being applied to the cell wall from the cell membrane and cytoplasm. During division the cell must break the cell wall in discrete locations, yet not allow the membrane to burst. The activity of the enzymes that do this must be carefully controlled. Imagine what would happened if they were allowed to indiscriminately digest the cell wall. This would lead to a weakening of the cell wall to the point that it would rupture. Once division has occurred, cell wall synthesis must again change, concentrating on accommodating the expanding cell and not dividing it in half. Its a wonder it all works." http://141.150.157.117:8080/prokPUB/chaphtm/008/04_03.htm has some interesting mutiple binary fissions within one cell. using Dermocarpella as an example. conjugation or budding comes first? two lines of eukaryotes that evolved through a prokaryote that reproduces by conjugation and one that does through budding? CLAIMED EUKARYOTE BINARY FISSION (NOT MITOSIS?) Jakoba (Jakobid) fission yeast CONJUGATES: prokaryotes: E Coli (conjugative plasmids) pseudomonas vibrio cholerate eukaryotes: ciliates Spirogyra (green algae) "produces both asexually and sexually, two long, unbranched filaments join via conjugation tubes, through which genetic material is exchanged between cells." BUDDING: ======== prokaryotes: planctobacteria (plactomycetes) Caulobacter eucaryotes: euglenozoa (4 to 8 break out and grow to full size) prokaryote conjugation prokaryote budding (has latent ability to conjugate?) haploid mitosis http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.htm: "Euglenoids reproduce very rapidly, absorbing their flagellum and dividing haploid cells through mitosis. Mitosis produces 4-8 flagellated haploid cells, called zoospores. The zoospores then break out of the parent cell and grow to full size." TP: so the mitosis is simply "nuclear mitosis" only, similar to "budding" (since the cell wall is built, but inside the cell), not cellular and nuclear mitosis. Perhaps mitosis evolved first to simply copy the nucleus. two other ways of injecting DNA to change some cell: transformation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_%28genetics%29 " is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA)." ie various methods, virus, injection, electricity or transfection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfection "Introducing DNA into eukaryotic cells, such as animal cells, is called transfection. Transfection typically involves opening transient "holes" or gates in cells to allow the entry of extracellular molecules, typically supercoiled plasmid DNA, but also siRNA, among others. Transfection differs from transformation since the DNA is not generally incorporated into the cells genome, it is only transiently expressed." FILAMENT ======== actinomycetes cyanobacteria there are clearly 4 different mitochondria, presumably evolved from a common ancestor. Perhaps the tubular was first whicdh is most similar to prokawii rickettsia? "Are any or all filamentous species monoadmulti (multicellular) or colonial?" COLONIALISM =========== should only be defined as species joining together, not a multicellular organism that originates from one cell (there is a small difference in that potentially there are multicellular organisms that can be formed from any cells, but usually result from one...potentially volvox, or chlamydomonas) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (when cultured...is monoadmulti?) ISOGAMY ======= For all organisms that reproduce with isogamous gametes, can any two gametes fuse, or no? I think we need to say that isogamaous means any two gametes can fuse. If size difference is important let's use a different term like isosize or something. DIFFERENTIATION =============== This includes any organism that ever consists of more than one kind of cell. Initially I think this happened in prokaryotes, and was either inherited or re-evolved in eukaryotes. But one key point is: is differentiation only the result of a copy (binary fission, mitosis, budding) or can differentiation happen as a result of molecular changes to a cell? for "stem cells" the differentiation happens as a result of mitosis or as a result of molecules to an already existing cell? Here we go: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter Caulobacter crescentus alpha-proteobacteria "It is an important model to cellular differentiation and one of its most perceptible characteristics is that its two child-cells are very different from each other, one being mobile and the other fixed. The mobile one has a flagellum and swims until it finds a favorable environment, at which point it loses its flagellum and develops a new structure that lets the cell fix itself to a substrate." TP: probably the different cell is a new differentiated cell, the original keeping the same form. This to me says that differentiation is mainly done at cell division. It is interesting, either the pointer in the DNA is in a different location, it's different DNA (this I doubt), If I wanted to make a different cell from the same DNA how would I do it? In copying a protein simply runs down the length of the entire DNA strand (starting from? separates circle?) Much is done in the plasma membrane, the DNA attaches to the membrane, the membrane pinches. There must be proteins assembling the new wall, or doing the pinching and stretching. Those proteins were made before the division? Perhaps the proteins assemble more membrane in the center. technically many explanations of binary fission are incorrect because the resulting two cells are not always identical. First the DNA duplicates, then the cell stretches and divides. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/binary_fission.html " A method of asexual reproduction that is employed by most prokaryotes. In it, the living cell divides into two equal, or nearly equal, parts. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the cell is replicated. Each circular strand of DNA then attaches to the plasma membrane. The cell elongates, causing the two chromosomes to separate. The plasma membrane then invaginates (grows inwards) and splits the cell into two daughter cells through a process called cytokinesis. " I think it is either 1) pointer at a different place in the DNA, or 2) filling of each half of the growing cell with two different kinds of proteins (really all that is needed is an inhibiter to be made and focused in one half of the cell to stop the cell from growing a flagellum for example). EX: are there different proteins in the cytoplasm of the new cells in Caulobacter. Maybe way of turning on or off inhibitors to make the cell make the other kind of cell after fission. it's amazing that the new cell wall is formed just from proteins that were made earlier, they probably are designed to construct wall, but how are they instructed to stop? here is a differentiation that happens in a bacterium during it's life cycle: 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxobacteria "When nutrients are scarce, myxobacteria cells aggregate by chemotaxis into fruiting bodies. These fruiting bodies can take different shapes and colors, depending on the species. Within the fruiting bodies, cells begin as rod-shaped vegetative cells, and develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. " 2) potentially Helicobacter pylori 3) Chlamydophila pneumoniae is captured in an endosome and "transforms into a reticulate body and begins to replicate within the endosome" 4) Legionella pneumophilia Sauromonas: changes form at the moulting period of the termite host, multiplies flagella. [so clearly there are some species that change form, not as the result of mitosis only] FORM SPORES ============ Endospores http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol2025.htm # the following are spore formers (note that all are gram-positives): 1. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) 2. Bacillus subtilis 3. Clostridium botulinum 4. Clostridium perfringens 5. Clostridium tetani Exospores some Actinomycetes CYSTS (http://www.microbe.org/microbes/spores.asp: "Cysts are thick-walled structures that, like spores, protect bacteria from harm, but they're somewhat less durable than endospores and exospores." ) Azotobacter Bdellovibrio Myxococcus http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~barretta/homepage.html has as spore Cyanobacteria eukaryotes Microsporidia Monocercomonadidae (parabasalids, Ditrichomonas for example) Ditrichomonas (parabasalid) Trichomitus (parabasalid) Percolozoa Octomitus (metamonad) Hexamita (metamonad) Seed-like spores (not protective) prokaryotes Actinomycetes eukaryotes many kinds of fungi "http://www.microbe.org/microbes/spores.asp: Like seeds, reproductive spores have tough outer coatings on them, but they aren't as durable as protective spores or cysts." LAND Myxobacteria OCEAN FRESH WATER FREE LIVING PARABASALIDS Pseudotrichomonas Trichomonas? Carpediemonas Trepomonas ================= DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES ======================= Percolozoa Sauromonas - changes form (grows more flagella) ================= EUKARYOTE NUCLEUS ================= Here is my latest choice: 3/1/6 was vacuole source of nuclear envelope in this example? I think the double membrane implies something that had it's own membrane taken in a vacuole which formed the second membrane. Perhaps a cell functioned with a DNA in the membrane and this captured prokaryote. DNA from the captured prokaryote merged with the membrane DNA, which then made the new vacuole cell in it's entirety (minus the vacuole) in each new cell. Perhaps like mito and plasts this new prokaryote divides when the larger host cell divides. Eventually, the membrane DNA merged with the DNA in the captured but now integrated prokaryote (this requires DNA passage through the captured but now integrated prokaryote cell wall). So, both DNA centers are capable of making exact copies of the cell. Slowly, the DNA protected in the captured but integrated prokaryote takes over (is more influential, gains an advantage for getting resources) and optimizes out the duplicate DNA copy in the membrane. although I still am leaving open the possiblity of conjugation and a similar scenario. Basically it's the above with vacuole, conjugation, or both. evidence for prokaryote=eukaryote nucleus 1) flagella connected to nucleus of metamonads. a) flagella hints that nucleus prokaryote may have been a male gamete (and the cytoplasm the female gamete). b) flagella are presumably outside the double membrane, indicates that came after capture? Maybe flagella penetrate double membrane...perhaps were initialy inside or partially inside and outside. 2) nucleus division does not need to be recreated, can be basically the same inherited prokaryote cell division (perhaps with minor adjustments), only within a cell membrane. a) nucleus division appear to be binary fission (as opposed to budding) in earliest (closed mitosis) species. Nuclear membrane grows and divides into two. b) ex: we should look at flagellated prokaryote binary division, do both copies have flagella? do new flagella grow after division, or during division? I would think that only one cell would retain the flagellum. 3) conjugation already existed as a form of exchanging DNA before the first eukaryote, it is possible that a complete bacterium could be taken in through a pilus. Some eukaryotes like spyrogrya still reproduce sexually through conjugation. 4) DNA was splitting and merging with conjugation in prokaryotes before eukaryotes. 5) division of nucleus and cytoplasm is different, just like mitochondria, when the cytoplasm divides is signalled by molecules (as far as I know), and a nucleus may divide without the cytoplasm dividing (immediately or perhaps ever) in some protists. (Clearly many metamonads have multiple nuclei). It's interesting that some metamonads have muliple nuclei (mastigonts), because when they reproduce it is all integrated, each nuceli is rebuilt (as far as I know). Maybe that shows how simple throwing together nuclei and cytoplasm is for DNA for put together and reproduce. 6) two layer membrane around nucleus, is evidence of a prokaryote being captured in a vacuole. 7) happened for mitochondria, chloroplasts, (and later red algae and green algae), that is support for a prokaryote similar to rikettsia, or cyanobacteria being engulfed and forming nucleus. 8) "all eukaryotic HSP70 homologs share in common with the Gram-negative group of eubacteria a number of sequence features that are not present in any archaebacterium or Gram-positive bacterium, indicating their evolution from this group of organisms." 9) Most genes related to the nucleus are related to archaebacteria, while those relating to the cytoplasm are related to eubacteria. notes: 1) interesting that perhaps binary fission was the process for dividing the nucleus, and then the cytoplasm too. The DNA attached to the cytoskeleten/membrane in the nucleus (to separate the 2 DNA copies) during growth and stretching to divide the nucleus, and the nuclear membrane (presumably) attached to the cytoskeleten too (to separate the 2 nuclei) during growth and stretching to divide the cytoplasm. 2) http://genomics.ucla.edu/eocyte/orignucl.html James Lake explains how eocytes are closer to eukaryotes than other archaea. (the rrna operons for the other archae being 16S-tRNA-23S, and eocyte+euk being 16S-23S....5S). putting desulfurococcus, pyrodictium, and thermoproteus closest to giardia and prorocentrum. "Significant support for the eocyte tree also comes from the observations that eukaryotic ribosomal operons are organized like those of Sulfolobus, Desulfurococcus, and Thermoproteus and not organized like the tRNA containing rRNA operons of halobacteria, methanogens, and eubacteria." [t one theory is that the eocyte formed the cytoplasm and a gram negative bacteria formed the nucleus.] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative "Characteristics of Gram-Negative Bacteria 1. Only contain a few layers of peptidoglycan -- the building block for strong, rigid cell walls 2. Contain an outer membrane, external to the peptidoglycan, called the lipopolysaccharide 3. The space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane is called periplasmatic space 4. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan 5. Any flagella, if present, have 4 supporting rings instead of two 6. No teichoic acids are present" [t actually eukorig6_jmol.pdf has a methanogen forming the nucleus and a delta-proteo like myxobacteria forming the cyto. interesting relation of myxo colonial ability, perhaps making multicellularity in euk less difficult to evolve.] most metamonads are faculativily sexual, they reproduce asexually by mitosis and sexually with fusion and meiosis. relationship of prokaryote spores/cysts to eukaryote zygote inherited? *) chemical signals initiate division of nucleus division and then cytoplasm division, similar to chemical signals in termite molt signals some metamonads to divide conjugating prokaryote (proteo [ecoli], archae?) flagellated prokaryote (probably spherical, not rod?) merges with second prokaryote (perhaps female gamete of same species) divides into 2 gametes again (although no 2 prokaryotes have even been observed to completely merge to my knowledge) possibly cells merge, DNA merges PROKARYOTES WITH FLAGELLA ========================== http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria "Motile bacteria can move about, either using flagella, bacterial gliding, or changes of buoyancy. A unique group of bacteria, the spirochaetes, have structures similar to flagella, called axial filaments, between two membranes in the periplasmic space. They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves. Bacterial flagella are arranged in many different ways. Bacteria can have a single polar flagellum at one end of a cell, clusters of many flagella at one end or flagella scattered all over the cell, as with Peritrichous. Many bacteria (such as E.coli) have two distinct modes of movement: forward movement (swimming) and tumbling. The tumbling allows them to reorient and introduces an important element of randomness in their forward movement. (see external links below for link to videos). Motile bacteria are attracted or repelled by certain stimuli, behaviors called taxes - for instance, chemotaxis, phototaxis, mechanotaxis and magnetotaxis." spirochaetes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagella "Some species of bacteria (those of Spirochete body form) have a specialized type of flagellum called axial filament that is located in the periplasmic space, the rotation of which causes the entire bacterium to corkscrew through its usually viscous medium." there are many differences to the eubacteria and archaebacteria flagella archaebacteria is more like pili, grows from the base/not tip, eu=1 filament, archae=many filaments that move as one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella "A further connection is that the centriole, involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle in many (but not all) eukaryotes, is homologous to the cilium, and in many cases is the basal body from which the cilium grows." Clearly the eukaryote flagellum/cilium is related to the centriole and spindles. The question for me is, are the cilium and spindles, etc evolved from the prokaryote flagella attached to the nucleus of early eukaryotes. The composition of those flagella might show similarieties to prokaryote flagella. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Spirillum serpens Escherichia coli Peritrichous. Planctomycetes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes "The life cycle involves alternation between sessile cells and flagellated swarmer cells. The sessile cells bud to form the flagellated swarmer cells which swim for a while before settling down to attach and begin reproduction." -------------- Proteobacteria: ALPHA: Caulobacter crescentus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter "It is an important model to cellular differentiation and one of its most perceptible characteristics is that its two child-cells are very different from each other, one being mobile and the other fixed. The mobile one has a flagellum and swims until it finds a favorable environment, at which point it loses its flagellum and develops a new structure that lets the cell fix itself to a substrate." Parvularcula bermudensis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvularcula "Parvularcula isolates are Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, slightly motile short rods with a single flagellum. " Aurantimonadaceae http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurantimonadaceae "The individual bacteria are rod-shaped, with polar flagella, and adhere to form branching chains." BETA: Bordetella bronchiseptica. Burkholderia pseudomallei Nitrosomonas europea GAMMA: most Enterobacteriaceae (rod): Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella Legionella pneumophilia "non-acid fast, non-sporulating, and morphologically a non-capsulated rod-like bacteria. aerobic ". is pleomorphic: "the occurrence of multiple structural forms during the life cycle of an organism" Pseudomonas (most are), Pseudomonas fluorescens (multiple flagella, rod), Pseudomonas putida is a flagellated rod-shaped bacterium Vibrio (comma shape) DELTA: Bdellovibrio (comma-shaped motile rod with a barely discernible flagellum.) EPSILON: Campylobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a somwhat curved, rod-like appearance, and are oxidase-positive Helicobacter helix shaped (t looks like rod), fast-moving with multiple flagella[3]. ------------ Spirochaete are a phylum of distinctive bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells. They are distinguished by the presence of flagella running lengthwise between the cell membrane and cell wall, called axial filaments. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. ---------------- Thermotoga: http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000017.html "Thermotoga maritima are thermophilic bacteria that branch deep in the eubacterial tree [1] and also possess flagella. In fact, even though these bacteria are distantly related to such bacteria as B. subtilis and E. coli, they share all the basic structural genes for the flagellum (everything from fliF to flagellin)." t: is rod shaped archaea -------- [t methanococcus is spherical, many flagella, looks bigger than metamonad nucleus:flagella ratio) Methanococcus vannielii Methanococcus voltae Methanococcus jannaschii Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus Natronobacterium magadii , [t is rod shaped and possibly forms colonial/multicell fruiting body,] http://www.dsmz.de/dsmz/main.php?content_id=17 thermoacidiphilac: Thermoplasma (t looks spherical) Sulfolobus ORIGIN OF SEX (CELL AND NUCLEAR FUSION) ======================================= There are definitely some major points: 1) DNA splitting (with assistence from proteins [kinesis]) 2) DNA merging (with assistence from proteins) 3) DNA duplicating in water 4) DNA duplicating in a cell/cytoplasm 5) cell with DNA in cytoplasm division 6) DNA duplicating in a nucleus (basically same as in cytoplasm) a) plus duplication of nucleus membrane/ basically nucleus duplication 7) nucleus division (may be same as cell with DNA in cytoplasm division) within cell= can be meiosis (when together with cell and from diploid to haploid). It may be easier to describe meiosis, in terms of nuclear division, and cytoplasm division. Division of nucleus may be very much like binary fission. 8) DNA merging in water 9) DNA merging in cytoplasm 10) DNA merging within a nucleus (same as in cytoplasm) 11) nuclei merging (saccinobaculus) pronuclei=haploid cell, pre-diploid nucleus, ovum and sperm are pronuclei as cells, and also zygote has 2 pronuclei before merging to one nucleus (is first sign of successful fertilization). I think it may generally mean one cell with two nuclei. 1 species two paths of repro: autogamy=2 pronuclei form. no cell division (DNA in nucleus duplicates, nuclear membrane divides, perhaps like binary fission) fertilization=two gametes form, gametes fuse encyst=to become a cyst excyst=http://www.epa.gov/ogwdw/lt2/training/module_microscopy/glossary/e/e2.html "The process of a (oo)cyst rupturing releasing the internal structures, specifically the escape of sporozoites from the oocyst." oocyst: http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/o/o0083900.html OeSiST "A thick-walled structure in which sporozoan zygotes develop and that serves to transfer them to new hosts." how does nucleus duplication+division happen? duplicate DNA in nucleus, new nucleus divides from new nucleus by binary division (takes part of nuclear cytoplasm+membrane/envelope)? new nucleus is made outside of old nucleus? binary division or does new nucleus bud out? male and female may have developed from a flagellated nucleus duplicating and dividing by binary division. After the DNA was duplicated, the nucleus stretched as is usual in binary division, but only one half had a flagellum, no new flagellum ever grew on the other half of the divided cell. (the DNA should code for growing a flagellum, but cell division as far as I know, only involves synthesis of membrane and wall...could synthesize new flagellum, i dont know). METAMONADS THAT REPRODUCE SEXUALLY: Macrospironympha Paranotila (oxymonad): 8 male+8 female pronuclei fuse within cell, then cell divides into 8 zygote cells. Notila Pyrsonymphidae should we call 1 step meiosis "cell division (nucleus and cytoplasm)" and 2 step meiosis "two cell divisions (nucleus and cytoplasm)"? but perhaps "without duplication/synthesis" a) binary fission *DNA duplication *cytoplasm division b) conjugation *DNA merges DNA duplication cytoplasm division c) two prokaryote cells merge and binary fission (prokaryote sex, different gametes?) *cytoplasm merges DNA merges DNA duplication cytoplasm division d) early eukaryote division, binary fission in nucleus DNA duplication in nucleus *nucleus division (is really new?) cytoplasm division e) early eukaryote nuclei fuse [same as c) but within cytoplasm] DNA duplication in nucleus nucleus division *nuclei merge [is same as c) cytoplasm and DNA merge] DNA duplication in nucleus nucleus division cytoplasm division f) eukaryote nuclei and cytoplasm fuse (eukaryote sex) cytoplasm merges nuclei merge -two paths 1) vegetative: (DNA duplication in nucleus) gamete: no DNA duplication 2) nucleus division 3) cytoplasm division gamete Is mitosis the same as meiosis? (ie basically cell division [nucleus and membrane division]). meiosis starts with mitosis, then does a second mitosis (but resulting in haploid cells). There is a DNA dup, nuclear division, cytoplasm division. Then just the nuclear division and cytoplasm division. In some way exchange of plastids is like total cell fusion (sex) because one cell (sperm or ovum) could be adding code to defend against some new threat (virus, bacteria, etc.), just like one bacteria does with integrating a plasmid with some other bacteria. http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html Hypermastigotes: * Macrospironympha (diploid) * Rhynchonympha (diploid) * Trichonympha (haploid) * Urinympha (diploid) * Leptospironympha (haploid) * Eucomonympha (haploid) * Barbulanympha (haploid) Oxymonads: * Notila (diploid) * Oxymonas (haploid) * Saccinobaculus (haploid) (asex,sex with 1 step zygotic meiosis) * Pyrsonympha/Dinenympha (polyploid) EVOLUTION OF VARIOUS SYSTEMS ============================ Digestive System: "Free-living trichomonad with one anterior flagellum and one recurrent flagellum. Type species M. carabina." Monotrichomonas carabina has bacteria in food vacuoles. [t interesting that bacteria play a role in digestion even in some protists. food vacuoles with bacteria is all part of a digestive system.] Skeletal http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/microscope.php?func=imgDetail&imageID=427 describe parabasalid axostyle as "skeletal element" AGING ===== The one theory that aging is purely mutation, which genes like those from the bacteria radio durans would solve. But I think there is a problem with the fact that multicellular organisms go through "life stages", where clearly it's like a body is following some program that has a start point (the zygote, although with ovum and sperm it is a continuous thread) and reaches an end point. There are some basic theories: 1) DNA is like a computer program, has a start at birth, a protein or some pointer follows the DNA until the end and stops producing cells. 2) Life stages are controlled by a series of introns, that are chained together so that one gene turns on (starts), those proteins trigger a second intron to make genes expressed/realized/made. Those proteins in turn accumulate and eventually trigger a third set of introns to produce proteins. Stem cells are the key, it's interesting that stem cells only appear in the beginning of the zygote cell multiplication, and that eventually humans are left with cells that have the same DNA as the stem cells did, but don't have the ability (presumably) to be stem cells. HOT AREAS ========== +prokayotes reproduce sexually? conjugation as related to prokaryote-eukaryote bridge +metamonad nuclei are prokaryote, checking flagella similarity, etc... +nature of aging, diff between prok circle of dna versus chromosomes, radiodurans, eukaryotes that don't age (if any), life cycles, cell differentiation, =========== FORMAT OF DATABASE Three main events 1) Basic story telling description, (not fossil, molecular/genetic evidence) 2) Fossil evidence 3) Molecular/Genetic evidence MISC 1) For events at the same time, ID is used to determine order a) perhaps should make new field 'order' starting with 1 for this purpose 2) Bill ? fossils of arthropods that may have been first land animals 3) now that the plant kingdom is done, I would like to make a nice chart summarizing it, if possible, with links to the images and orders, including all the free images. make video? and the same for the other kingdoms. (in fact monera, protista [done?], fungi done only need animalia). 4) http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/54/5/1895 has a call for a "biocode" that describes how species are to be named specifically (perhaps based on genetic, and/or physiological differences). plants enumerate: 1) first leaf (and transition to broadleaf) 2) different kinds of bark 3) spore versus seed (when seed evolved) 4) first flower, what is fruit (ovary including [potentially] seeds), nut, seed, drupe 5) difference between plants: tree, etc. A tree can be defined as a large, perennial, woody plant. 6) flower is? related to seeds? purpose of flower? how is flower different from fruit? "flower is reproductive structure. The flower structure incorporates the reproductive organs, and its function is to produce seeds through sexual reproduction. After fertilization [tp even if there is no fertilization, true?], portions of the flower develop into a fruit containing the seed(s)." 7) evolution of xylem and phloem 8) inferior ovary, superior ovary 9) berry, fruit, nut, flower, drupe, bean, sort out a) for example because berry is defined as having superior ovary (ovary is under other parts-so seeds are inside ovary/fruit) strawberry is not a berry, but tomato is. 10) really show anatomy on actual images of flowers 11) Interesting how one species can be a plant, and a close relative can be a tree, and then that trees appear in many different orders...somehow bark must have evolved many times independently or perhaps the barks are very different from each other. 12) evolution of various major types, for example, racemes, etc. each part of ovary, ovule. deshicant fruits. Compound leaves. achenes. drupe, etc. panicles, rhizomes, bracts, sepals ....basically the entire anatomy of every species...in particular major parts and estimation of evolutionary origin time. 13) go back and get all genera for early orders/families (for example http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae) CHECK: 1) http://www.foodsubs.com/Fruittroex.html lists exotic fruits 2) http://www.viveroanones.com/Photo%20Gallery%20TROPIC%20FRUITS.htm exotic fruits with photos 3) How to pronounce words like Nymphaeales, Brassicaceae [BroSiKASEA or ASEE?) a) althaea is pronounced aLTEo, so the ae=E that would make Brassoicaceae ASEE or ASE b) ae=E would make Nymphaeales niMFEoLAZ IMAGES TO GET: 1) monocotyledon 2) garbanzo 3) jicama 4) Lima beans 5) sprouts (all kinds) 6) (honeydew cut open) 7) zucchini 8) rutabaga 9) cauliflower 10) Collard greens 11) grapefruit 12) pistacchios 13) paprica 14) pepper with seeds 15) Dichondra site:.gov 16) chia plants.usda.gov/culturalinfo.html 17) seseme seeds 18) Dill ---------- INTERESTING FINDS: 1) The order of flowering plants, Santalales are parasites on the roots of other plants for water. The mistletoe is such a plant that grows directly on other trees (even up above the ground). 2) each kernel of corn is fertizilized with a pollen grain (check) that travels down the hairs within the husk. 3) . Dr. Thomas Welch developed the first 'Concord' grape juice in 1869, through a process of pasteurization, the grapes do not ferment creating wine. 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola "Today, the flavoring is still done with kola nuts and the coca leaf; however, the coca leaves used today are "spent" leaves - the leftovers of the cocaine-extraction process - however, one cannot extract cocaine out of the leaf at a molecular level; therefore, the drink still contains trace amounts of the stimulant.[Citation needed]". [tp the fact is, kind of interesting that Coca-Cola is allowed to import coca leaves legally, according to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca Coke sells the cocaine to the pharma industry...I don't think cocaine can even be prescribed as far as I know. 5) poinsettia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsettia "The "flowers" are actually large bunches of coloured leaves (modified bracts); the flowers themselves are in the center of each leaf bunch, but rather small and inconspicuous." 6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manioc (casava) edible starchy tuberous root. known as yuca in Spanish Even under refrigeration, the root's flavor spoils in a day or so, and therefore it is not very popular with supermarkets. 7) the caper: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caper "Capparis spinosa" named by Linnaeus, 1753 Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Baruch Spinoza 1632-1677 although spelled differently than Spinoza, if taken from Spinoza this would indicate that Linnaeus may have harbored some anti-religious feeling...it would seem logical because religious has been one of the major road blocks to the proliferation of the idea of evolution and science. many species are named "spinosa" everybody: http://www.beesongrows.com/Archives/Res&Dvlp.11.2003.html "spinosa" is "spiny", that religious bastard! ahaha it is ok. "spinoza" is how to spell the philosopher human. But still, could there have been a link, or at a minimum, an unbending disregard for a tiny anti-religious double-meaning? 8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa The best-known species is Mimosa pudica, also known as the Sensitive plant, or Sleeping grass, because of the way it folds its leaves down when touched; it and many others also fold their leaves in the evening. This plant is one of a few plants capable of rapid movement, including the Telegraph plant, and the Venus Flytrap. (See also Rapid plant movement.) 9) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum "Traditionally, it was made of chicle, a natural latex product, although for reasons of economy many modern chewing gums use petroleum-based plastic instead of chicle. Chicle is nonetheless still the base of choice for some "upscale" gum brands, as well as some regional markets, such as in Japan." tough to believe I am chewing on a product of petroleum, or some kind of plastic. 10) "blue rose" by genetic modification 11) It is surprising to me that all the fruits have to be polinated/fertilized, and how that is often done is with massive amounts of bees. "The pollination of California's almonds is the largest annual managed pollination event in the world, with close to one million hives (nearly half of all beehives in the USA) being trucked in February to the almond groves. Much of the pollination is managed by pollination brokers, who contract with migratory beekeepers from at least 38 states for the event." (Maybe robots will do it eventually, hell yeah, that and the picking) 12) square watermelon 13) Canola was developed in Canada and its name is a contraction of "Canadian oil, low acid". from rape seed oil. 14) Cabbage, brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cauliflower are all the same species (which means they are so closely related, not only the same genus, but same species...I guess like saying the exact same plant, but a different shape...the DNA must be very similar I guess) 15) broccoli arrived in the U.S. in the 1920s as a 'new vegetable'. 16) "Almost all sushi bars in America, and most in Japan, serve imitation wasabi because the real product is extremely expensive. Imitation wasabi is usually made from horseradish, mustard, and green food coloring," can that be true? 17) According to Massimo Marco from an article published by New Scientist, the [saltwort (Batis maritima)] seeds are extremely edible, having a nutty taste, and they can be added to salads, toasted, or even made into miniature popcorn. i18) Cacao, cotton and hibiscus are all in the same family (same order can be very different, but same family means afaik very closely related, although not as close as genus) i19) there is a less (or no) caffiene plant related to the cacao tree with similar chocolate taste (Cupuaçu) i20) "Specifically reddish orange Mandarin cultivars can be marketed as a tangerine, but this is not a botanical classification." i21) a lime "is greenish-yellow when ripe but usually picked green and valued for its sourness and flavor. " keylime actually ripens yellow? i22) The Citrus "genus contains three species, and numerous natural and cultivated origin hybrids, including commercially important fruit such as the orange, lemon, grapefruit, lime, and tangerine. The taxonomy of the genus is complex, but recent genetic evidence (see e.g. external link cited below) supports the presence of only three species, C. maxima, C. medica and C. reticulata, with all the other taxa previously accepted as species being of hybrid origin between these three. " i23) oranges, lemons, and limes are all crosses of 3 species, all in the genus citrus and can interbreed i24) "A single mutation in 1820 in an orchard of sweet oranges planted at a monastery in Brazil led to the navel orange, also known as the Washington, Riverside or Bahia navel. A single cutting of the original was then transplanted to Riverside, California in 1870, creating a new market worldwide. The mutation causes a 'twin' fruit, with a smaller orange embedded in the outer fruit opposite the stem. From the outside, the smaller, undeveloped twin leaves a formation at the top of the fruit, looking similar to the human navel. Navel oranges are almost always seedless, and tend to be larger than other sweet oranges. They are produced without pollination, through parthenocarpy." [tp I never knew what the fuck that thing was] i25) pairs and apples are in the same subfamily Maloideae (and ofcourse family Rosaceae, order, genus/division) i26) The red part on a mango is the side that faced the sun/star i27) "Hydrangeas are one of very few plants that accumulate aluminium. Aluminium is released from acidic soils, and forms complexes in the hydrangea flower giving them their blue color." i28) "The plant derives its scientific name Impatiens ("impatient") and the common name "touch-me-not" from the plant's seed pods. When the seeds pods mature, they "explode" when touched, sending seeds several metres away. This mechanism is also known as "explosive dehiscence"." "Like other Impatiens, Jewelweed is notable for having seed pods which burst when touched, spreading seeds over several square meters." [tp several square meters...that sounds like some serious force] i29) "The word persimmon comes from the Algonquin language of the eastern United States.". Interesting that the M,m,i,R, etc were already evolved in China i30) tea comes from the plant "Camellia sinensis" (black, green, oulon are all variations on how long the plant is allowed to oxidize after being picked) i31) "C. annuum includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and its ripe red state, where it is called "pimento"." i32) The bell pepper, paprika, jalapeño, and pimento are all the same species "Capsicum annuum" i33) tomato, potato and eggplant are from same genus "Solanum" (that is very closely related) both the tomato and potato are native to the Americas, but eggplant is native to India. i34) leaves of tomato, potato and eggplant are poisonous and should not be eaten (perhaps if processed they could...but egad...how many people grow tomatos and might want to try the leaves in a salad?...perhaps taste indicates=not good. "Solanine occurs naturally in all nightshades, including tomatoes, Capsicum, and Eggplant, as well as plants from other species. However the most ingested solanine is from the consumption of potatoes." green parts on potato where it was in sun may indicate large amounts of solanine. Most is in the peel. i35) The name 'eggplant' dates to the 1700s, when the most common European cultivars of the fruit were white or yellow, and roughly the size and shape of a goose egg. i36) the potato are native to the americas, but their first occurance in the USA/colonies was from Europe. "The first mention of potatoes in North America comes in an account of Irish settlers in Londonderry, New Hampshire during 1719." "Smith states that the earliest reference to tomatoes in British North America is from 1710, when herbalist William Salmon reported seeing them in what is today South Carolina. They may have been introduced from the Caribbean." i37) When a potato flower is pollenated, a fruit like a cherry tomato is made, but it is poisonous. If naturally selected to contain no poison, you could have a potato and tomato on the same damn plant! i38) interesting that yam and sweet potato are not related (but taste similar) i39) It is interesting that the use of the "Q" sounds (KWu) is in some native american words, but not, to my knowledge in any Chinese words. But because it is in european (only, to my knowledge, in Latin and later), I can only guess that these "Q" words had european influence, after europeans arrived...and perhaps are a european mistaken pronunciation or labelling...it is a mystery how a "Q" can be in any part of native american language but not in Chinese. "Known to natives of Mexico as Ololiuhqui " (one other thing is that it could be coincidence...but that a K and W would be put together of 30 sounds seems more than coincidence, the chances are 1 in 870 (30*29)). "The Nahuatl word ololiuhqui means "round thing", (could be a mispelling, maybe q is silent or has k sound only). update: I think there is a Q in Chinese (in vietnamese "Kwok" was one of Ho Chi Min's pseudonyms), there is no Z, th (either this or theater), a (cat), v (wood) in chinese i40) "Species of this genus [Macrocarpaea] have green to white nocturnal flowers. Most have a large, open campanulate to funnel-form corolla adapted to nocturnal bat pollination. " i41) Yellow Jessamine is the state flower of South Carolina. But yet, "All parts of this plant contain the toxic strychnine-related alkaloids gelsemine and gelseminine and should not be consumed. The sap may cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Children, mistaking this flower for honeysuckle, have been poisoned by sucking the nectar from the flower. The nectar is also toxic to honeybees, and causes brood death when gathered by the bees." i42) there are a number of botanical names that differ from the popular names. Coffee seeds are not beans. Tomato is a fruit but a US supreme court decision makes people in the USA catagorize them as a vegtable (vegtable has no botanical meaning). i43) basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, thyme, lavender, and perilla are all part of the same order Lamiales, and family Lamiaceae (the mint family). i44) Peppermint (Mentha x piperita) is a (usually) sterile hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint, with a high menthol content, often used in tea and confectionery. i45) Catnip contains nepetalactone, a terpene, that is thought to mimic feline sex pheromones. Cats detect it through their vomeronasal organs. When cats sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip, they will rub in it, roll over it, paw at it, chew it, lick it, leap about, then purr loudly, growl, and meow. This reaction only lasts for several minutes before the cat loses interest. It takes up to two hours for the cat to "reset" and then it can come back to the catnip and have the same response as before. Young kittens and older cats are less likely to have a reaction to catnip but big cats, such as tigers, seem to be extremely sensitive to it. Cat owners do not need to worry about allowing their cats access to catnip because there are, for the most part, no negative side effects to it. However, some cats become overly excited when exposed to catnip, and so aging cats with heart troubles should not be given catnip. i46) Toothwort (Lathraea) is a small genus of 7 species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasites on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. i47) Genlisea (corkscrew plants). interesting that here the invertibrates are captured from the ground, unlike the venus fly trap, and pitcher plants where the victim is captured from above. i48) dill, chervil, angelica, celery, caraway, gotu kola, poison hemlock, coriander, cumin, carrot, sea holly, fennel, cicely, parsnip, parsley, anise, lovage, ginseng are all inthe same order of plants [celery and carrot in the same family] i49) The dry fruits are known as coriander [cilantro] seeds or simply as coriander. They have a lemony citrus flavor when crushed. It is also described as warm, nutty, spicy, and orange-flavoured. They are usually dried but can be eaten green. Ground coriander is a major ingredient in curry powder, certain Belgian-style beers and other aromatic dishes. i50) Wild carrot is introduced and naturalised in North America, where it is often known as "Queen Anne's lace"." i51) While any carrot can be harvested before reaching its full size as a more tender "baby" carrot, some fast-maturing cultivars have been bred to produce smaller roots. The most extreme examples produce round roots about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter. These small cultivars are also more tolerant of heavy or stony soil than long-rooted cultivars such as 'Nantes' or 'Imperator'. The "baby carrots" sold ready-to-eat in supermarkets, are however often not from a smaller cultivar of carrot, but are simply full-sized carrots that have been sliced and peeled to make carrot sticks of a uniform shape and size. i52) Parsley is high in oxalic acid, a compound involved in the formation of kidney stones and nutrient deficiencies. i53) When picking wild vegetables, poison hemlock (Conium maculatum) can easily be mistaken for parsnip, with deadly results. (the entire family looks similar, carrots too) i54) The flowers (common daisies) were fed to babies in medieval times when it was popular to have dwarfed entertainers as the flowers produce miniaturization in people." i55) Saffron, which has for decades been the world's most expensive spice by weight,[1][2] is native to Southwest Asia.[3][2] It was first cultivated in the vicinity of Greece.[4] i56) The wild origin of our modern lettuce, Lactuca serriola, can still be seen all over Europe and the more temperate parts of Asia. It is likely that it originated on the Mediterranean rim on rocky wasteland or woodland clearings. This ancient wild relative of the modern lettuce contains lactucarium, a narcotic similar to opium. The Romans took advantage of this property by eating lettuce at the end of a meal to induce sleep. i57) dandilion:A bright yellow flower head (which is open in the daytime but closes at night) i58) [sunflowers follow sun from east to west during the day, and at night return to the east] i59) sunflower, and dandilion flower head contains many tiny flowers (florets). i60) The name dandelion is a derivation of the Old French, dent-de-lion, literally "lion's tooth" on account of the sharply lobed leaves of the plant. In modern French the plant is called pissenlit, "urinate in bed", referring to its diuretic properties. Likewise, "pissabeds" is an English folkname for this plant and "piscialletto" in Italian. i61)With its congenor the Tartar Buckwheat, it is often counted as a cereal, though unlike most cereals the buckwheats are not true grasses. Buckwheat is thus not related to true wheat. The seed is an achene, similar to a sunflower seed, with a hard outer shell and soft inner meat. The flour is noticeably darker than wheat flour, and is known (exaggeratedly) as "blé noir" ("black wheat") in French. Besides the seeds, from which buckwheat flour is produced, buckwheat is also a good honey plant, producing a dark, mellow varietal honey. In Asia, the flour is made into noodles (including soba). In Europe it is more commonly made into buckwheat groats, often known as "kasha". Buckwheat contains rutin, a medicinal chemical, used for vascular disorders; it is naturally devoid of gluten, and can thus be eaten by people who react adversely to gluten. Buckwheat pancakes, sometimes raised with yeast, are eaten in several countries. They are known as blinis in Russia, galettes in France (where they are especially associated with Brittany), ployes in Acadia and boûketes (that is, named the same as the plant they are made of) in Wallonia. Similar pancakes were a common food in American pioneer days. They are light and foamy. The buckwheat flour gives them an agreeably earthy, mildly mushroom-like taste. Unlike the widely consumed seeds, Buckwheat greens are toxic. Eaten in sufficient quantities, the greens can induce an ensemble of symptoms, including an extreme sensitization of the skin to sunlight known as fagopyrism. Light pigmented livestock and fair skinned people are particularly susceptible. In the past buckwheat cultivation was also used in orchards to increase the rate of pollination. Cultivation of buckwheat has declined sharply in the US. Over a million acres (4,000 km²) were harvested in 1918. By 1954 that had declined to 150,000 acres (600 km²), and by 1964, the last year that production statistics were gathered, only 50,000 acres (200 km²) were grown. By contrast, in 1970 Russia grew an estimated 4.5 million acres (18,000 km²) of buckwheat. The name 'buckwheat' or "beech wheat" comes from its triangular seeds, which resemble the much larger seeds of the beech nut from the beech tree, and the fact that it is used like wheat. In the 1970s and 1980s, General Mills produced a sweetened, maple-flavored breakfast cereal made from buckwheat, which was marketed under the name Buc-Wheats. i62) Thigmotropism is a tropism in which an organism moves or grows in response to touch or contact stimuli. The prefix thigomo comes from the Greek for "touch." Usually thigmotropism occurs when plants grow around a surface, such as a wall, pot, or trellis. Climbing plants, such as vines, contain tendrils that coil around supporting objects. Touched cells produce auxin and transport it to untouched cells. Untouched cell then elongate faster so growth bends around the object. i63) In the 1950s S. marcescens was erroneously believed to be non-pathogenic and its reddish coloration was used in school experiments to track infections. It has also been used as a simulant in biological warfare tests by the United States Military. On September 26 and 27, 1950, the United States Navy conducted a secret experiment named "Operation Sea-Spray" in which an aerosolized cloud of S. marcescens was sprayed over urban areas of the inland San Francisco Bay Area in California from balloons lofted from Navy vessels standing just off the coast to gauge the effectiveness of a similar biological attack. Although the Navy later claimed the bacteria were harmless, beginning on September 29 eleven patients at a local hospital developed very rare, serious S. marcescens infections and one of these individuals, Edward J. Nevin, died (Cole 1988, Regis 1999). Since that time, S. marcescens has steadily increased as a cause of human infection, with many strains resistant to multiple antibiotics (Hejazi and Falkiner 1997). The first indications of problems with the influenza vaccine produced by Chiron Corporation in 2004 involved S. marcescens contamination. i64) The number of individual E. coli bacteria in the feces that one human passes in one day averages between 100 billion and 10 trillion. i65) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobacter "Research on the potential of the Geobacter is underway and on-going. The Geobacter's ability to consume oil-based pollutants and radioactive material with carbon dioxide as waste by-product has already been used in enivironmental clean-up for underground petroleum spills and for disposal of uranium in groundwater. The Geobacter metabolizes the material by creating "pili," columns the width of a 3-5 nanometers that act as conduits to pass electrons between the food material and the Geobacter. This manner of consumption has also lead scientists to theorize that the Geobacter could act as a natural battery. This natural battery could use renewable biomass such as compost materials, or be used to convert human and animal solid waste into electricity. There are also potential applications in the field of nanotechnology for the creation of nanowires in very small circuits and electronic devices. The miniature wires could also be connected, creating a microscopic power grid. (Reguera, et al. 2005)" TP: kind of a wild bacteria i66) Tuberculosis is one of the most deadly and common major infectious diseases today, infecting two billion people or one-third of the world's population. Nine million new cases of disease, resulting in two million deaths, occur annually, mostly in developing countries. Most of those infected (90%) have asymptomatic latent TB infection (LTBI). There is a 10% lifetime chance that LTBI will progress to TB disease which, if left untreated, will kill more than 50% of its victims. TB is one of the top three infectious killing diseases in the world: HIV/AIDS kills 3 million people each year, TB kills 2 million, and malaria kills 1 million. i67) the bacteria that cause Tuberculosis and Leprocy are in the same Genus, which is very closely related. i68) [TP: the spirochaete that causes Lyme's disease has a single linear chromosome, by using the word 'chromosome' this must mean any linear strand of DNA can be called a 'chromosome'] "The DNA organization of several European and American isolates of Borrelia burgdorferi, the aetiological agent of Lyme disease, was analysed in pulse-field agarose gel electrophoresis. The results of in situ cell lysis in agarose plugs demonstrated a unique arrangement for the DNA of this spirochete. The chromosome of Borrelia behaved as a eukaryotic linear chromosome with a size of around 1,000 kb. The genome also comprised several circular and linear plasmids which varied in size from 15 to 60 kb." i69) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair Experimental studies in animals, where genes associated with DNA repair were silenced, resulted in accelerated aging, early manifestation of age related diseases and increased susceptibility to cancer. In studies where the expression of certain DNA repair genes was increased resulted in extended lifespan and resistance to carcinogenic agents in cultured cells. i70) corruption and confusion of latin use of "C", circle was kuklo (in Greek) CORRUPTION OF "C" i71) Christian people and views have been monsterous and murderous on almost all counts throughout history, as is the case for most religions, however, the one exception is in the Christian view and history of helping the sick and the poor, and in this sense the Christians (and perhaps other religions) have supported to some extent the science of health (although accompanied and greatly polluted with religious-based inaccuracy and dogma). Byzantine hospitals are an example of this as a surviving aspect of science through the Dark Ages. This care for other humans is certainly a noble value, but is offset in large part by the Christian apathy towards and acceptance of violence, in particular through the Inquisition. i72) I am somewhat surprised that very few people make any reference to the text in Newton's first published special letter of 02/06/1672. Clearly this letter is the first in history to suggest a particle theory for light (suggesting light rays may be globular, and comparing the motion of light rays to the motion of tennis balls). Not one source mentions the importance of this letter, but several sources do mention the overall importance of Newton being the first to claim that light is a particle. Asimov states, incorrectly I think, that Demokritos had claimed that light was a particle. I think there is little debate about Newton being the first to theorize about light being a particle, none of Newton's contemporaries claimed to have put forward that idea earlier. Hooke and Huygens both argued for light as a wave. Earlier Grimaldi had produced the first known theory of light, which was light as a wave, and that probably set the default course of other scientists. [t update 8/30/07: Even more interesting is the fact that Lucretius describes in "De natura rerum" clearly the view that light and heat are particle/atom in nature, writing: "The light and heat of the sun; these are composed of minute atoms which, when they are shoved off, lose no time in shooting right across the interspace of air in the direction imparted by the shove." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light) Which is actually the first record of the theory of light as a particle. However Thomas Young in his "History of Optics" has Empedocles supporting a particle theory, but I cannot find any supporting evidence of this yet. In addition Empedocles held the 4 element view of the universe, and it is doubtful that he knew about the atom theory which comes later with Leukippos at the earliest known record. Another person has the Pythagoreans viewing light as particle, but again, the atom theory only came later with Leukippos, but any written evidence to the contrary is welcome. It does appear that clearly the idea of atoms originated with Greek people, but did they view light and heat as particle too? i73) Ismaël Bullialdus in 1645 wrote the hypothesis that the force of gravity operates as the inverse distance squared, which some have attributed to Robert Hooke. The inverse distance squared theory is at least 1/4 to 1/2 of the theory of gravity, but yet Ismael Bullialdus is unknown. There exist no encyclopedia entries on Bullialdus in the Encyclopedia Britannica, Oxford, or Columbia Encyclopedias, only a small entry on Bullialdus in wikipedia, and scattered in other sources, which verify this text. Bullialdus wrote this clearly in his book of 1645 "Astronomia philolaica" translated into English: "As for the power by which the Sun seizes or holds the planets, and which, being corporeal, functions in the manner of hands, it is emitted in straight lines throughout the whole extent of the world, and like the species of the Sun, it turns with the body of the Sun; now, seeing that it is corporeal, it becomes weaker and attenuated at a greater distance or interval, and the ratio of its decrease in strength is the same as in the case of light, namely, the duplicate proportion, but inversely, of the distances that is, 1/d²." This book exists in several libraries, but the original Latin publication. No translations or reprints have ever been made to my knowledge. It exists in the largest public libraries in Latin microform only. (UCLA YRL Microprint Q1 Circ status Microform and Media Service) i74) Charles Coulomb in 1785 found that the force between electrical and magnetic objects is identical, a strong indication that a magnetic field is actually just an electrical field (in other words a permanent magnet must contain a permanent current creating an electric field). However Coulomb maintains that the electric fluid (is made of particles? that move) moves through holes between molecules, while the magnetic fluid is a property of the molecules and does not move. source:[http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785+construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=RCp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqTI#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006 p46] i75) Kind of interesting that all chemical reactions are exposed to oxygen and nitrogen unless performed in an evacuated container. To observe any chemical reaction without the interference of oxygen or nitrogen the container of the reaction has to always be evacuated of air, and then there may be interference from the atoms of the container too. i76) That oxygen and nitrogen do not form solids high in the atmosphere because the temperature must be much lower there. What stops these gases from forming liquids, or solids? Perhaps there are too many photons from the Sun, and the average temperature is too high? But shouldn't they be thicker too because of temperature? But yet it seems the air is thinner the higher a person goes. Perhaps molecules spread out more among the empty spaces because there are more empty spaces? i77) Playing classical works may involve transcribing, or special tuning of instruments because: For example, a tuning fork associated with Handel, dating from 1740, is pitched at A = 422.5 Hz (info), while a later one from 1780 is pitched at A = 409 Hz (info), almost a semitone lower. Nonetheless, there was a tendency towards the end of the 18th century for the frequency of the A above middle C to be in the range of 400 (info) to 450 Hz[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29] handel, bach, etc...all must actually sound in lower pitch because we have A=440 Hz (or cps) (Perhaps we should reduce the frequency on the mp3 file or slow the record down to hear the authentic sound) i78) Beryllium was initially called "glucinum" because of the sweetness of its compounds, and will only be renamed "beryllium" in 1957. i79) Because the Moon's spin axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun)—offset only 1 1/2° from the vertical—the Moon has no seasons.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-54203/Moon] i80) The images of how popular clothing changes is really interesting. it almost seems to go by century. For example, 1500s=male has shakespearean ruffles around the neck, 1600s=wigs, 1700s=male has ruffles on top chest+blazer+wig,1800s=male has top hats+bow tie+blazer+vest+some neck tie,1900s=neck ties+blazer, 2000s=?. It would be fun to see a quick view of how clothes change for each gender over recorded history, and by location. i81) After Oersted in 1819 moves a magnetic compass needle with an electric current, in 1823 Ampere theorizes that magnetism may in fact be electricism, and that a permanent magnet has a constant current running through it that causes an electric field. This logical view that magnetism (a magnetic field) is simply the result of electric current (is an electric field) is surprisingly rejected by the majority of people in science even to this day.[t] i82) Kind of intersting that through all the chemistry and electrical advances in England, France, Germany, Italy...there are no people in China, Russia, Arab nations, Africa, Australia, Spain, South America, the US (until after 1800) that make those advances. Some people in Russia make advances in math. Mendeleev is one exception, but what about for China? Clearly, people in China must have been following progress in science in Europe, the electric battery, the electric motor, the chemical experiments, etc. i83) If a permanent magnet actually has a current running through it, can this current be harnessed to create a light for example? Since the Earth's magnetic field must also be from electric current, can this be used for circuits? Can the magnetic field of Earth itself be used to spin an electric generator in or is the field too weak? i84) The difference between soft iron and hard iron is simple, when exposed to a magnetic field, both will become a magnet, but after the magnetic field is stopped, soft iron will lose the magnetic field, while hard iron will retain the field. Soft iron is used in electromagnets, while hard iron is used to make permanent magnets, such as a compass needle. But finding this information was not easy, why? It seems basic fact of science, and history but yet, is not common knowledge. Probably this is just yet, one of the many examples of how there literally is not much in terms of history of science, and really no basic science education happening on earth. i85) beside the major explanation of how seeing, hearing and sending thought and remote neuron triggering, remote muscle moving, etc. works, I think there is an awesome explanation of the permanent magnet effect in terms of how it is an electric current. The explanation I think it may be is that a magnetic pole is nothing more than a center of emission or absorption of particles, that two opposite poles form an electric circuit, and that current flows in a spiral on the outside surface of all conductors, but in iron, cobolt and other conductors that can be made into permanent magnets, current can flow through the center (without leaking out the sides) to create a complete circuit. In other words, some part of the inside of iron must form an electrical insulator. This explanation would eplain why this current cannot be drawn off directly from the iron, perhaps because all other metals have a higher resistance than iron, or because their atomic structure makes moving particles from iron atoms to their atoms more work than moving to other locations in iron. Whatever it is I think there is something there, because people have not explained the permanent magnet in terms of electrical current well enough. For example, I have never heard that the current passes through the center. Did Ampere suppose this too? Probably this simple fact must be known. Seeing the creation of a flat torus magnet may be evidence that people wondered how current flows when the inside of a cylinder is removed, and I think the answer they found is that current must flow back through the middle of the curved iron bar. There is something interesting and perhaps cosmical about how two opposite centers of activity can be created in a bar of iron. There must be some layer of iron atoms that serves as an insulator for current to flow in an opposite direction a few atoms away. One question I have is: are these electric nodes/poles more dense (as a result of moving particles) than other parts of the magnet? If the example of water in a boat is used, clearly most of the water is at the two ends. i86) Faraday found that diamagnetic materials in powder form, such as bismuth, form diamagnetic lines of force, which are everywhere at 90 degrees to magnetic lines of force. But yet, why are bismuth powder for making the opposite magnetic lines not sold with iron filings to see both effects? It's amazing that people would just pass over or ignore that kind of thing. Most of us probably thought that the usual lines of force are all there are around magnets, but yet, Faraday proved that these are not the only lines of force that can be seen. For example a bar of bismuth is repelled by both North and South magnetic poles (unlike iron which is attracted to both poles). Does a piece of bismuth align in the east-west direction? i87) It may be that galaxies form in a similar way that star systems form, through many collisions which leave only those in circular orbits to survive intact. i88) The Encyclopedia Britannica has become less precise over time, in particular, for example look at the 1911 entry for Henry which lists each source http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Joseph_Henry so anybody can go back to the original, verify and get more info from Henry's actual work. Compare with http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040056/Joseph-Henry which does not cite one original source. This is evidence that science education has become worse from 1911 to 2008. Then one wonders why the EB chooses to delete records such as http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Macedonio_Melloni from future additions as opposed to accumulating one all encompassing massive database. i89) It seems like a high voltage is a small number of holes moving through a longer length of metal wire, while a low voltage is more holes moving through a shorter length. Perhaps the voltage is higher because particles are covering more space in less time (moving faster)? Henry finds that one large plate pair battery produces low voltage high current, while many small plate batteries produce low current high voltage. Perhaps the holes are aligned in a line (1x1xD), as opposed to aligned in a 2D surface (WxHx1). Perhaps voltage just arises from quantity of holes at one time (per unit space and unit time or perhaps also based on length or delay of moving holes). i90) There is a name (nova) for a new star, but no "muerta" for a star that dies, and perhaps supermuerta, or some other word supermorta, morda, for a star that explodes, perhaps just "exploded star" is good enough. (Planetary nebula is the inadequate term currently used) i91) Francesco Zantedeschi is the first to publish (in 03/27/1829) the phenomenon of a magnet producing an electric current. This is usually attributed to Michael Faraday 02/17/1831 (and independently to Joseph Henry around 08/1830). Faraday also uses an electromagnet to produce current. However, the space between Oersted in 1820 and Zantedeschi is interesting. Why did 9 years pass before this reversal was found? But then did Faraday and Henry get word of Zantedeschi's 1829 publication? How actively did they read the works of electrical experimenters of italy and other nations? Clearly the important works of Galvani and Volta were read. This also shows the advanced stage of the electrical experimenters in Italy, on the same level with, if not just ahead of those of France and England. There is something wrong that EB, and others make no mention of Zantedeschi, and I can find no English translation of Zantedeschi's 1829 writing. i92) Gian Domenico Romagnosi found a connection between electricity and magnetism in 1802, and sent his findings to Paris for the grand priz but did not win. In my opinion, any mention of Oersted needs to include Romagnosi's work in fairness to the possible and perhaps even probable truth. i93) Just as there is a digestive system where food is broken down, so there is a synthetic system, or system of synthesis, where tissues are built up from the products of digestion.Perhaps this synthesis is part of the digestive chemistry, but I don't really think of cell creation as being part of digestion. It's clearly closely related to DNA and cell division. In some sense perhaps this is just a "cell reproduction" or growth system in all bodies. In some sense synthesis is feeding the cells to reproduce. metabolism is too vague I think. perhaps digestive system an be viewed all the way to feeding cells to grow and divide. Perhaps, "food system" or something would be more accurate. i94) Just as "Hell" may have been propaganda against "Hellas" (Greece), and "Geek" against "Greece", is it possible that "germ" is propaganda against "Germany"? i95) Origins of the wave theory for light: The earliest record I am aware of starts in 1665 with the simulaneous publication of two books each with a wave theory for light, one in Italy by Francesco Grimaldi ("Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride" (1665; "Physicomathematical Studies of Light, Colors, and the Rainbow"), and a second in England by Robert Hooke (Micrographia). It seems beyond coincidence that both would be published in the same year, but then perhaps through shared conversations among the wealthy and educated the topic of the nature of light, and possible explanation of a wave theory were discussed, the news travelling from person to person among the wealthy who often travel. i96) There is a feeling that once some technology is advanced it should be thrown away and forgotten, but yet, I think, many times, those old ideas might still be useful. An example is the static electricity generating machines. People probably think that the volta battery has replaced them, and we can forget them, but they may have important future uses, and similar ideas may represent an early view of science before some mistake was made that wrongly answered some question that is no longer asked because the given answer of the past was accepted (such as other reasons for red-shifted galaxies, or the two particle electricity theory, etc, answered potentially inaccurately in the past and then after accepted as not questionable.). i97) The creation of the lip kiss is an interesting piece of history. The other species do not lip kiss. What is the oldest recording of a kiss?[t] i98) Interesting how many things are like a capacitor, an insulator between two conductor, for example an electrostatic generator is an insulator between two conductors (people's hands), a Leyden jar is (nail or hook or tin foil, glass, and hand or tin foil), the electrostatic battery/capacitors in series, and also the similarity to a voltaic pile where two conductors are separated by an insulator of wet paper. i99) coffee beans for coffee are actually roasted, to make them brown, before roasting coffee beans are green. Are coffee beans in green form used to make any kind of drink or food? i100) on the cover of "Concise dictionary of Scientific Biography" second edition is a background image of diatoms. On such a smart book, made by science people, there can only be an image of important significance. So, I thought about this, and first there is "die atom", perhaps some excuse as to why they could not reveal more insider information, but more interestingly, is "di-atom", as in "bi-atom", like a two part atom, which clicks together which what I have been saying that the periodic table does not reflect a spherical pattern, but instead a dual pattern going...2-8-8-18-18-32-32 as if it is a two part object, where a sphere would increase in most-stable configuration at 2-8-10-12-14-16-etc...continuously increasing in size. Coincidence or not? i101) Franz Aepinus was the first (so far as I know) to hypothesize about an inverse distance squared law for electricity (and magnetism) in 1759, and Coloumb only experimentally proves this in 1785. Initially I thought that Coulomb had created this theory too. i102) I know of no person who tried to explain electricity and or magnetism as being the result of gravity or particle collision. Electricy (and magnetism) have always been presumed to be a different phenomenon unrelated to gravity or particle collision. i103) In the theory that one particle is the basis for everything: perhaps there is a photon, and a larger accumulation of photons, and so the photon is the electron and this first accumulation of photons is a proton - they cannot orbit other particle like themselves, but an electron can be held in orbit of (or physically stuck to) a proton.Another idea is that there is the photon, then the first distinct accumulating object is an electron, the next largest accumulating stable object is a proton, and a neutron is a proton and electron together. In this way, atoms may be made of proton and electrons stuck together, and a neutron nothing more than one or more electron(s) and a proton. i104) In looking at a drop of water fall into a volume of water, where does the return velocity come from that sends atoms of water up after the drop falls? Clearly particles are moving in a velocity in that direction. It seems obvious that the velocities of those particles were reflected against some object. But for some object to send them back, it would need to have the same or greater velocity in that direction to begin with (the easiest way to visualize this is with billiard balls - without particle rotation and friction involved, the only way to send a ball pushed back in the source direction is with a second ball moving with equal or greater velocity in the opposite direction). In the initial collision, velocity is clearly distributed to many particles. Perhaps at the molecular and atomic level of magnification these tiny distributed velocities are eventually matched. Clearly an example is like a ball to a wall. Perhaps the velocity of the ball is the same but changed to a different direction. In that case clearly the wall atoms experience a push of velocity which they pass on to neighboring atoms. This idea of a particle colliding with another particle that is in comparison at rest, but not moving the stationary particle, but instead, reversing velocity is a classic model in particle physics modeling. i105) search for "spectroscope" among the major encyclopedias and surprisingly there is not much info available. No info in EB1911 although the spectroscope was invented around 1859, no record in EB2008, no record in Oxford Dictionary, none in any of the answers encyclopedias, even the date of origin of the spectroscope is unclear. This has to be some kind of protection of secrets. i106) The "electronic camera" and the "wireless camera". This title "electronic camera" appears to me to be the most logical name for a camera that captures an image which is stored in electronic format, just as a sound recording is captured, and "wireless camera" for a camera that sends an image pixel by pixel in photons with radio frequency. But where is the "electronic camera" and "wireless camera" in history? They must have been kept secret. It seems clear that the electronic camera must have been invented at the earliest around 1897 with the invention of the CRT (the CRT is almost like an answer to an unasked question - clearly the goal was to display an image - but where is the camera?) at least by 1910, since Pupin probably used a similar camera. Why keep it secret from the public? Clearly the television camera is the first publicly known electronic camera. Why not open the market to the public - electronic camera, plastic tape storage (the big issue is: could plastic tape store more electronic dots than light dots?) But also a "wireless camera", a camera that send the image in AM or FM, etc. to a radio receiver display, or plastic film recording radio receiver device. Wireless (radio) microphones must have quickly led to wireless (radio) image sending. The key is really electronic storage. Was plastic optical tape and magnetic wire all there was? i107) Vascular smooth muscle - Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle] So are blood vessels evolved from muscle cells? Interesting that every blood vessel can be made to increase or decrease diameter, by nerves connected to smooth muscle vessel walls. Not much info on these available in general sources. i108) Shellac is a natural thermoplastic (a material that is soft and flows under pressure when heated but becomes rigid at room temperature) made from the secretions of the lac insect, a tiny scale insect, Laccifer lacca. i108) This is a basic question of science, and that is, does electric current, electrons move in a vacuum? Plucker states that no, no current flows without some gas and that a perfect vacuum is impossible anyway. But doesn't Rutherford show that electrons can move with a host particle? And are not particle accelerators evidence that electric particles like electrons can move, and maintain a velocity without a host? So why no spark in a vacuum? Perhaps the voltage was not high enough? Are there gas atoms in particle accelerators? Perhaps the current, quantity of electrons moving was too small to measure with plucker's devices, and photon emitted from the electrons not seen in the visible spectrum. i109) Separating atoms appears to be done only by chemical reaction or fission, and could it be that fission is actually similar to a chemical reaction and a chemical reaction similar to fission? Are these both a case where two groups of particles/atoms/molecules meet and separate into their source photons, splitting either totally or partially and possibly recombining into other particles/atoms/molecules? i110) Joule-Thomson effect: how an expanding gas decreases tempearture (and the opposite of how a compressed gas raises temperature). There are differing dates, EB2008 gives 1852, others give 1862, but in a 1848 paper "Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids", Joule states "It had long been known that air, when forcibly compressed, evolves heat, and that on the contrary, when air is dilated, heat is absorbed."The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule (2 vol.) By James Prescott Joule, William Scoresby, Lyon Playfair Playfair, William Thomson Kelvin, Physical Society (Great Britain) So clearly, this fact that rarefied gas cools in temperature goes back, perhaps to the early work with mercury vacuum pumps. This basis of refrigeration was clearly, not recognized until Joule I guess. The idea that this loss of temperature can be used to preserve food, and perform experiments was not instantly recognized. So who was the first to note the change in temperature of gases on expansion and/or contraction? There is also apparently a lot of confusion about what the Joule-Thompson effect is. Early books define it as the the heating or cooling of gases passed through a porous plug. EB2008 states that the J-T effect applies to the cooling of gas allowed to expand, but does not mention the heating of gas on contraction. EB2008 states this principle was found in 1852, others state it was published in 1862. I'm reaching the conclusion that the Joule-Thomsen effect, as gas heating in compression or cooling in expansion, was already known (as Joule states), and should more accurately have the name of the person that originally identified it or be called the "pressure-temperature effect", "volume-temperature effect", or something more descriptive and accurate. Perhaps the actual contribution is the equation describing it, and/or the heat as massless movement (dynamical) explanation given, or the acceptance of that explanation. So I think that the joule-thomsen effect is an example of a wrongly-credited effect - like the "franklin square" (according to heilbron), and there are others. Some argue "boyle's law" is one. But who gets the credit I don't know, and in the absence of knowing who, probably the best idea is calling a more generic phenomenon. Apparently Joule cites Dalton as being the first to measure accurately the change in temperature. i111) The history of the concept of "energy" is interesting. I almost feel as though it is some kind of secret, because why don't most people learn this? It is a simple history. It starts with Huygens and Leibniz, Leibniz defines mv^2 as "vis-viva" the living force, which to me, suggests belief in the inaccurate theory of "vitalism". Leibniz uses the example of a mass that falls and then rises to the same height again. However, this phenomenon is not actually true because of the acceleration of Earth, which causes the mass to rise to less height than it was originally dropped from, somehow the view must be that the energy is lost to the Earth (the simple principle is that mass is conserved, and motion is conserved, but each separately - so masses in the Earth gain acceleration from the lost accleration of the mass). Young in 1807 renames (in his words "more precisely" describes) this "force" as "energy". Later energy is divided into "kinetic" and "potential". Leibniz himself named numerous forces. it's an intersting history, but one that is not taught in particular since it is involved in the modern popular paradigm of E=mc^2, (interesting that it is not E=1/2mc^2) the belief that "energy" is equal to a mass times the velocity of light squared (interesting that no modern person has explicitly stated that this equation implies that all matter is made of particles of light with a constant velocity). i112) Clearly the first step in seeing eyes and brain images, was simply seeing the heat emitted from the human body. Who made this accomplishment? Is this documented anywhere? Electronic or photographic? i113) It's kind of interesting that the works of Foucault are difficult to see. There was only one book ever printed with only the original French. This book is on Google. But for the importance of Foucault's work, it is surprising that there is, to my knowledge, no English translation for most of his works. i114) Edmond Becquerel observed how light creates electric current when platinum electrodes are in acidic solution, and so is credited with the first photovoltac cell, (EB2008 mistakenly credits Becquerel's father) but many sources do not recognize that this is also the same exact principle of the photoelectric effect, some might consider wrongly credited to Hertz. The only difference being that Becquerel technically did not observe how ultraviolet and violet light increase already existing current too. But the principle is the same. i115) Very few people recognize that the concept of energy was divided into 'potential' and 'actual energy' by William Rankine in 1853. EB2008, Columbia Dictionary, Asimov and other sources (the one exception is concise dictionary of scientific biography, and wikipedia) all don't mention this. i116) NON OR POORLY PUBLICIZED SCIENCE: Helmholtz appears to have been the first to observe inductor+capacitor electrical oscillation using a frog leg muscle (egad - why not a voltmeter?) as an indicator. This is a major find, but yet, only one or two scattered older hundred year old sources mention it. Is it because of its relation to secret seeing thought technology, or is it simply a lack of science education and understanding on the part of historians? i117) In the early 1800s in France and England, the gas (internal) combustion (or explosion) engines were being designed and built by a number of people, but what about the rest of the Earth? it must be that they were much later in Germany, Italy, the US, Spain, Russia, China, etc. It's interesting how early development in some science happens in one nation, and then spreads to other nations. For the gas engine it goes from France and England to Germany, but the opposite can be said for spectroscopy for example. i118) Samuel Brown invented the earliest known gas (vacuum) engine known to be actually built, and used this in the first gas car and boat, but I cannot find any portrait or even birth and death dates, which shows how little people have maintained the history of science. i119) Mozart had a sense of humor and joked a lot about fecies. Mozart wrote: Leck mich im Arsch, "Lick me in the ass," K. 231 (K6 382c), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_and_scatology i120) about 1/2 of all birds are in one order "passweiformes" - perching songbirds. i121) Hippos are the closest living ancestor to whales and dolphins- it's amazing that something like a hippo adapted to the ocean. i122) That protists and bacteria have no nerve cells (or muscle cells) but yet have a driving chemistry that makes then "desire" sex and eating - they don't experience hunger or sexual arousal in the same way organisms with nerves do. i123) A heart, like an eye, has evolved more than once apparently independetly in protostomes and deuterostomes. i124) Cloudina is the earliest known animal (metazoan) with a shell or skeleton and bore holes on cloudina are the first known case of predation, but this apparently doesn't matter much, because most major encyclopedia's have no entry for Cloudina. i125) One interesting find that I found that is not clearly taught is that: How nucleic acids (polymers made of nucleotides), proteins (polymers made of amino acids), carbohydrates (polymers made of sugars) and lipids (glycerol attached to fatty acids) evolved is not clearly known. Possibly all proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are strictly the products of living objects. i126) The hypothesis that the ribosome may have formed before the first cell and may have been a protocell. Possibly the first cell grew from a ribosome. This would support the idea that ribosomal RNA is the most ancient. But this theory that the ribosome may have evolved before the first cell I have never seen mentioned in a book or article. i127) Number of voice files, one for each ULSF record that I recorded for: ULSF 1: 274 ULSF 2: 535 ULSF 3: 851 (I reused some voice files in more than one version of ULSF) ================== kaiser, not caesar (we still have kaiser) foinikon, not phoenician (we still have fonik/phonic) kuklo not circle kikero but still spelled cicero SPECIES I CAN NOT FIND INFO ON: 1) The first is Ahayuasca, (Banistopteris caapi), the principal component of a hallucinogenic brew used by the Incas in religious ceremonies. TRY TO GET (ACTUAL OR SEEDS FOR): [sph ate "homony" - white balls] 1) Oca http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oca a) what would be like a french fries? 2) cassava (manioc) a) again, what is casava like when fried? 3) tamarind a) search for as candy b) is sweet and sour, monkeys like 4) hackberry 5) breadfruit (like potato/bread?) 5a) jackfruit (ok tried this for a second time 2/06: kind of a soap/vomit undertaste...but an interesting texture...similar to mango but maybe tougher, a mild sweet taste, I guess kind of like mango, but unique. "People often say that fresh jackfruit tastes like Juicy Fruit chewing gum.") 6) Marang 7) taro 8) Mulberry (black mulberry or red) 9) cloudberry 10) salmonberry 11) serviceberry 12) Loquat 13) The white peach, sweeter asian version (sph have used it exclusively) 14) birch syrup 15) Hickory syrup (sph @ tiny kid, pick hickory nuts, crack them open) 16) papaya to describe taste 17) truffles (like blue cheese without something) 18) durians (like custard) [2/4/06 I tried the canned version in sweet sauce, and it was similar to lychee, but smaller (same center pit is removed), and not as tangy, but texture is the same. In this form, I didn't taste custard] 19) cacao seeds (Criollo cultivar) 20) Cupuaçu 21) Longan ("The taste is similar to the litchi, slightly sweeter, but not as juicy." [tp ejin says she doesn't like it and it has no taste]) 22) litchi (ejin likes, is sweet, says is at 99 Ranch lET Zu) lychee 1/22/06 had canned, are good, sweet, texture is like plum, maybe a little tougher, it's a little tart I might add. Each is about 2cm in diameter 23) mamoncillo (spanish lime, Inside the skin is the tart, tangy yellow pulp of the fruit.) 24) rambutan (Lychee, longan and rambutan are premier dessert fruit and are usually eaten fresh. Lychee and rambutan appeal to most palates. Although the longan has a sweet and rich flavour, some varieties are musky, and the taste must be acquired. But ultimately many people prefer longans.) (maybe as jam for above 4?) 25) Guarana soda 26) bael (India, maybe in drink called sharbat, or dried) 27) pomelo (sweet grapefruit) 28) tangelo The tangelo is citrus fruit that is a hybrid of a mandarin orange and a pomelo or a grapefruit. have a tangerine taste, but are very juicy, 29) kumquat (there are at least 6 varieties) (the skin is sweet and the inner fruit tart. The juicy center is often too sour to eat) 30) langsat/duku 31) golden kiwi 32) bilberry, lingonberry, huckleberry 33) paradise nut (like brazil nut) 34) Chrysophyllum cainito (Cainito, Caimito, Star apple, Golden leaf tree, Abiaba, Pomme de lait, Estrella, and Aguay.) 35) Sapodilla and balata 36) canistel, mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota), and abiu sapota: 3/12/06 tried canned from 99 Ranch, has texture of pear. taste kind of with maple syrup undertones, but could be from sugary syrup the fruit soaked in. Tastes good, not too sweet. "When ripe, it is very sweet and has a gentle fragrance. If you have eaten well but not too wisely and your mouth and lips are sticky, slowly dissolve a square of chocolate in your mouth. The fat content neutralises the chicle. For lips, smear a little butter over them and wipe off with a tissue. While the fruit may be peeled and cut into pieces, it is probably better to halve it with a knife, then scoop flesh from the skin with a teaspoon. In Thailand it is presented halved and carved to resemble a flower, all with a few clever strokes of a small, sharp knife." 37) camillia tea (actually I guess most tea is derived from camillia plant) 38) Tamarillo (like tomato) 39) wolfberries (sweet, chinese, dried=taste similar to raisins) 40) Cape Gooseberry or Ground-cherry. It is bright yellow when ripe, and very sweet, making it ideal for baking into pies and making jam. 41) These fruits have a strong, pungent taste that makes them popular for use in sauces and condiments. Australian desert raisin (Solanum centrale), also known as Bush raisin, is a plant native to the more arid parts of Australia. also called bush tomato 42) Moxie soda, popular in Maine, it's place of origin. "One of the key ingredients of Moxie is "Gentian Root Extractives" and probably contributes noticeably to its unique flavor. For those without access to Moxie the flavor can be approximated (and adjusted to taste) by adding Angostura bitters to Rootbeer." 43) Carissa (Natal plum, an edible fruit) "The fruit is a plum-shaped berry, red to dark purple-black in different species, 1.5-6 cm in length, and containing 1-2 seeds. The fruit are edible but tart, with strawberry or apple-like flavour. If eaten before fully ripe, a bitter, latex-like substance is released from the skin." 44) Genipa americana is cultivated for its edible fruit, which are made into drinks, jelly, sherbet and used in ice cream (puerto rico) 45) marjoram 46) perilla, mint family, The leaves' essential oils provide for strong taste. Perilla oil (deulgireum, ) is extracted from the seeds; the cake can be used as animal food. Perilla oil has a rich taste and scent slightly resembling dark sesame oil (chamgireum, ). Perilla seed can be cooked with meals, roasted, crushed to intensify its taste and/or mixed with sesame and salt. 47) Chia seeds served as a staple food of the Nahuatl (Aztec) cultures of Central Mexico. Jesuit chroniclers referred to chia as the third most important crop in the Aztec culture, behind only corn and beans, and ahead of amaranth. Tribute and taxes to the Aztec nobility were often paid in chia seed. Today, chia is cultivated on a small scale in its native Mexico and Guatemala. Chia is grown as a commercial food crop in Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. 48) savory (both summer and winter) 49) Chinese artichoke 50) Borago, common name borage, is a genus of two species of herbs with large, hairy leaves that taste mildly of cucumber, and star-shaped purple-blue flowers which are prized for their flavour. The leaves are often added to teas and salads, and the flowers have been added to wine (Borage has had a reputation to give one courage since Roman times). The flowers are highly attractive to bees. 51) Cordia. A number of the tropical species have edible fruits, called sebesten. In India, the fruits of local species are used as a vegetable, raw, cooked, or pickled, and are known by many names, including lasora in Hindi. 52) The young stems and leaves are edible. Shishiudo is often mistaken with udo. 53) Cow Parsley is sometimes used as a salad ingredient, having a somewhat sharper taste than Garden Chervil, with a hint of carrot. 54) The arracacha is a garden root vegetable originally from the Andes, somewhat intermediate between the carrot and celery. Its starchy taproot is a popular food item in South America, especially in Brazil where it is a major commercial crop.The most important part is the starchy root. It cannot be eaten raw, but when cooked it develops a distinctive flavor and aroma that have been described as "a delicate blend of celery, cabbage and roast chestnuts". The boiled root has about the same uses as boiled potatoes, including side dishes, purées, dumplings and gnocchi, pastries, etc., with the advantage of its flavor and (depending on the variety) its intense color. In the Andes region it is made into fried chips, biscuits, and coarse flour. Because it is highly digestible (due to the small size of its starch grains), purees and soups made from it are considered excellent for babies and children. The young stems can be eaten cooked or in salads. 55) Samphire, or rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum), the sole species of the genus Crithmum, is an edible wild plant found in coastal regions of mainland Britain. It has fleshy, divided aromatic leaves that have long been regarded as a delicacy in Norfolk and Lancashire. It is now appearing as a garnish in London restaurants. To prepare it for the table, samphire is trimmed of its hard root, washed and plunged into boiling water for a few minutes. It is often served with a mixture of butter and vinegar but also with butter alone. By dragging it through their teeth like an over-sized thread of floss, diners pull the green flesh from a hard central stalk. The flavour is highly reminiscent of asparagus, and samphire is sometimes referred to as "poor man's asparagus" 56) Honeywort is a herb commonly used in Japanese food, where it is called mitsuba (lit. "three leaves"). The botanical name is Cryptotaenia japonica. It is very commonly used as a herb flavouring in miso soup, where it goes very well with daikon radish and akadashi-type miso. It is normally sold and used fresh, not dried. 57) carrot jam is a Portuguese delicacy. 58) Tara. In Japan, the shoots are eaten in the spring. They are picked from the end of the branches and are fried in a tempura batter. 59) cumin Cumin can be used to season many dishes. It is traditionally added to curries, enchiladas, tacos, and other Middle-eastern, Indian and Mexican-style foods. It can also be added to salsa to give it extra flavour. Cumin has also been used on meat in addition to the traditional seasonings. The spice helps give any dish a tex-mex taste. Important aroma compounds of toasted cumin are the substituted pyrazines, 2-ethoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine, 2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, and 2-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine. Their smell can also be detected in the eater's sweat even after consuming only small amounts.The Greeks kept cumin at the dining table in its own container (much as pepper is frequently kept today) and this practice continues in Morocco. 60) lovage, like celery, usually, seeds are found in celery salt. 61) Both flowers and berries can be made into wine, and in Hungary an elderberry brandy is produced (requiring 50 kg of fruit to produce 1 litre of brandy). The berries are best not eaten raw as they are mildly poisonous, causing vomiting (particularly if eaten unripe). The mild cyanide toxicity is destroyed by cooking. The berries can also be made into jam or pies. In Austria, Hungary and Romania, the flowers are made into a syrup or cordial (in Romanian: socata), which is diluted with water before drinking. The popularity of this traditional drink has recently encouraged some commercial soft drink producers to introduce elderflower-flavoured drinks. want to try: elderberry jam, may want to try elderberry wine 62) Corn Salad. Corn salad (Valerianella locusta) is a small plant of the family Valerianaceae which grows in a low rosette and in mild climates is used as a winter green, especially in salads. In warm and dry conditions it tends to bolt to seed. It is also called Lewiston cornsalad, mache, mâche, lamb's lettuce, field salad, and rapunzel. 63)The taproot of young burdock plants can be harvested and eaten as a root vegetable. While generally out of favor in modern European cuisine, it remains popular in Asia, particularly in Japan where A. lappa is called gobo. Plants are cultivated for their slender roots, which can grow up to 1 meter long and 2 cm across. Burdock root is very crisp and has a sweet, mild, and pungent flavor. Immature flower stalks may also be harvested in late spring, before flowers appear; the taste resembles that of artichoke, to which the burdock is related. A popular Japanese dish is kinpira gobo, julienned or shredded burdock root and carrot, braised with soy sauce, sugar, mirin and/or sake, and sesame oil; another is burdock makizushi (sushi filled with pickled burdock root rather than fish; the burdock root is often artificially colored orange to resemble a carrot). 64) saffron. Saffron's aroma is often described by connoisseurs as reminiscent of metallic honey with grassy or hay-like notes, while its taste has been noted also as hay-like and yet somewhat bitter. Saffron also contributes a luminous yellow-orange colouring to foods. For this, it is widely used in Arab, Central Asian, European, Indian, Iranian, and Moroccan cuisines. Confectionaries and liquors also often include saffron. 65) The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), also called the sunroot or sunchoke, is a flowering plant native to North America, grown throughout the temperate world for its tuber, which is used as a root vegetable. The second part of its common name comes from its taste. The tuber, which is the only part used, tastes like a cross between radish and artichoke. These vegetables are sold in the produce departments of supermarkets. The freshest roots are plumpish and vibrant in appearance. If left too long in the open, they become wrinkled and soft and can develop a bitter taste. 66) chamomile (Matricaria recutita) 67) The thick black skin of the salsify root is inedible and must be removed either prior to or after boiling. If the skin is removed prior to boiling, the peeled root should be immediately immersed in water mixed with vinegar and flour, in order to prevent discolouring. Since the root sap is extremely sticky, it is often more convenient to peel it after boiling the root for 20 to 25 minutes. Black salsify is often eaten together with other vegetables, such as peas and carrots. But it is also popular in a white sauce, such as bechamel sauce or mustard sauce. Boiled salsify roots may also be coated with batter and deep fried. Belgium, France and the Netherlands are the world's largest producers of black salsify. 68) Eating Spilanthes [toothache plant] is a memorable experience. The leaf has a smell similar to any green leafy vegetable. The taste, however, is somewhat reminiscent of Echinacea, but lacking the bitter and sometimes nauseating element of that medicinal. First, a strong, spicy warmth spreads outward across one's tongue, turning into a prickling sensation. With this the salivary glands leap into action, pumping out quantities of saliva. As the prickling spreads, it mellows into an acidic (slightly metallic) sharpness accompanied by tingling, and then numbness. The numbness fades after a time (two to twenty minutes, depending on the person and amount eaten), and the pungent aftertaste may linger for an hour or more. For culinary purposes, it is recommended that small amounts of fresh leaves be shredded into salads to add a unique bite. Cooked leaves will lose their bite and may be used as leafy greens. Both the fresh and cooked leaves are used in dishes in parts of Brazil, and a related species is involved in several Southeast Asian dishes. In Brazil it is often combined with chile peppers and garlic to add flavor and vitamins to other foods. Elsewhere in the world, the culinary properties are rather underutilized. 69) For centuries, the Guarani Native Americans of Paraguay and Brazil used Stevia species, primarily S. rebaudiana which they called ("sweet herb"), as a sweetener in yerba mate and medicinal teas for treating such conditions as obesity, high blood pressure, and heartburn. It has recently seen greater attention with the rise in demand for low-carbohydrate, low-sugar food alternatives, and is widely used as a sweetener in Japan, and is available in the US and Canada as a health food supplement. In 1931, French chemists isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste. These extracts were named steviosides and rebaudiosides. These compounds are 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (ordinary table sugar). Stevia's sweet taste has a slower onset and longer duration than sugar's, and especially at high concentration, it has bitter and liquorice-like off-tastes. Stevia does not significantly alter blood glucose, and so can be safely consumed by diabetics. In the early 1970s, the Japanese began cultivating stevia as an alternative to artificial sweeteners such as cyclamate and saccharin, suspected carcinogens. The plant's leaves, the aqueous extract of the leaves, and purified steviosides are used as sweeteners. Stevia sweeteners have been produced commercially in Japan since 1977 and are widely used in food products, soft drinks, and for table use. Japan currently consumes more stevia than any other country; there, stevia accounts for 40% of the sweetener market. A European health study found that stevioside depressed the virility of male mice [1]. It has also been reported that steviol, one of the principal metabolites of stevioside, is a mutagen [2]. Based on these findings, the European Commission banned stevia's use in food in the European Union pending further research. It is also banned in Singapore and Hong Kong [3]. Additional animal tests have shown mixed results in terms of toxicology and adverse effects of stevia extract. The first commerically developed Cola flavored Stevia supplement was developed in 2003 by Donald Thrasher and Bill Bluemer of the Thrasher Beverage Corporation of California U.S.A. Under the brand name Z (Cola) and Z (Orange) in the U.S. and Canada, the trade name in Mexico and South America is Diet Z. ZCola.com. TP: $20 for a case. stevia as a sweetner can be purchased online many places. 70) "Dandelion and Burdock" is a soft drink that has long been popular in the United Kingdom, and authentic recipes are sold by health food shops, but it is not clear whether the cheaper supermarket versions actually contain either plant. Usually the young leaves and unopened buds are eaten raw in salads, while older leaves are cooked. Raw leaves have a slightly bitter taste. Dandelion salad is often accompanied with hard boiled eggs. 71) mangosteen: 3/12/06 tried, canned in sweet syrup, is good, the texture feels perhaps like an orange, but in the middle there is some hard part that is tougher to chew but is easily chewed. The tough part gives the mangosteen an interesting texture when chewing. taste is somewhat sweet, but pleasant. "Its taste may be compared to that of an underripe strawberry, with hints of sweet orange. Its seed, however, is not edible and if one accidently bit into it, one will be in for a very bitter experience. There is a story, possibly apocryphal, about Queen Victoria offering a cash reward to anyone who could deliver to her the fabled fruit. Although it is available in cans and frozen, mangosteen is rarely sold fresh in Western countries other than in some Asian grocery stores; they are illegal to import as whole fruit into the United States due to fears that they harbor the Asian fruit fly which would devastate US crops if it were ever introduced. This barrier to entry may be eliminated in the future as new produce irradiation techniques spread in popularity. Other products derived from the mangosteen fruit may be legally imported into the United States and are used to produce a variety of juices and nutritional supplements. The mangosteen, along with other popular Asian fruits such as the rambutan and the longan, is now being grown and sold on some of the Hawaiian islands, although they are presently not being exported to the continental US due to the reasons stated above." SOME FRUITS/PLANTS THAT MIGHT BE COOL TO TRY 1) Quince I encountered numerous fruits like GENUS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sageretia where the fruits are edible but not popular. 2) Jujube 3) nettle leaves 4) horned melon 5) true cantelope, Charentais (in France) 6) filbert nut (like hazel) 7) sweet (oak) acorn [maybe in coffee] 8) butternut[walnut] 9) Myrica_rubra.jpg 10) rapeseed leaves 11) Kai-lan (Chinese broccoli, or chinese kale) 12) collard greens (boiled or sautéed with oil or butter, flavored with garlic, onion, and salt.) 13) Kohlrabi (like brussels sprouts, etc) 14) scurvy grass (in a salad) 15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera, The immature green pods, called "drumsticks" are probably the most valued and widely used part of the tree. They are commonly consumed in India, and are generally prepared in a similar fashion to green beans and have a slight asparagus taste. 16) boab tree: The dry pulp of the fruit, after separation from the seeds and fibers, is eaten directly or mixed into porridge or milk. 17) kola nut 18) roselle (hybiscus) in drink, tea m19) Thespesia garckeana (african gum) m20) to smell agarwood m21) curry tree leaves m22) spondias (jakote) m23) smell frankincense m24) Canarium nut, Pili nut or Galip nut. m25) Diospyros kaki and Diospyros virginiana m26) jackalberry m27) crowberry, rockberry m28) teaberry m29) sourwood honey m30) shea butter m31) glee gum with chicle m32) tea oil (camellia oil) m33) white tea, oolong tea, yellow tea, pu-erh m34) ethiopian nightshade (or eggplant) Solanum aethipicum L. m35) poroporo The leaves and unripe fruit of the poroporo are poisonous and only the ripe berries can be safely eaten. flowers are white to mauve and yield to poisonous berries. The berries, once ripened, are no longer poisonous. m36) The juice of the naranjillas is somewhat green and is used as a beverage. Naranjilla is sometimes called the"golden fruit of the Andes," it is similar to the tomato, but with an orange-yellow color on the outside and green pulp inside. Naranjilla juice is considered the best in the Andes and is preferred by some to orange juice. m37) water spinach In the Philippines, it is usually sauteed in cooking oil, onions, garlic, vinegar, and soy sauce. This dish is called "adobong kangkong." (There is concern that, eaten raw, the plant could transmit Fasciolopsiasis, a parasite of humans and pigs.) m38) Glechoma hederacea (Ground-ivy). Pick a handful of the fresh herb, rinse it, and place in a teapot with hot water to create a pleasant, healthful tea. m39) Lavender flowers yield abundant nectar which yields a high quality honey for beekeepers. Lavender honey is produced primarily in the nations around the Mediterranean, and marketed worldwide as a premium product. Lavender flowers can be candied and are used as cake decoration. Lavender is also used as a herb, either alone or as an ingredient of herbes de Provence. m40) Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) tea (Pennyroyal has a traditional folk medicine use in inducing abortions and is an abortifacient. These oils are high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile, which can stimulate uterine activity. In one case, despite immediate emergency hospital treatment, a pregnant woman died within hours of consuming just two tablespoonfuls (20 ml) of Pennyroyal oil in an attempt to initiate self-abortion.) m41) apple mint, pineapple mint (The variety sold as "pineapple mint" is particularly mild and popular.) m42) Bergamot (Monarda didyma) is a North American aromatic herb also known as Scarlet Monarda, Oswego Tea, and Crimson Beebalm. The name Oswego Tea comes from the Oswego Indians who taught the immigrants how to use it for tea after the Boston tea party in 1773. The bergamot herb is not the source of bergamot oil, used to flavor Earl Grey tea; m43) zulu potato, finger potato, ethiopian potato m44) Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey m45) Nashia inaguensis. (tea) "A decoction of the fragrant leaves, variously described as having the scent and flavor of citrus, vanilla, or pineapple, is used as an herbal tea." commonly called Moujean Tea, Bahamas Berry, or Pineapple Verbena. m46) Lemon verbena (tea) m47) Genus: Jasminum. Jasmine flowers are also used to make tea, which typically has a green tea base. Many types yield an essential oil, which is used in the production of perfumes and incense. m48) In China, osmanthus tea m49) In Chinese it is called xi (), and its flowers, called gui hua (, literally "cinnamon flower" or "cassia flower") are used, infused with green or black tea leaves, to create a scented tea called gui hua cha (). In Chinese cuisine, the flowers are also used to produce osmanthus-scented jam (called gui hua jiang, ), sweet cakes (called gui hua gao, ), dumplings, soups, and even liquor (). Osmanthus jam is used as an ingredient in a type of gruel called chatang, which is made from sorghum or millet flour and sugar mixed with boiling water. This dish is typical of the northern city of Tianjin. m50) Echium simplex DC. or the Tower of jewels,and/or Echium virescens DC. or the Tower of jewels. honey m51) The South American I. paraguariensis is used to make yerba mate, a drink similar to tea. m52) Yerba mate or hierba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), or sometimes called simply mate, is a species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) native to subtropical South America in northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil. It is used as a herbal tea. The drink has a pungent taste like a cross between green tea and coffee, with hints of tobacco and oak. Sugar or honey are sometimes added if desired, creating mate dulce, sweet mate (mate without sugar is called mate amargo or bitter mate). Normally the preference for mate dulce and mate amargo is one or the other m53) Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium), sometimes called garden chervil, is a delicate annual herb, usually used to flavor mild-flavoured foods such as poultry, some seafoods, and young vegetables. (spice in carrot family) m54) angelica ("") m55) caraway The roots may be cooked as a root vegetable like parsnips or carrots. m56) Many species of Eryngium have a history of use. The roots have been used as vegetables or for sweetmeats. Young shoots and leaves are sometimes used as an asparagus substitute. m57) However, its smell becomes much milder in cooking and presents an onion-like taste. Asafoetida has certain medicinal uses and most commonly is used as a digestive aid. It is reputed to lessens flatulence and is often added to lentil or eggplant dishes in small quantities. m58) Udo. The stem can be eaten and is sometimes boiled and served in miso soup m59) Red Valerian (Centranthus ruber). Both leaves and roots can be eaten, the leaves either fresh in salads or lightly boiled, the roots boiled in soups. Opinions differ as to whether either make very good eating, however. m60) to smell: Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Valerianaceae) is a hardy perennial flowering plant, with heads of sweetly scented pink or white flowers. Note that this "sweet" smell is quite overpowering when the flower is placed into a vase. has similar effect on cats as catnip. Also has effect on rats. m61) Absinth Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) . Absinthe is a liqueur derived from herbs including the flowers and leaves of this plant. m62) tarragon (like anise) m63) Star thistle varietal honey is light and slightly tangy. It is one of the finest honeys produced in the US, but as it is abundant, some of it is fraudulently relabeled and sold as the scarce, expensive Sourwood honey of the Appalachian Mountains. m64) Chrysanthemum flowers are boiled to make a sweet drink in some parts of Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as "chrysanthemum tea". Chrysanthemum tea has many medicinal uses, including an aid in recovery from influenza. The leaves of several species are edible, and in particular C. coronarium (the crown daisy or garland chrysanthemum) is grown commercially in East Asia as a leaf vegetable, known as tung ho or shungiku . In China, the greens are often stir-fried simply with garlic and dried chile peppers. The color of the cooked greens is dark, their texture dense and mucilaginous, and their flavour fragrant and complex. m65) Edible Thistle is used by Native Americans for its edible roots and young shoots. The roots are sweet, but contain inulin, which gives some people digestive problems. m66) Crassocephalum. Several species are raised as leaf vegetables and used for medicine, especially in West Africa. m67) All parts of the catsear plant are edible; however, the leaves and roots are those most often harvested. The leaves are bland in taste but can be eaten raw in salads, steamed, or in stir-fries. Older leaves can become tough and fibrous, but younger leaves make for good eating. Some bitterness in the leaves may be apparent but is rare. The root can be roasted and ground to form a coffee substitute. m68) Pineapple weed. The flowers have a chamomile/pineapple aroma (press between your fingers to release this scent). They are edible and quite good in salads (although they may become bitter by the time the plant blooms), and can also be used to make a delicious tea [1][2]. m69) Sweet Coltsfoot (Petasites speciosa). The leaf stalks and flower stems (with flowers) make a tasty vegetable dish. Prepare by cutting them into 4" pieces and boiling in enough water to just cover. After cooking for a few minutes, drain and serve topped with butter/sauce. It has a unique flavor. In spring or summer, you can make a salt-substitute by drying and then burning coltsfoot leaves. This black, powdery substance will provide a salty taste. m70) Goldenrods can be used for decoration and making tea. m71) sow thistle. The plant is also edible by humans as a leaf vegetable; old leaves and stalks can be bitter, but young leaves have a flavour similar to lettuce. Going by the name puha it is frequently eaten in New Zealand as a vegetable, particularly by the native Maori. When cooked it tastes similar to chard. m72) The root, and sometimes the young shoots, of Purple Salsify are used as a vegetable, and historically the plant was cultivated for that purpose; it is mentioned by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder. However in modern times it has tended to be replaced by Spanish Salsify or Black Salsify as a cultivated crop. Cultivated varieties include 'White French', 'Mammoth Sandwich Island' and 'Improved Mammoth Sandwich Island'; they are generally characterised by larger or better-shaped roots. The root is noted for tasting of oysters, from which the plant derives its alternative name of Oyster Plant; young roots can be grated for use in salads, but older roots are better cooked, and they are usually used in soups or stews. A latex derived from the root can be used as a chewing gum. The flowering shoots can be used like asparagus, either raw or cooked, and the flowers can be added to salad, while the sprouted seeds can be used in salads or sandwiches. m73) W. stricta is a perennial herb flowering mainly in spring or summer with pale blue bell-like flowers. The leaves are long and linear, 35 to 50 centimetres long. The five-petalled flowers are erect on long, slender stems and about 1.5 to 2.5 centimetres in diameter. It forms thin, carrot shaped tubers. [TP: maybe the root of this and other asteraceae are edible?] m74) Common sorrel has been cultivated for centuries, although its popularity has decreased considerably over time. Because of the mildly acidic taste, it quenches thirst, and may be helpful in boosting the appetite. The leaves are edible and may be added to salads to sharpen the taste. They are often puréed in soups and sauces and is the characteristic ingredient in shav. The plant contains oxalic acid, which produces its characteristic flavour, and so may be contraindicated in people with rheumatic-type complaints, kidney or bladder stones, and the like. It is also a laxative. NEW FOOD IDEAS: 1) mashed rutabaga PLANTS TO GROW IDEAS: a) should be expensive to buy at store b) should produce many c) I use often 1) blueberries (a,b) 2) betas 3) oranges 4) *basil (a,b) 5) dill 6) chives 7) green beans (b) 8) strawberries (a,b) 9) parsley (a,b) (regular and flat leaf:stronger) COOL FLOWERS: 1) dovetree 2) dodecatheon 3) sensitive tree WIKI ERRORS: 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragaceae has * Family Gunneraceae (gunnera family) should not be there, Gunneraceae is in the Gunnerales order (not the Saxifragaceae order) [2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower "After fertilization, portions of the flower develop into a fruit containing the seed(s)." should be I am not sure that every fruit comes from the flower, if yes, that is something to remember. I am sure that a fruit is the female ovary. "Every flower develops into a fruit, which contains seeds if fertilized" ] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_%28plants%29 also has: "After pollination, the ovary will grow into the fruit, while the ovule(s) become the seed(s)." does the fruit growing depend on fertilization? Here it is: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "In a few species, the fruit may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as parthenocarpy. Such fruits are seedless. A plant that does not produce fruit is known as acarpous, meaning essentially 'without fruit'." It looks as though fruits developing without fertizilation is rare, so bascially the fruit does not develop if not fertilized in the majority of flowering plants? "Parthenogenesis (Partheno-genesis from the Greek "virgin", "birth") means the growth and development of an embryo or seed without fertilization by a male. Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some lower plants (called agamospermy), invertebrates (e.g. water fleas, aphids) and some vertebrates (e.g. lizards, salamanders, some fish, and even turkeys). Parthenogenetic populations are typically all-female. " For marijuana, the fruit is identical but without seeds if not fertilized with male gametes (pollen). But is that the same as for an orange or avocado? on an orange tree there are orange flowers and then the fruit, so the flower is different from the fruit? Is the flower on an orange tree an unfertilized fruit? I kind of doubt it. But then, clearly for the orange tree, the flower is not the fruit as defined by the fruit definition. actually the ovary may not be in the flower? dictionary.com: flower: "The reproductive structure of some seed-bearing plants, characteristically having either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs, such as stamens and a pistil, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and sepals." fruit: "The ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant, together with accessory parts, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms." so the flower for female plants (or both gender plants), is the ovary which contains the seeds once fertilized, which swells once fertilized, growing into a fruit, and for most flowers, fertilization is necessary to grow the fruit, or else the fruit does not develop, and the female genital (the ovary) remains in a flower form. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization#Fertilisation_in_plants has this: "After the female part of the flower is pollinated, pollen grains attempt to travel into the ovary by creating a path called a "pollen tube." The pollen tube does not directly reach the ovary in a straight line. It travels near the skin of the style and curls to the bottom of the ovary, then near the receptacle, it breaks through the ovule and reaches the ovum to fertilise it. This is the point when fertilisation actually occurs. After being fertilised, the ovary starts to swell and becomes a fruit." So the ovavy swells to become the fruit (although again, in weed, fert is not necessary) so, the flower (as we traditionally see, with petals, etc), must be unfertizilized fruits. I mean, clearly the pollen has not traveled down to the ovary as in above. Through all of this, I know that the flower has the thing the pollen travels down sticking out. male=stamen, female=pistil actually, there can be male flowers. This is helpful: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube "Pollen may refer to the microspores of either angiosperms (flowering plants) or gymnosperms (conifers and cycads). These two types of pollen are distinct because they undergo different processes when uniting with the female gamete. Gymnosperm pollen grains are dispersed by wind. Angiosperm pollen grains naturally dry to about 20% moisture before being released from the anthers of a flower. Angiosperm pollen is carried to the stigma of the same, or another flower in the process of pollination, and deposited on its sticky surface. Each pollen grain hydrates and germinates, then begin to grow a pollen tube down the style, through the wall of the ovary and into an ovule (incipient seed). As the pollen tube grows, two sperm are produced. One unites with the ovum (egg) within the ovule. This union of male and female gametes is traditionally called fertilization, but, since it has little to do with fertility, is more properly called syngamy. The second sperm unites with the central cell of the ovule, and this union produces the endosperm of the seed, which is composed of starch, proteins and oils. The endosperm of grains (wheat, barley, rye, oats, corn) is a major source of human food." I didn't know there are 2 sperm in every plant fertilization, is that true? again this is interesting: "The number of pollen grains needed for pollination/syngamy is equivalent to the number of ovules. One can look at a cut watermelon to identify the mature seeds that resulted from syngamy, and the white, undeveloped seeds that resulted from a failure of syngamy. The proportion of mature seeds to undeveloped ones is proportional to the quality of the fruit, which can then be tested by taste. The trace mineral boron is vital to pollen tube growth. While too much boron is toxic, a complete lack of boron in the soil can cause a crop failure." Every pollen grain has two sperm inside it. This is pretty straight forward: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovary_%28plants%29 "Ovary in plants is the female part of a flower. In the flowering plants, an ovary is the part of the carpel which holds the ovule(s). After pollination, the ovary will grow into the fruit, while the ovule(s) become the seed(s). Some wind pollinated flowers have much reduced and modified ovaries." 3) spelling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifragales "Byblidaceae" 4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca "It is believed by the miners of Cerro de Pasco to soften the veins of ore, if masticated (chewed) and thrown upon them (see also Cocomama). " 5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllales does not list Capparaceae family (caper) 6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adansonia "The also painted and carved the outside of the fruits, and wore them as ornaments." should be "They" 7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachychiton_acerifolius two afters "Flowers are scarlet bells with 5 partially fused petals. The pod-like fruits (technically known as follicles) are dark brown, wide, boat-shaped and about 10 cm long. They contain masses of thin bristles that stick in the skin, as well as yellow seeds. These are nutritious and were eaten by Aborigines after after toasting." NOTES: 1) Bacteria not placed yet: + placed - not placed 0 no wiki page + Actinobacteria + Aquificae + Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi + Chlamydiae/Verrucomicrobia + Chloroflexi - Chrysiogenetes + Cyanobacteria - Deferribacteres + Deinococcus-Thermus - Dictyoglomi i) digests xylan - Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria + Firmicutes - Fusobacteria i) cause tooth decay 0 Gemmatimonadetes 0 Nitrospirae + Planctomycetes + Proteobacteria + Spirochaetes + Thermodesulfobacteria + Thermomicrobia + Thermotogae 2) How nucleus got in eukaryotes a) one interesting thing potentially related to this is how do E Coli, and other symbiotic bacteria get to the stomach, do they come in on food, I can't imagine they are made by our DNA, but why just e coli and no other bacteria if they are get their sometime after zygote. They must get their with the mother's food that reaches the fetus. Also the parabasalids in the stomachs of termites and cockroaches. Why not some other species? and then there are enough parabasalids around the earth to enter the stomach of every new born termite? 3) Books to check out a) Microbiology 0-8053-7613-5 b) Prehistoric Past Revealed 0520241053 c) History of Life, Cowen d) Life : A Natural History of the First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth, Fortey e) Historical Geology : Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac) 0534392873 f) Gaining Ground: The Origin and Early Evolution of Tetrapods by Jennifer A. Clack g) The origin and evolution of birds / Alan Feduccia. h) The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants i) The fossil Book: a record of prehistoric life j) Extinctions in the history of life / edited by Paul D. Taylor. 2004 k) History of life / Richard Cowen. 4th edition 2005 l) Prehistoric past revealed : the four billion year history of life on Earth / Douglas Palmer. 2003 m) A history of life on earth : understanding our planet's past / Jon Erickson 1995 n) In search of deep time : beyond the fossil record to a new history of life / Henry Gee. 1999 o) (The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind. Written with the advice and editorial help of Ernest Barker [and others] 1919) p) Lost creatures of the earth : mass extinction in the history of life / Jon Erickson ; foreword by Alexander E. Gates. 2001 *** q) Evolutionary history of the primates / Frederick S. Szalay, Eric Delson. QL737.P9 S92 ** r) The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2002, xiv-530 again, all UC campuses except UCI, which must be the "creation" campus. s) Human origins : the fossil record / Clark Spencer Larsen, Robert M. Matter, Daniel L. Gebo GN282 .L37 1998 t) The geography of Neandertals and modern humans in Europe and the greater Mediterranean / Ofer Bar-Yosef and David Pilbeam, editors. 2000 =for the details on the Qafzeh skull u) The Library of Alexandria / by Kelly Trumble ; illustrated by Robina MacIntyre Marshall. 2003 juv nonfict v) The Library of Alexandria : centre of learning in the ancient world. / edited by Roy MacLeod 2000 w) Libraries in the Ancient World x) The Shores of Wisdom: The Story of the Ancient Library of Alexandria (Hardcover) prepay autocharge every 90 days? or I have to remember to buy new refill card? can buy used phone, SGH E105 and will work? only need to buy simm card? can change the number? 5a-10p 6a-6p pst price $40-80 +10 ($80 for 2 phones) -$40 for my phone $15/month=$180 30 hours 2.5/month $25/3months=$100 2.1 (130min) 43min/month FUTURE ====== estimate times by: doing population growth estimates (humans, plants needed to feed, convert CO2 to O2, ) basic themes: 1) show each planet+moon+asteroid belt/star orbit at different stages of human growth. It's going to be tough to show growth in star orbit, I will have to zoom in, and out. [Closeups of civilization growing over surface for future version, for this version still images]. Document population growths at each exponential 10,100,1000 etc. or at each time interval: 2000,2100,2200, etc. but at some point, it will go 3000,3500,4000, etc. and faster. I will have to zoom out to show ships going to stars (with lines), and stars moving together within the galaxy? definitely as the stars lift out of the galaxy. For each century go thru each planet? for 30 minute version there will not be nearly enough time. It will be dictated by the most important events, like "Mars surface completely covered". 2) import/export air: oxygen mainly, perhaps can be kept in equilibrium in a single family ship. humans convert O2 to CO2, and then the C will have to be separated and used (perhaps by plants, or bacteria, but perhaps in some other process, for example exporting the carbon). I have to figure out how much oxygen a human needs and that presumes that the CO2 can easily be converted back...which may cost small amount of photons, or electrons. water: water will be recycled in each ship. Although, ofcourse, people will occassionally need to buy new water. food: a constant need of grown foods is probably beyond the ability of people in one ship to grow, and will need to be grown on a large scale. This food will be exported to major store ships in each ship group (city). waste: waste will be perhaps converted to fuel (Hydrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus), back into water. Or sold/given to large ships that convert the waste back into H2, O2, C, P, N2 and sold (or given) back indicidual ships. ======== Records: ========= no space on highways, as humans move into 3D highways using portable highly computer controlled helicopters. robots fly and drive. the deserts of earth are completely irrigated -image of irrigated deserts the land surface of earth is completely developed with buildings (and human spaced plants/trees). -show earth at various stages of population -zoom in to show largest scale where cities are visible + lights at nights humans start living in the oceans -show ocean shores fill up with ships and pathways venus atmosphere project initiated -represents the first physical alteration of a different planet a million humans live in orbit -image of circling ships (perhaps white colored?/all colors?) people living in orbit affect the amount of light reaching the surface of earth. [may be regulated and forced to live in star orbit near the earth] -show rotating 3d earth with transparent spheres rotating around it. humans learn how to stop aging, by customizing the human genome (and genomes of other species) -very important -population growth must be highly controlled -but even with controls, will grow at a much much higher rate -the equation will shift to a limit on supplies, and humans will carefully have to calculate how many new humans can be created and maintained, and it perhaps will be relative to the number who die by other causes. -much more importance on growing off of earth first images are decoded from advanced life of a different star system. -may only be partial images -will probably increase the learning of our species -may show map of all advanced life in Milky Way -may show that a standard image size(s), frequency(s) exists for much of the Milky Way. -initial finding is like needle in haystack, 1 in trillion trillion. Done by robots/machines, doing all possible image sizes and scanning for lines, geometrical objects. (perhaps only in black and white at first). surface of moon is completely filled with buildings. -show development of moon ships convert clouds of Jupiter to supplies for life -is second major project that results in changing the appearance of a planet. (venus being first). ship with walking robots sent to stars of centauri -uses perhaps uranium or plutonium fission, Hydrogen fusion, fission or fusion of other atoms, or separation of atoms, or some other technology. -perhaps 2 ships -robots land on planets with smaller ships -robots start to build up supplies of buildings, air, water, matter conversion technology. first close up images of planets of a different star are received by trillions and trillions of humans of this star system with great excitement. surface of mars is completely filled with buildings surface of mercury is completely filled with buildings -mercury is as hot at the surface as venus, perhaps a major project will try to move mercury back. perhaps mercury will be mined by robots only for it's matter, and be one of the first planets to be totally converted/exported. mercury might serve as a picture of the future, as layers of the surface are peeled off and converted to Oxygen, and Hydrogen mainly (and materials for ships). Venus project complete, and venus has either air atmosphere or no atmosphere first humans go to centauri -very important moment -centauri will serve as a population overflow valve for this star system -doubles the chances of survival for the species every meteor in meteor belt is owned (or has been consumed) by humans moons of Jupiter are completely filled surface of venus is completely filled surface of moons of Jupiter completely filled -humans live in clusters around the planets, because the humans depend on matter from the planets, for air, water, fuel, food, number of ships orbiting star affects direction and velocity of star, and so central star system computer working with democracy of humans living around the star coordinate the movement of many/all ships in an effort to steer star in desired direction. -synchronizing many millions of ships computers to thrust up or down at some time to change the course of the star to for example, closer to centauri. -probable initial direction is directly towards the alpha centauri stars. out of matter, and too little matter coming in from centauri, in an effort to maximize all available matter, humans start to convert the surface of mars into air, water and ship building atoms. Humans peel back layers of the mars surface, and mars becomes smaller. -possibly, humans may grow out faster, and the planets of this star system may be preserved as living museums, ... but the matter for the constant need for ships, food, etc. has to come from somewhere, that could be centauri's planets, but that is a long haul. The stars will no doubt be brought together to within 1 light year. -again this is an important turning point, that may be inevitable even before humans start to settle Mars, if we realize this now. it signals the change of settling the surface of planets, to settling in a ship-based life with the planets and moons viewed as more of supply centers. -earth may be the last (or maybe the first who knows?) to be converted, and the same for the moon, since they will have sentimental value. But the earth will have archeological value, and I can see a time, where the surface of earth is evacuated and completely excavated, the major portions of the crust removed, perhaps and stored for sentimental value, and the rest of the planet (which is the vast majority of the planet) converted. -this is a long long ways away, but I think it is inevitable, and then we are talking about life throughout the entire crust of each planet and moon. atmosphere of Jupiter completely converted to supplies for life. -only metal/terrestrial core remains which will be converted too [contains many more atoms than gas atmosphere] all matter of earth has been converted to life -only ships orbit the star now -ships take very organized orbits much of which evolved earlier -matter of this star must be completely imported or recycled -since humans may live for thousands of years (theoretically forever), the recycled materials will be the plants/food. Potentially food may be sewn together molecule by molecule from non living sources, or by customized bacteria. So then it is just a matter of converting the molecules of waste into edible food items, in such a way that very little matter is used in the process. -any way I look at it, there is going to be a need for imported matter just to burn as fuel to move ships. -At this point, perhaps the population of this star will be set, but no doubt there will be flow between centauri, sirius, other nearby small red stars, and here. -Its possible that the population of this star could continue to grow and grow. but clearly that will only happen as more stars join a steller community. The 3 stars of Centauri and the earth star slow to their final distance of perhaps a light year each. Other stars join, at approximately 1 light year apart. The star group of perhaps 5 to 10 stars makes the decision to begin the lift or descent out of the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. -other more recently conquered/colonized/settled/ follow behind the star group, and the main star group may slow or wait at different locations, may adjust their velocity depending on their need for imports. -potentially, although it's highly doubtful, life of a star could live in perfect equilibrium, not requiring imported matter. First earth exploration robots (no doubt built at a different star) find life of a different planet -humans of earth, will probably want to go from star to star as quickly as possible, in order to map all the planets and possible life. And it might not be too costly to do, simply by sending robot ships whose main mission is: 1) go to the closest unvisited star (or some set instructions) 2) send back images to earth. use materials there to refuel the ship, or build new ships 3) send those new ships to other stars with the same mission. -eventually images from robots that have reached all the nearest stars will be coming in to the earth system. MAJOR FAMILIES OF SOUNDS: ========================== -----long sound language evolves 1) Vowels (open,can be long duration) UoOE AIuv(food)y(umlow) (decide: w or x for good) ----sounds combined (do other species combine sounds?) 2) S,Z,s (open,can be long duration) Ztw(or x) 3) L,M,N,R family (open, can be long duration) l,m,n,r ------short sounds language evolves 4) B,D,G,K,P,T,J,j,W,Y (short duration) a) subgrouped BD GK PB ULSF 30 minutes KEY NOTES: ========================== 1) include images of earth a) 3D 1/2/4 graphic image of earth (sphere, spins to locations) 1) texture map of red hot earth 2) texture map and faster moving larger transparent steam sphere? (take from jupiter, make white/gray?) 2) texture maps of atmophere changing 3) texture maps of land/water changing a) is going to take time to find sources and draw b) maybe animate? (in 2d) 4) plus altitude (z) values from usgs b) TEXT bottom of screen TIME (YBN) c) TEXT bottom of screen EPOCH, ERA, PERIOD, etc. d) 2D images on 3D rectangles (come from area? or are just shown) e) audio (f) potentially lifelines of humans mentioned, to visualize and remember who are contemporaries. 2) format 720x480 MPEG2 (DVD) 3) Program that assembles: a) MPG,JPG,WAV,TEXT b) according to text directions in records 1) order by ybn desc 2) some records are start or end text only 3) show specified images in equal or specified intervals 4) Image credits page 5) Other misc: a) include phylogeny (semi transparent?) b) for each major language, show alphabets, sample words? 6) possibly put music of times without describing in sound or text Planetary numbers: surface area of sphere= 4PIr^2 earth radius=6,378.135 km surface area=511,170,856 km 1 kilometer = 0.621371192 mile volume of sphere 4/3piR^3 volume of earth=1.087e21m^3 (40e9km^3) height of atmosphere up to 18km (planes), up to 50km weather balloon, 80km much less air/meteors, up to 690km shuttle, 800km end of any atmosphere height of tallest buildings possible 10km (tallest mountain) depth of crust 50-70km average earth-moon distance=385,000km total livable volume of earth, ground down: radius= vol[r=6,378km]- vol[r=6299(79k)km]= =1,086,749,240,587km3 - 1,046,864,868,622km3 = 39,884,371,965km3 ~40e9km3 of livable space connected to surface, at an absolute theoretical maximum estimate total livable volume of earth, connected to ground: radius= vol[r=6,388km]- vol[r=6308(80k)km]= =1,091,901,170,888 km3 - 1,051,389,567,239km3 = 40,511,603,649km3 ~40.5e9 km3 (40e18 m3) of livable space connected to surface, at an absolute theoretical maximum estimate crust+air=40e9 km3 [40e18 (pentillion) 40,000e15 (quadrillion)] entire earth=1e12km3 (1e21m3) -space each human requires: 10m^3 of living space, 10m^3 water (for human and food), 100m^3 (maybe 10 m^3?) food, each human requires 120m^3 (maybe as low as 30m^3) max population connected to earth= w/supplies on earth (120m3/human): 333e15 (quadrillion), [cur rate= 3650, develop rate=9200, average=5000] w/supplies imported (10m3): 4e18 (pentillion) humans physically, nothing else= @ 1m^3 = in surface: 40e18 pentillion (quintillion) dev=11200 ave=5800 cur=4100 entire earth: 1e21 sextillion http://www.google.http://www.google.com/com/ at some point the majority of food will be grown with non-star light/probably electric lights. Actually, in orbit might be in large part sun light. total space on and in crust: v=v(6378)-v(6308)= - 1,051,358,559,076km = 35,390,681,511 km ~35e9km of space from surface down DB CHANGES/NEW FIELDS ===================== 1) location: format of earth centered? star centered?...I think earth centered, or perhaps, even like "China", etc. maybe long/lat? Needs to be used to move from place to place on major map used to tell story. 2) add text-over field for photos (like names, dates..unless doing some other way, like human time line) 3) because adding history will make 30 minute story of ulsf more than 30 minutes, have to really rank stories with fractions, 0.00 or 1.00 being highest? May even have to go into four significant digits (2.3435). Then rank events according to highest priority, I then would have to compare science and history (mainly since universe, life, and future are at other times) events to decide which is most important. I can see this is coming, there is no other smarter way to order science and history events. it's tough to compare nonscience with science, but basically, any major non-science event would outweigh a science event that had less consequence on life. The value of the scientific find would have to clearly outweigh the importance of the nonscience event...again, since many things like war have negative or no value to me, it's going to be very tough. Actually, since the ULF events will be competing, all 5 have to weighed against each other, then just take the top however many to form 30 minutes, although basically U by default will all be included. 4) sources isbn field COOL IDEAS ========== key and lock with 3 layers of tumblers (3d key/3 layer key) | | | | | | might make picking with only two hands more difficult, but perhaps mechanical devices would be just as easy, but take more time. (in other words key has more than 1 pattern, has 1+ patterns aligned. But turning maybe problem? because one lifts, but falls back down by time of second column on key. STILL TO DO: ============ 1) go through from where I left off in life: a) add all wiki info, and images 2) go thru science a) add full info, and images b) separate famous people life events in more detail 3) estimate time from text 4) record audio? a) audio should be done all together, or with same settings 1) may have to record and rerecord a number of times 5) assemble earth image, video system, dump in jpgs? or avi to mpg? 6) sound1 ,sound2, sound3, etc - since different pieces will be playing in different parts - or perhaps sound1, sound2, field will have sound_number,start_time,end_time FUTURE ULSF CHANGES =================== 1) change delimiter from , to | for everything (photos may contain ,) Greek words to figure out how to pronounce: Lykeion NOTES FOR ULSF VIDEOS ===================== 1) one theory: try to make images follow chronological order - don't show any modern image - only contemporary images. Perhaps this isn't as good because its good to see a modern image of a moon or planet, or an element - but to show actual images and play contemporary music creates the historical context better. ===== person cannot be billed for involuntary hospitalization person can be billed for prison services for violent offense SCIENCE SUBJECTS ================ Astronomy Aviation Biology (Zoology, Botony, Genetics, Archaeology) Chemistry Clothing (textiles, armor?) Computer Construction (Architecture) (Engineering) (too abstract?) Health (Anatomy, Surgury, Medicine/Pharm) History Human rights Invention (too abstract?) Musical Composition Musical Instruments Physics (cosmology, particle, force theory) Robot Tools (invention?) Weapons (tools?) Justice/Government/Ethics/Fairness/democracy/human rights/honesty Atheism more possible: Particle Detection Particle Imaging ========== Cyril? converts Caesarion - see s47 =========== place: for ptolemy: Synesius writes that Ptolemy built an astrolabe.[s51 73] ============= Other learned female humans: Two Roman matrons: Chione and Gemina, were patrons of Plotinus in Rome; Gemina's daughter, also named Gemina was a student of Plotinus'. Another student of Plotinus', Amphiclea married the son of the philosopher Iamblichus; Porphyry's wife, Marcella, also demonstrated interest in philosophy. Arete, the woman philosopher, was in Iamblichus' circle. The best-known, most original, and influential woman philosopher was Sosipatra. Sosipatra lives in the first half of the fourth century, teaching philosophy in Pergamon [interesting that a female taught philosophy before hypatia, also pythag allowed females]. Eunapius includes a portrait of Sosipatra in his "Lives of the Philosophers and Sophists", although sadly combining Platonism and theurgy. Plutarch's daughter Asclepigeneia is also a philosopher, and Hypatia's contemporary and a master at the Athenian Academy. Plutarch taught Chaldean "magic" to Asclepigeneia, and she in turn teaches it to Proclus. Syrianus' successor as head of the Academy. daughter of Olympiodorus. Aedesia marries Neoplatonic philosopher. With Hermeias an appointed teacher in Alexandria on a salary from the city she has two sons, Ammonius and Heliodorus. After death of Hermeias, she moves to Athens. Ammonius is chair of philosophy for city. His students include Damascius. The story of St Catherine may have been based on Hypatia. [s51] =========== ?? Synesius, Bishop of Cyrene, who studied under Hypatia, for whom he has great respect and admiration, writes to his brother: "I shall gain not only this by my voyage to Athens, an escape from my present evils, but also a relief from doing reverence to the learning of those who come back from Athens. They differ in no wise from us ordinary mortals. They do not understand Aristotle and Plato more than we do, and yet they go among us as demi-gods among mules, because they have seen the Academy, the Lyceum and the Poecile [porch] where Zeon gave his lectures on philosophy. However the Poecile no longer deserves its name for the proconsul had taken away all the images, and has thus humiliated these men's pretensions [claim] to learning." [9 137] ========= 500? ce John Malalas reports: "several Greeks [that is pagans] were arrested and taken forcibly from place to place, and their books were burned in the Kynegion [where corpses and condemned are flung] [t kniga/knigi is book(s) in russian] and so were the images and statues of their miserable gods" [3] ========== 500? ce a palace library is opened, in the palaces of the emperor and patriarch. (Zosimus, III, 11, 3) [3] maybe written in 500, describes Julian making library around 361-363? ========= Thrasybulus was an Athenian general and democratic leader. ================== plutarch and seneca quotes on sun-centered s59 2930294 BOOKS TO BUY ============ LOEB isbn 0674991494 philostratis and eunapius (pagan antichristian) amazon new? $21.50 http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0674991494 eusebius 2 books $13 each The Later Roman Empire: A.D. 354-378 (Penguin Classics) (Paperback) by Ammianus Marcellinus, Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (Introduction), Walter Hamilton (Translator) $5 used nice to have one with latin too, 1940 loeb classics: volume one (Books 14-19, Loeb 300 $22/$15 0674993314) of Ammianus' superb Roman History, which eloquently covers, in fine detail, the events of the empire from AD 353-359. The following volumes, two (Books 20-26, Loeb 315 0674993489) and three (Books 27-31, Loeb 331 $22/15 0674993659), at bn too Plutarch - Platonicae quaestiones, mentions aristarchos, seleukos Seneca Naturalis questiones, talks about sun centered theory maybe later: Damascus: The Philosophical History $45 Seven Books of History Against the Pagans the Apology of Paulus Orosius by Paulus Orosius; Translated With Introduction And Notes By Irving Woodworth Raymond $140 or possibly: The Old English Orosius (Early English Text Society Supplementary S.) (Hardcover) by Paulus Orosius $63 Diogenes Laertius: Lives of Eminent Philosophers (Hardcover, 1925) book1 (#184) $20 0674992032 1938, book2 (#185) $20 0674992040 1925 online: http://www.brainfly.net/html/diogenes.htm http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl.html (also has greek names) http://classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/ Ancient Inventions (Paperback) $6 Engineering in the Ancient World, Revised Edition (Paperback) $6 Suda Lexicon [online] Origen "Against Celsus" $11 or $2pdf (but also with Greek) online at www.ccel.org Porphyry's Against the Christians: The Literary Remains $24 (Synesius, Calvitii Encomium, 6) can't find anywhere, but has the last report of people working the mouseion according to El-Abbadi. the greek is in the tlg. Found in 1930 book published at Oxford: "Synesius of Cyrene" translated by Livy 14 books each around $20 HISTORIES/HISTORIANS TO DOCUMENT Suidas Diogenes Laertius Herodotus (already a record?) early christian historians= 0) Eusebius 1) Hesychius of Miletus (Photius) 2) Philastorgius (Arian, history lost) 3) Philippus Sidetes 4) Socrates id1013 5) Sozomen, Hermias Sozomen 6) Theodoret Zosimus (non-christian) early 500s =========================================================== It appears clear that Hades is what eventually was called Hell, but Hades was simply the place for dead people, morality during life, to my knowledge had nothing to do with it, where later, Christians (and judeists?) made hell (hades) a place for evil people, and in turn heaven was a place for good people. originally in the hellenic and roman polytheistic religion, heaven was in the clouds and was were the gods were originally, but changed to a place where a single god was, and was relocated to some unknown part of the universe. check this. This is an important point lost like many because of the secrecy surrounding religion. ========================== idea: webpage, library, bookstore or other that has a field for "in the public domain: y/n", maybe a big list of all books (and eventually audio and film ... what like in the year 3000?) that are in the public domain. SCIENTISTS TO ADD ================= ASTRONOMY Timocharis Aristillus Cleomedes MATH Theon of Smyrna Dicaearchus (geography) Madhava_of_Sangamagrama historian aetius and heraclides of pontus report info about Seleucus CHEMISTRY Al-Razi Thomas Norton John Locke, Essay on Human Understanding (1690), all understanding through senses only. OTHER TO ADD IN SCIENCE ======================= mortar glass http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system bow drill, potter wheel, drop spindle, bow lathe (celtic jewelery),pole lathe (etruscans), spring-bow lathe, treadle lathe: http://homepages.tig.com.au/~dispater/turning.htm has sources for lathe Konrad Kyeser von Eichstätt's Bellifortis, a ca. 1400 book describing the military technology of the era Marquis de Sade (atheism, sexuality/physical pleasure,-violence) 1700s sex images http://www.ameanet.org/memberz/juliette/ use of stone tokens for counting and trade transition from stone tokens to clay tokens ~9000ybn first settlement, where hunter/gatherers settled because of agriculture. humans start to out number other species, and become far and away the most dominant species on earth sumer: first wheel (wheel turned pottery), library (stored texts), irrigation, school?, road, measuring units (standard sized bowls "ninda") [archaic bookkeeping] oldest seal, seals used to identify a person, seals stamped on a transaction identify that person as being involved with the transaction and in providing a guarentee.[archaic bookkeeping] any sumerian, akkadian/cuneiform writing about prostitution? sex? maybe in profession lists akkadian dictionary schools of ur iii king shulgi in ur and nippur [archaic bookkeeping 108] 2094-2047 bce first recording of belief in gods, sumerian gods, polytheist people: [archaic bookkeeping 26] the Sumerian divine name "Amar-utu" "Bull of the sun" appears in Akkadian as "Marduk" and so may have been pronounced /amarutuk/. t: notice utu=sun, author views language as possibly having long vowel sounds, which implies that all vowel sounds are short, which adheres to imhotep pronunciation, and so must be /uTu/ sumerian firsts (find age of actual tablets): earliest documenting of: prostitution (shows view of legal to pay for pleasure), first cosmogony/cosmology: *explanation of universe, *first astronomy record, *planets identified and described, *recording of time as 360 days in a year, which is why the heavens were divided in 360 degrees. The day and night have 3 watches, each watch 2 is hours, so a Sumerian day and night have 12 hours. Each hour is divided in 60 minutes, and each minute divided into 60 seconds. [ephemeris.com/history/mesopotamia.html] [t how did they count seconds?]. The day ended and a new began at sundown. *underworld/hell: where dead people go already established in early writing, adopted by Egyptians (have underworld too?) and Greeks (Hades). mechanical springs, tweezers, wrench, hammer, threaded screw, screw driver, nail, saw, drill, lathe, mill, gears, joints painters http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer food (preparation/composition, cooking devices) 629,650,1265,1261,590 -firsts from book -trace each letter and major sound (such as bitum which goes back all the way to akkadian cuneiform, since house is /e/ in sumerian) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berossus -It seems that knowledge of the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury (the moon and sun) are all known since the earliest written clay tablets. Verify, and if true make a record for earliest known identification of planets (as being different from stars). (Ninurta [Nin Ur]=possibly Saturn, Nergal=mars?, Dositheos, 240 bce astronomy, math in alexandria http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_papyri_by_date http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arab_scientists_and_scholars http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110316/hospital http://www.muslimheritage.com/day_life/default.cfm?yearlist=1&Oldpage=1&ArticleID=431 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_astronomical_maps%2C_catalogs%2C_and_surveys history of stopping violence (law, police, court system, leaders) Shen Kuo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_science http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_flying_machines http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_airplane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_atheism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_democracy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_feminism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_abolition http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historians (History_of_Historians Timeline_of_Historians) women without superstitution -archaeology Describe typical particle collisions, like reagents and products sources libraies in the ancient world [floor plan of pergamum library] gods, demons, and symbols of ancient mesopotamia (ill) Science and civilisation in Islam / by Seyyed Hossein Nasr ; with a preface by Giorgio de Santillana. The Rise of Modern Physics steam cars: http://www.forum-auto.com/automobiles-mythiques-exception/section5/sujet314913.htm ADD TO FUTURE: ============== 1) globular galaxies must search for matter for fuel and food since they are constantly losing photons, perhaps the patterns of empty space areas are volumes that have already been swept of all matter by globular galaxies. Perhaps the galaxies work in teams to optimize the clearing out, If they moved out in a sphere (perhaps the most optimal) clusters of globular galaxies would eventually meet and perhaps turn back around towards the center of the sphere where by then stray photons could have collected to form gas clouds and galaxies again. This might create a constant cycle of moving back and forth over billions of years, sweeping over one area and then going to the original area where photons emitted from stars had an opportunity to gather. 2) sending large masses near stars to draw off mass QUESTIONS FOR NICK AND MARIA ============================ greek spelling of names has upsilon instead of S, Y at end of word in Greek has S sound? Aristarchou? options: 1) meet in office 2) over lunch/dinner 3) over phone possible gifts: book of Greek/Roman author (porphyry, or kelsos) Maria: any goal of doing english translations at tlg? That might increase interest and subscribers. going to include latin? tll? There is a tll in Germany, but I couldn't access the text, and then I can't understand latin anyway, but I could see some of the spellings perhaps. was Greek spoken in Alexandria even after the Roman people conquered Egypt? For example, I see Synesius is written in Greek, presumably then, the major philosophers all wrote and spoke in Greek in Alexandria, even under Roman rule, until the Arab invasion? The Mouseion continued to be a "Greek thing"? Actually, probably many different languages there, but clearly, if a persons parent spoke Greek, the child probably did too, which was the case for most Greek people born in Alexandria, no doubt new immigrant humans came in from Rome speaking and writing Classical Latin and then Vulgar Latin from 100 CE on. Peoples names sometimes have S on end, but in other contexts do not. For example Socrates Scholasticus chapter title has Hypatias, but in the text refers to her as Hypatia. Which name was she actually refered to with? When people address her with "Yasoo Hypatias" or "Yasoo Hypatia" or some other greeting? A: This has to do with 4 (5 in ancient and old Greek up to a few decades ago) "cases": nominative, Genitive, Accusative, Vocative, and Dative. see http;//www.cogsci.indiana.edu/farg/harry/lan/grkgram.htm Maria: people copying text and putting on web, for example, distributing for free, is not for commercial use, is allowed? Clearly, quoting some text is fair use, true? wikipedia has the "H" did have the traditional breath sound in classic Greek is that true? for Hypatia and Hipparchos? Πρόκλος ὁ Διάδοχος Próklos ho Diádokhos? pronounce h in o? questions for arabic speaking person: akkadian is oKoDEeN? or oKeDEeN? canaanite is KeNeNIT or KeNoNIT or KoNoNIT cynic or kunikos FOR ARABIC SPEAKER: Raqqa zij (astronomical table) (ZEj?) Al-Khwarazmi (KWoRoZmE) the first a has bar over, different sound from second a? what is long and short a sound in arabic? is Q ever pronounced as in english kw or always k? example Abu Ya'qub. Ibn Rushd ibn sina PRONOUNCE? ========== French ======= Foucault = FUKo, FUKoL, FUKO LOST WORKS ========== Many lost texts testify to the Christian people's lack of interest and overall neglect in preserving books of the past, in particular non-christian works. Many may have been burned in 438 when they were deemed heretical by order of the Emperor Theodosius II in the Codex Theosianus. 1) Kelsos Altithis Logos, The True Word (or Account), many direct portions are preserved by Origen in (248 ce) "Contra Celsum" 70 years later. (178 ce) [wiki author claims that only 10% may be lost] 2) Porphyry (Malchus) c232-c304ce, Adversus Christianos (Against the Christians) in 15 books, only fragments remain. Counter-treatises were written by Eusebius of Caesarea, Apollinarius (or Apollinaris) of Laodicea, Methodius of Olympus, and Macarius of Magnesia, but all these are lost. 3) Julian Against the Galileans add overlay text fields (birth-death dates, greek name, etc.) COULD NOT PLACE: Plane (Roman Wood Plane c1 CE) brass (in China c1 CE) pergamum library (and scholars) ink hell comes from hellenic? there has to be some relation because people commonly refered to Hellas/Hellada (Greece) ... and I think this shows how 100% reversal of everything true, wise and good happened with the rise of the Christian (and Islamic and most if not all) religion, it's like a 100% magnetic reversal of good and evil. theos (or zeus the king of gods) (in Greek: theos close to zeus) in greek instead of an abstract term for gods is taken literally to mean the name of a single god as in Deus (Latin), Dios (Spanish), Dieu (French), (in modern dictory theos=God, but I think during polytheism it probably ment only "a god", check...possibly Plato talks about a singular God.) ISSUES ====== 1) Are pseudosciences part of the story of science. I am basically deciding that for this project, that yes they are. But I am not going to go into great length about any major pseudoscience or erroneous claims, other than much of psychology, phlogiston, earth centered, etc. the main stream erroneous theories. And then they are going to have weight of 3-5 for the most part. Is psychology part of health science? I am saying for now yes, because although the majority is fraud, like snake oil sales, is grouped with health. I suppose the science of estimating the future (through science and logic) would also include all the past pseudoscience preditions of psychics, from entrails, tarot, etc. 9/16/06 Interesting notes about Pliny's natural history that jupiter takes more days to complete a circle in the sky than the inner planets (we just dont hear things described this simply) and also says x days between eclipses. I'm not sure how correct these statements are, but it's interesting to hear that there are a certain number of days between eclipses. That eclipses are that easy to predict (no doubt there are adjustments needed because of water and other irregularities) 6 pagers Newton 5 pagers Galileo Michael Faraday 1/2/07 books to get: maxwell - how determines spped of light barkla - uses prism, diffraction for xray and fails? get images of experiments. laue - '', get images record on photographic plate of X-ray diffraction. moseley - are xrays absorbed then emitted or reflected? water rudolf hess: experiments with autonomic system of cats and dogs. Trumpler: most distant globular cluster light is red shifted or filtered? Siegbahn: X-ray spectra, X-rays can be separated using a prism. bell: anything about the thought-cam net edison: anything about thought-cam net (Hubble: believes in infinite universe or big bang? believes in expanding universe theory?) Bragg: 1915 report, how do they use X-rays to understand the arrangement of Sodium and Chlorine atoms? Edwin Armstrong: story of life, worked at columbia, ee, under Pupin, jumps out window in 1954 age 64. He must have heard thought, maybe he was going to tell? James Chadwick: how does he calculate the positive charge on the nuclei of various atoms? theories of atom before neutron. rutherford: what were the theories of the atom before the neutron. j.j.thomsen: theories of atom before nucleus, what voltage on cathode rays? accelerate protons? Davisson and George P. Thomson: electron diffraction that is similar to Laue's xray diffraction: [t wouldn't beams of photons and electrons diffract differently? What are these patterns like? what do they reveal? a claims they support De Broglie's theory] (Fizeau and Foucault: support wave or particle?) De Broglie: math of electron wave can interpret wavelength as space between electrons? Compton: nature of X-ray experiments with lowered frequency beams, math to explain lowering of photon energy. definition of photon. papers in journals: einstein 1905 (3), 19?? papers. eddington 1923 treatise on relativity. Planck: how are equations used? how can a quantum of energy translate to a single photon? Schrödinger: find simple examples of how wave function describes orbits of electrons in atoms, and spectral lines. ut it's interesting to hear that there are a certain number of days between eclipses. That eclipses are that easy to predict (no doubt there are adjustments needed because of water and other irregularities) 6 pagers Newton 5 pagers Galileo Michael Faraday 1/2/07 books to get: (roger bacon: opus magnus, and last work [after prison?] 1292: Klaus Kienzler, "Roger Bacon," BBK 8 (1994): 537-40 J. O. North, "Roger Bacon," LMA 7 (1994): 940-2 M. G. Hackett, "Bacon, Roger," DMA 2 (1983): 35-42 [has corpus/bibliograpy of bacon's many works, to see what his output was, which probably stopped in prison? Q: 1) duration of sentence(s), 2) books supressed/banned? ] Stegmüller, 5 (1955): 169-71) maxwell - how determines speed of light =The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell volume I & II ($40/each used) =Theory of Heat $17 =Matter and Motion $12 =A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Vol 1 and 2 $19 each (UCI QC518 .M47 1955) =Maxwell on heat and statistical mechanics barkla - uses prism, diffraction for xray and fails? get images of experiments. laue - '', get images record on photographic plate of X-ray diffraction. moseley - are xrays absorbed then emitted or reflected? water rudolf hess: experiments with autonomic system of cats and dogs. Trumpler: most distant globular cluster light is red shifted or filtered? Siegbahn: X-ray spectra, X-rays can be separated using a prism. bell: anything about the thought-cam net edison: anything about thought-cam net (Hubble: believes in infinite universe or big bang? believes in expanding universe theory?) Bragg: 1915 report, how do they use X-rays to understand the arrangement of Sodium and Chlorine atoms? Edwin Armstrong: story of life, worked at columbia, ee, under Pupin, jumps out window in 1954 age 64. He must have heard thought, maybe he was going to tell? James Chadwick: how does he calculate the positive charge on the nuclei of various atoms? theories of atom before neutron. rutherford: what were the theories of the atom before the neutron. j.j.thomsen: theories of atom before nucleus, what voltage on cathode rays? accelerate protons? Davisson and George P. Thomson: electron diffraction that is similar to Laue's xray diffraction: [t wouldn't beams of photons and electrons diffract differently? What are these patterns like? what do they reveal? a claims they support De Broglie's theory] (Fizeau and Foucault: support wave or particle?) De Broglie: math of electron wave can interpret wavelength as space between electrons? Compton: nature of X-ray experiments with lowered frequency beams, math to explain lowering of photon energy. definition of photon. einstein 1905 (3), 19?? papers. =The evolution of physics, from early concepts to relativity and quanta, by Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld. (1938) =The meaning of relativity (=The world as I see it.) (=The theory of relativity, and other essays) (=Relativity) =Field theories, old and new (=Essays in science.) (=Science and religion) (=The meaning of relativity; four lectures delivered at Princeton University, May, 1921, by Albert Einstein, with four diagrams.) (=The Militarization of America : a report / issued by Albert Einstein_ (=Ideas and Opinions) =Einstein's Miraculous Year: Five Papers That Changed the Face of Physics =The collected papers of Albert Einstein / Anna Beck, translator ; Peter Havas, consultant. eddington 1923 treatise on relativity. Planck: how are equations used? how can a quantum of energy translate to a single photon? =The Theory of Heat Radiation (not UCI) =Eight lectures on theoretical physics (UCB) =General mechanics, being volume I of "Introduction to theoretical physics" =Theory of light; being volume IV of "Introduction to theoretical physics," =Treatise on thermodynamics (not UCI) =Theory of heat =The universe in the light of modern physics [t interesting title] =Where is science going? / Max Planck ; with a preface by Albert Einstein =Scientific Autobiography, And Other Papers =Original Papers in Quantum Physics Schrödinger: find simple examples of how wave function describes orbits of electrons in atoms, and spectral lines. Newton (corpuscular theory of light) =Opticks : or, A treatise of the refelctions, refractions, inflections & colours of light Faraday (nature of experiments, how to reproduce experiments) Hertz (how to reproduce experiments) Dirac: views antimatter as electrical opposite? Is this just from the possibility of a similar mass with a negative charge? which masses does dirac identify as having electric opposites? Why not any combination of mass? Segre: nature of identifying technetium, antiproton. (Carl Anderson: tracts of particles) 1950 Goeppert-Mayer and Jenson book on the nucleus shells which describe why some atoms are stable and isotopes. Edward Mills Purcell/(F Bloch) determination of the nuclear magnetic moments of substances in the liquid and solid state. [t what is magnetic moment? is this momentum? how is this done? what is described by magnetic moment? how does NMR or MRI work?] Biot: 1915 and 1935 papers on rotation of plane of polarization of light.= which plane is the rotation around? Laplace: "Celestial Mechanics" translation, gradual acceleration of Jupiter and deceleration of Saturn, explanation is accurate? moon acceleration: depends on planet perturbations or eccentricity of Earth orbit? conservation of angular momentum true? [t what masses and how are masses estimated?] [t tough to find, is in libraries, vol5 remains in french curiously] Julius Plücker - philosophical magazine translations to english FAMOUS PAPERS (to get) ============= Augustin Jean Fresnel: 10/1815 Academy of sciences - but in French title: Ohm: 1826 issue of the Journal für Chemie und Physik, "Determination of the Law according to Which Metals Conduct Contact-electricity, Together with the Outlines of a Theory of the Voltaic Apparatus and of the Schweigger Multiplicator [Galvanoscope]." (1827, "The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically") Faraday: Experimental Researches in Electricity, 1832 (first transformer, induction) http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/nj9k0325310t0625/?p=7ce8d586dcba4758a58075d7846d66fe&pi=1 Lobachevsky: 1826,1829 "On the principles of geometry", in a minor Kazan periodical, first disproof of Euclid 5th (parallel) postulate. Henry: (self induction) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_Joseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3, 1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of Electricity from Magnetism | Julius Plücker Plücker institutes a long series of experiments the results of which are published in the (Poggendorff'S) "Annalen der Physik und Chemie" (vols. 103 to 116, 1858-62). Reprinted in Plücker's "Gesammelte wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen" (vol. 2, 475-656, 1896). The first five papers are promptly translated in the Philosophical Magazine (4th series, vols. 16 and 18, 1858-9) and an English summary of the whole series, up to that time, appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (vol. 10, 256-69, 1860). [The Discovery of X-Rays W. C. Rontgen; George Sarton Isis, Vol. 26, No. 2. (Mar., 1937), pp. 349-369. http://www.jstor.org/view/00211753/ap010040/01a00110/0 XRays_Rontgen_Sarton.pdf] (Doppler 1842, Concerning the Colored Light of Double Stars") PAPERS TO CHECK FOR BS ====================== Babinet - how diffraction patterns obtained, Babinet's principle=true for light and other waves? RENDER HTML SYMBOLS =================== x superscript x subscript http://htmlhelp.com/reference/html40/entities/symbols.html phi = Φ or φ square root sign= √ fractions: use
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≈ = asymptotic to 2007 April Record all Science events -Merge Asimov, Wiki, other sources --rank May Record all Science events -Merge Asimov, Wiki, other source --rank June Record all Future events -Project future estimates (see Excel file) --rank July -Put together 30 minute ULSF --record audio (level, reverb must be set) --build 3D earth ---altitude data+texture map --program to assemble video ---scene/script based August -1 hour ULSF September -2 hour ULSF October -4 hour ULSF? November -8 hour ULSF? December -Complete ULSF, archive -translate ULSF 30,120,(240) [typed and audio] --*Spanish, *Chinese, Russian, Indian, French, Arabic 2008 January -Robot -motor drive February -communication circuit March -balance April -walk --take outside?, find funding? May -follow Robot ideas: ============ Make like advanced personal computer. Doubles as computer. keyboard, screen, mouse shelf on chest? legs serve as table legs. Other hobbies: ============== make alternating key piano make long guitar make acetate record for scratching photograph from back of head photograph nudes Nature of Priorities: ===================== PRIORITY: 1 (30 min)=Most important advance, critical in the survival, development and exploration of humans 2 (1 hour)=Very important advance, very important to the survival, development and exploration of humans, more details about 1 events 3 (2 hours)=Important advance, important to survival, development, growth and exploration of humans, more details about 1 and 2 events 4 (4 hours)=More details about 1,2 and 3 events, somewhat important minor advances 5 (8 hours)=More details about 1,2,3 and 4 events, minor advances TEMP ====== If each sentences takes 10 seconds 6 records/minute 180 records=30 minutes 360 records=1 hour 720 records=2 hours 1440 records=4 hours 2880 records=8 hours --- 5760 records=16 hours 5 seconds/sentences 12 records/minute 360 records=30 minutes 720 records=1 hour 1440 records=2 hours 2880 records=4 hours 5760 records=8 hours ------ 11520 records=16 hours HIGHEST RANKED SCIENTISTS TOP SCIENTISTS BEST SCIENTISTS LIST OF SCIENTISTS WITH LARGEST CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE OF EARTH: ========================== 1) Isaac Newton a) equation of universal gratitation (1.) b) light as a particle theory (1.) c) calculus (fluxions) 2) Michael Faraday a) electric generator (1.) b) electric motor (1.) c) transformer/induction (1) d) laws of electrolysis e) faraday cage f) populizer of science through lectures 3) Galileo Galilei a) 1/2at^2 law of motion b) first to see moons of Jupiter Mijalo Pupin a) Seeing thought DP? a) Hearing thought CP a) Remotely moving muscles Humphry Davy: isolation of potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, calcium and magnesium, chlorine, first electric and arc-lamp, theorizes hydrogen makes acid, shows other gas besides oxygen supports combustion (chlorine). First to move an electric arc in air and in airless vacuum with a magnet (leads to CRT and television).[id2883] Galvani a) connects electricity to muscle movement (1) b) principle of electric battery (1) Otto von Guericke - first air pump, first static electricity generator Volta a) electric battery (1) Fraunhofer - understands each substance emits specific spectrum, diffraction grating, spectroscope, relates wavelength (photon interval) to refraction index of spectral lines Foucault: gas absorbs and emits light of the same frequencies(2), light is slower in water than air, speed of light (Fizeau first), experimental proof of daily rotation arond axis of earth, gyroscope. Aristarchos a) first to understand sun-centered theory Eritosthenes a) first to understand size of earth Thomas Edison a) distribution of electricity b) distribution of sound recording and playing back device (phonograph) c) distribution of moving images captured, stored and played back devices and shows (d) asyncronous photon communication system) Charles Townes a) maser Da Vinci a) tank Archimedes a) Ctesibios a) first steam engine Darwin a) theory of evolution Lavoisier a) components of atmosphere b) oxygen combustion Descartes a) cartesian plane Leeuwenhoek a) describing first bacteria b) describing first protist Aristoteles Thomas Young: first diffraction grating (Boyle noticed scratches reflect colored light), theory of light interference, first to calculate photon interval of light, proves that interference can be used to measure photon interval Phillip Reiss - first public microphone, telephone, speaker (that plays sound in electronic form) Leon Scott-records sound (weber may have been earlier) Edison - plays back recorded sounds Ramsay - 5 new elements, all inert gases, identified other ideas: largest contribution to atheism: john lennon, richard dawkins, Thomas Jefferson/Ben Franklin/John Adams to popularizing science: carl sagan, largest contribution against violence/to stopping violence: largest contribution to sex/sexual rights: for each subject: physics: chemistry:Davy, Gay-Lussac, kaw of combining volumes, avogadro health: invention: biology: astronomy: vehicles: history: Ernest Rutherford: determines difference between alpha and beta particles, first transmutation, cosmology, engineering, NEED PORTRAITS OF: (William Hooke) Thomas Newcomen Guillaume Amontons Francis Hauksbee Girolamo Saccheri (CE 1667-1733) LIST OF CONFLICTING ACCOUNTS OF SCIENCE HISTORY: SOURCES WRONGLY VIEW AS MINOR OR IGNORE ALTOGETHER 1) Newton supports light as particle theory 2) Discovery of coloumb's law (for example Coulomb's papers are not separately published in English) 3) minor: Herschel publishes 3 catalogs with around 2500 "nebulae" unknown before then (Messier had identified only 100). 4) First determination of cycles per second of sound. maybe Marin Mersenne in 1637 [id1660] of Robert Hooke in July 1664 [id2328] Image COPYRIGHTS: http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/hst/scientific-identity/index.htm "Smithsonian Libraries provides free and open access to its digital images and the images may be freely downloaded for personal, research and study purposes only." [t I think ULSF as a free video and noncommercial scientific research qualifies for being freely downloaded. There is no comment on displaying on web pages or in web or public access videos.] IMPORTANT TRANSITIONS: 1) science as hobby by wealthy to science as active daily experiment by teachers at universities (scribe schools, 500bce, 1200s Bacon,1600s and after) 2) science as public education for all versus science as secret for a powerful elite few (math tricks as military secrets,1910 Pupin electronics, telegraph/telephone) Scale of importance: 1: on the scale of the universe (basics of evolution, critical science/invention/achievement) 2: on the scale of evolutionary importance 3: lasting evolutionary change, major life defining science 4: important evolution and science events 5: least important, but still informative and helpful, important context and details of 1-4 events. 4.7 4.8 step up from lowest science without being trivia, more than just barely visible 4.9 lowest science without being trivia, just barely visible 5.0 science, but sound more like trivia 5.5 related to science, context 5.9: non-science biographical info about scientist License types GNU, PD, COPYRIGHTED. CeCILL GOOD BOOKS =========== http://books.google.com/books?id=hts4AAAAMAAJ Elementary Treatise on Electric Batteries: From the French of Alfred Niaudet . By Alfred Niaudet http://books.google.com/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=%22first+telegraph%22+in+india&source=web&ots=qH9PjDd-M7&sig=pYWKE1I6QDfo5Ts10ggKkXnKZgM#PPA142,M1 The Worldwide History of Telecommunications By Anton A. Huurdeman TO READ: ======== All of Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity" (30 series) Faraday's laws of electrolysis The Chemistry of the Sun By Norman Lockyer (story of Fraunhofer lines and later development) IMPORTANT SCIENCE POINTS TO EXPLORE VERIFY =========================================== 1) E= Sum (from i) Ke * qi/ri^2 * ^ri [The Mechanical Universe, show 29, The Electric Field, 12:58] f=qE, so the view is that the electric force is proportional to both electric charges, and the same is for the gravitational force, however, as applied in my simulation, I neglect the mass of the particle in question - so that only the other masses are relative - is this the same for determining electrical acceleration? I guess since F=ma, the force is coupled with mass, and so F/m results in the acceleration and there for both m1 and q1 are cancelled out for acceleration. Which is interesting that charge and mass does not affect acceleration...it might seem unintuitive but yet is true. There is also the idea that the important model is the idea of a mass occupying a single 3D space, any use of "center of mass" is not 100% accurate. This view of particles of light, all having mass=1 and occupying a volume of 1 cubic unit of space is the model I think is most likely. Also, interesting that the view expressed is that the "field" itself is the summation of all forces at some point. An important point is that the magnetic law (Coulomb?) is only for magnetic poles, not necessarily centers of mass, or an entire magnet since, for example, a bar magnet has two poles, each that reflect an inverse square attraction on pieces of metal. Also, the electric force does not apply to all pieces of matter, only specific metals (in fact possibly only iron, some ceramics, is iron a requirement?). 2) [t Show video that shows how given different masses, from a distant view, the gravitational constant might look larger, but in reality, it is the result of groupings of mass and/or collision. Interesting that at some distance some point cannot be seen although in 3D modeling this point is usually not acknowledged or perhaps is as a positive z clip - actually, but should be more like a magnification point/object clip. This is a clip not of distance but of scale. Using this principle, a magnetic field might appear invisible, but be occupied by atoms, or other particles, so larger objects appear to be repelled or attracted because of the movement or shape of physical, although invisible structure.] 3) When did health care become unconsensual, was it always? and the prediction as to when that will be stopped. MECHANICAL UNIVERSE NOTES ========================= Chapter 29: The Electric Field: 03:00: implications about lasers that cut: "The machine would be devastatingly dangerous; it could rip all of us to shreds" Chapter 34 Magnetism 13:00 The Earth's magnetic field (originally thought the dipole field extended indefinitely) is confined in the solar direction from the solar wind, from the Sun that impinges on it continuously, confines it to a distance of on order of 40k km, in opposite direction, tail direction, it extends for millions of km as far as is known.[t So clearly photons, electrons or protons can limit field - perhaps more powerful field can simply overpower another field, but what is happening then? Earth stops Solar magnetic field] 13:50 magnetic flux, Gauss' law. 16:15 The magnetic field (flux) is from the flow of large scale electric currents deep within the Earth, there are other componenets, but the dipole field is produced by this current. Its somehow related to the motion of the molten materials, in deep interior molten nickel and iron. 20:00 charged particles spiral (lines of force are straight but also helical) but they say Lorentz force. how earth magnetic field protects from particles from Sun, promotes life, venus no field (possible reason for no life?) 24:50 everything about "shadowy figure", "theres a letter that he wrote". possible sturgis was illiterate? Chapter 35 magnetic field 3:00 "you might remember": possibly when outsiders are in control, similar retribution for abuses done to them? 9:35 electric field around wire 11:00 circular lines as result of inverse distance, definition of dipole (pole) 12:00 solonoid bent into circle, torroid has no magnetic field is contained completely inside the windings, there are no field lines outside at all. [t that seem unlikely] 13:50 said nicely: ampere asked if a current carrying wire exerts a force on a magnet, would it exert a force on another current carrying wire? To answer the question consider the facts. A flowing current produces a magnetic field [t electric field], and a magnetic field applies a force to a moving electric charge. Therefore, since an electric current is nothing but moving electric charges, it follows then that flowing electric currents apply magnetic forces to each other. Currents flowing in the same direction attract each other, currents flowing in opposite directions repel each other. In fact the unit of electric current is defined in terms of the force between two wires. ... Ampere created electrodynamics, the theory that magnetism is electricity in motion. It was a a promising theory that could explain the magnetic fields of straight wires, loops, or even a torroid. but what about the field of a bar magnet? Here too mpere hasd the right idea, that there must be currents inside the magnet itself. He imagined that each atom of a magnetic material must have a circulating electric charge that produces a magnetic field. And in fact the spinning Earth has circulating electric charges in its core which creates the magnetic field that attracts a compass needle. Therefore the force that causes the needle on a compass to always point north is the same as the force between two curent carrying wires. But puttin ghtat force to work often requires patience and accuracy." Examining the difference between Ampere and Faraday+Maxwell which may imply a light particle versus light wave paradigm. [t I actually detect a resistance in an alnico magnet of 0 ohms, and even possibly -0.1 ohm which means that possibly there is some curent source in a permanent magnet that is stronger than in the ohmmeter. But even at 0.001 ohms or whatever, that means that there is little resistance in a permanent magnet. Just judging from electromagnets, the current seems like it must be large to exhibit the kind of powerful, fast acting force on the magnet needle, possibly more than 1 amp, but perhaps a very low voltage difference like .01V difference, but because resistance is like .001 even a voltage of .001V could produce 1Amp of current. It implies that the longer the magnet, the weaker since the .001V difference is spread between a larger space implying larger resistance, but maybe the resistance difference is none or the same everywhere. Possibly a larger quantity of atoms creates a larger voltage differential?] 19:00 electron moving in complete circle does not work, and so no work is done if a charge is moved around any closed path, therefore return to same point the change in electric potential is always zero, therefore the line integral of the electric field around any closed path is always 0. W (changeV)=-intE*dr =0 magnetic fields are different. The current in a straight wire creates circles of constant magnetic field. And since the field is constant on each circle, the line integral on each one is easily calculated. it's equal to a constant times the current in the wire. lineIntB*dr=muonotI. The answer is the same for any circle around the wire, and for that matter, around any path around the wire. The line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path is always equal to muo not times the total current that threads through the path. This is called Ampere's law and its one of the fundamental equations of magnetism. [t isnt B, E?] And plays an important part in the work of Maxwell. 20:20 line integral B*dr=munotI (ampere's law), fundamental equation of magnetism, line integral (in any closed path) 21:20 ***difference between magnetic and electrical: 21:00 1) the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed path equals mu not times the electric current threading through the path: mag field=> lineint B * dr = munotI (amp) 2) but for electric fields the line integral around any path is always zero: elec field=>lineint E * dr = 0 3) the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge inside divided by epsilon not elec flux=> closedint E * dA = q/enot (gauss) 4) but the magnetic flux through any closed surface is always 0 mag flux thru any closed surface =0 => closedint B*da = 0 (gauss) I think the idea of electric or magnetic flux is probably equivalent to electric current, a field is probably a quantity of particles (density of particles over some volume or area) I replace electric field for magnetic field above (1). Interesting and important that an integral is basically a summation, for example of a line (2d) into a circle (area, 2d), or sphere (volume, 3d) (gauss=elec and mag flux+lines of force faraday+amp theory) 21:40 difference between magnetic and electric field "that idea was immediately shot down in flames" *-another point can't remember "dont take any wooden magnets" - possibly a permanent magnet can be made by wiring a complete circuit of insulated wire around a cylinder of wood, completing the circuit through a hole in the center to the other side. Perhaps inducing a current circles constantly until dissipating as heat. (Maybe iron with insulated wire) Interesting that measuring a current perhaps loses more current than simply moving some object with the electric field. *It seems that even a needle deflected by a magnetic field is measuring the strength of a current. Is a static charge the same as a magnetic pole? how are they different? How is a static charge pole different from a magnetic pole (permanent or electromagnetic) same: 1) both cause an opposite reaction in nearby metal (permanent magnet metals only?) 2) both have attractive and repulsive force on metals 3) both attract iron filings into lines of force (verify) EX: put metal filings around a single , and two opposite and same static charges EX: Show metal filing lines of force for electromagnet different: 1) static charge discharges through human touch, magnet pole stays even when human touches a) posible explanations: resistance of human lower, difference in voltage between static and earth higher than in magnet. Q: is there a way to draw off the charge of a permanent magnet in a spark like a static charge? Perhaps by finding some substance with a lower resistance, or higher voltage differential. Perhaps a very high positive charge? -10000v? static charge does not have lines of force? static charge does not have force? - does repel opposite charge chapter 36 - vector fields and hydrodynamics ========== 8:00 view that the pattern of directions taken by a charged particle or magnetic needle, suggests to me that even if particulate, the value of field math although a generalization may be a simplification for describing the gravitational (or other force of) numerous particles at one time. 12:00 flux defined (for water, the total amount of water passing through a given area in a given amount of time). I would call this density of particles moving per area per second (in some sense the strength of a field). 14:00 flux out of a closed surface, for example sphere, quantity of water flows in and out is equal, 1) Because water is not created or destroyed inside. In water flux out of closed surface is always 0. 2) The same is true in the case of magnetism. (magnet is shown emitting out of sphere) neither can radiate outward from a point in space, but that is precisely what electric flux does, radiate outward from a point in space. electric flux is like the flux of sunlight. The total flux of light from a closed surface is proportional to the light source inside.Sun creates a flux of light, much the same way an electric charge creates a flux in the electric field. [t So photons are not emitted from magnetic fields? I find that hard to believe - clearly if defined by current, photons must be emitted. An electric field and magnetic field, in terms of measurable strength, can be measured by the movement of a magnet, but also from photons emitted. Even a permanent magnet, if made by current, would emit photons. So one question: What frequencies of light does a permanent magnet emit, does a magnet emit more photons (for example is warmer) than non-magnetic material of similar structure?] One way to detect if magnet field is electrons which seems logical, do permanent magnets illuminate phosphorus screen? perhaps need to be in vacuum, perhaps diretly exposed, may not work through glass. Can they be accelerated off a magnet with a high voltage differential? 3) But the electric flux is different from that of water and magnetism, there can be an electric flux out of a closed surface, according to gauss;s law its proportional to the net electric charge inside. 17:00 this is tough to follow. 1) water can be set in motion by stirring, starts at walls and moves inward. 2) Another happens when somebody pulls the plug, a new pattern develops, its called vortex flow, its extremely stable, almost impossible to stop once started. [t So the view is that a vortex can be started by at least 2 methods- from the side or from the center. - my view is that atoms must fall in clockwise order. ] hurricaine, bath, mass of air has special motion, circulation. Circulation leads to a vortex. When plug is first pulled, water falls down and is replaced by water farther out. That water circulating more rapidly, conserves angular momentum as it moves inward. mass*distance from center*speed is conserved for each piece of water. As it gets closer, each particle or water moves faster and faster. (equation) v=L/m * 1/R*theta_vector This is the same form as the magnetic field of a current carrying water. In vortex, vectors equal velocity of fluid. In magnetism the vectors equal strength of field. [t not velocity and/or density of electrons?] 21:00 important point: they basically state that a magnet is the equivalent of a water vortex, where water is electric current spiralling into the pole. They are mathematically the same. 22:00 important: all electric, magnetic, or the flow of waters, and vector field can be described by 2 quantities: its line integral and its flux. for each type of field: can it circulate? 2) can it flow radially to and from a point? for magnetic and electric fields that are constant in time, magnetic fields circulate but never converge to a point, electric fields radiate from point charges but never circulate. 23:00 24:00 energy/volume, energy density,energy per unit volume water) energy/volume=1.2pv^2 electric field) energy/volume 1/2e0E^2 at each point magnetic field) energy per unit volume 1/2 1/m0 B^2 at each point [t in this case energy is like a volume of mass times velocity [momentum] of a single particle) [t the sum total of all the mass and velocity over a 2D area or 3D volume) chapter 37 electromagnetic induction ================== after oersted for 12 years nobody could produce electricity from magnetism (but all of them tried) [t possibly hinting sarcasm about the british waited 10 years to announce Faraday's work while Pupin's has been 90 years?] 9:00 magnetic fields apply forces to electric charges but only if the electric charges are in motion. (and depends on sign of the charge) F=qv x B just moving a wire through an electric field causes a current to flow loop of wire around a cylinder magnet, current flows one way when loop moves upward and the other way when the loop moves downward, (and equally if magnet moves relative to loop) any method of changing the magnetic field through a circuit will make a current flow. 11:30 induction explained by magnetic flux change in flux causes current to flow as if driven by a voltage dFlux=B.dA, Iflux=SSB.dA (SS=double integral, 2D?) E=-dFlux/dt this is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction that voltage called the electromotive force e is = minus the rate of change of magnetic flux through the loop, thats called Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction 15:00 Lenz's law 17:50 self induction, an electric current in any circuit, creates a magnetic field which, whenever it changes induces a current in the same circuit that opposes the change. This phenomeon is called self induction. The effect of self induction is larger in a coil of many turns, called a solinoid, precisely because it loops many times around the changing flux. That's why a solinoid is used as a symbol of self inductance in an electric circuit, where an inductor may be an element like a resistor or a capacitor. Current increasing in an inductor causes an opposing electromotive force according to Faraday's law. And since the flux is proportional to the current that creates it, that electromotive force is equal to minus a constant L times the rate of change of current. L is called the inductance of the circuit element. An inductor opposes and slows down the build up of current in a circuit, while a resistor may cause the current to decay by dissipating energy. E=-dP/dI dI/dT, E=-LdI/dT, L=dP/dI 20:00 magnetic fields circulate but never converge to a point. Electric fields converge to a point but never circulate. The line integral of an electrostatic field around any closed path is always equal to zero. dV=-SE.dr (S=integral) But when the magnetic flux through a loop changes with time, it creates an electromotive force around the loop. And that electromotive force is due to an electric field whose line integral is not equal to zero. E=SE.dr=-d/dt SSB.dA (first S has circle) Voltage equals integral of electric field over a radium equals the negative derivative of the magnetic field twice integrated (once for each dimension) over a two dimensional area. In other words there is a way to make electric fields circulate after all, and its accomplished by changing the magnetic flux. end I dont understand solenoid to torroid, and magnetic field around torroid and solinoid aluminum ring flies into air: dont understand how that happens Chapter 38 alternating current What about possibility of direct current at high voltage transmitted, then bring it down at stations using 9:30 kirchoff's laws for ac E=E0sinwt=LdI/dt + q/C electric potential is equal to voltage drops around circuit the result is a differential equation that can be writen F0sinwt=md2x/dt2+kx (same as spring) Vc=1/C q - when a capacitor starts to charge, the capacitor creates a voltage that opposes the charge just as a spring opposes compression or expansion F=kx for an inductor when a voltage is applied to an inductor, it takes a while to get the current moving or to stop it again, so an inductor opposes change in current in the same way the inertial mass on a spring opposes change in velocity. Vl=L d2q/dt2 F=m d2x/dt2 Chpater 39 Maxwell's Laws 10:36 speed of waves in faraday's lines of force Chapter 40 Light explanation that electric and magnetic field friction causes light waves view that in the long run the wave theory of light is correct 2:00 its possible to detect an electric field and magnetic field if an electrical charge in space and it feels a force than there is an electric field present [t how? if an electric charge is moving and it feels a force due to its motion than there's a magnetic field present [t this must be the same as an electric field - viewing the field around a current as an electric field. The only other electric field I can think of is a static electric field.] what happens when the electric and magnet fields are disturbed? A disturbance in an electric field disturbs the magnetic field, which in turn disturbs the electric field again, energy sloshes back and forth between the two fields and the whole disturbance propagates along at a speed which is one of the fundamental constants of nature. In principle that disturbance can be detected in the same way that we detected the field itself, by means of an electric charge. Fortunately we don't always have to detect disturbances in that way, because we come equipped with built-in detectors of disturbances in the electromagnetic field, they're called eyes. [t The problem is that there is no charge to light itself, and if the view is that a light beam itself is is composed of an electric and magnetic field, clearly none (no charged particles) have ever been detected in light beams. Perhaps some other view that photons/light is the product of electromagnetic disturbance and then travels on its own, but clearly that is not Maxwell's claim. Again I doubt it. My feeling is that gravity, occupation and collision are responsible for electrism. But there is no definitive obvious proof of either claim yet.] 8:30 light made of particles in following law of inertia, travel through empty space in straight lines. For Newton refraction of bending of light by matter could be explained by the gravitational attraction by light and matter. but at same time opposing view arose in holland christaan huygens, rather than particles or corpuscles, light was made up of waves, and in long run his idea would be seen as the correct one. 13:00 an oscillating electric charge creates waves that propagate along the lines of force at the speed of light. These ripples are transverse waves in the electric field, propagating in wave fronts that become flatter and flatter farther from the wave source, coming more and more to resemble the plane parallel wave fronts, that are called "plane waves". As the wave fronts pass through each point in space the electric field vector oscillates up and down, marking the passage of peaks and valleys of the propagating wave. Thus an oscillating electric charge is indeed the source of outward spreading ripples in the electromagnetic field. It took james clerk maxwell's theory to explain the nature of light, and to project the image of the electromagnetic spectrum as a whole. 14:50 Huygens wave theory 1801 Young, wave interference 16:20 two slits Chapter 41 Michelson 15:00 michelson experiment, light circle in intereference pattern from constructive if the two beams arrived in a tie, for example, constructive interference would make a bright spot at the center of the pattern. But if one beam arrived slightly ahead of the other, destructive interference could make the center dark. In other words the effect of motion through the aether would be seen in the shift of the interference fringes as the instrument was rotated. 18:30 G F Fitzgerad, Europe's most distinguished physicist: H A Lorentz, 1899 the great french mathematician Henry Poincare examined the results obtained by Michelson and Morley, he offered a general explanation, calling it the "principle of relativity". The idea behind it is that absolute motion will never be detected in the laboratory. There must arise an entirely new kind of dynamics, he said. Poicare was right. [t All of this fails to mention that Fitzgerald's math was made to save the ether wave theory for light] velocity of light same no matter velocity of source [t does not address effect of gravity on velocity of light particles, with light as matter, ie Pound-Rebka experiment.] Many movies of Michelson story of relativity 1) restore the principle of relativity 2) believe that the speed of light is the same to all observers regardless of their state of motion [t no ether] Michelson for the rest of life didn't believe the results of his own experiment Einstein in 1905 never even heard of the Michelson-Morley experiment Chapter 42 The Lorentz Transformation 6:30 Lorentz still believed in the aether Lorentz says person traveling at nearly the speed of light would still observe light moving at 3e8m/s 11:30 Poincare shied away from examining the consequences but Lorentz developed the equations needed to show precisely how much rulers would have to contract and clocks would have to slow down when they were in motion [t relative to an observer] 12:50 The relativity of time is derived from the right triangle formed by the distances traveled. The Pythagorean theorem shows that the path of the moving light is longer than the distance between the mirrors by the factor of 1/(1-v^2/c^2)^1/2 (triangle on one leg: v*deltat on other leg c*deltat) This quantity occurs so often in relativity that it is given its own letter, the greek letter gamma 16:05 replace old Galilean transformations In Galilean relativity the position of a point x' in a moving frame is related to its coordinate in a fixed frame by x-vt. Lorentz found that for the new relativity this must be multiplied by the factor gamma, thats the relativity in the direction of motion. x'=x-vt (Galilean) x'=gamma(x-vt) (Lorentz) (in direction of motion) y'=y z'=z t'=gamma(t-vx/ct^2) together these equations are the Lorentz transformation 25:00 equations first derived by lorentz einstein arrived at same equations but from a completely different direction Lorentz used the equations to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment While Einstein's goal was to establish relativity as a fundamental and universal principle for all of physics. For Lorentz the constant speed of light for all observers was a mere appeareance. For einstein this constant spee was a principle from which all else should be derived. Lorentz was perhaps the last classical physicist. Episode 43: velocity and time what happens is a current flows through a wire, that means the electric charges inside of the wire are set in motion which means that something applied a force to them. And we know what applies forces to electric charges, the force on the electric charge can either be equal to: F=qE + qV x B (can be charge (q) times electric field (E) or it can be the charge (q) times the velocity of the charge, crossed into the magnetic field, that would also make the charge move). first posibility - moving bar magnet past wire: the charges in loop are not in motion, can't be magnetic field half of equation second explanation - hold bar magnet station, move loop, no moving magnet, no changing magnetic field, but instead the charges in the loop are moving because I'm moving the whole loop, they have the velocity V, and this velocity crossed into the magnetic field of the bar magnet gives us a force that causes the current to flow. so this part is the qV X B part. two distinct completely different phenomenon with two different phenomena. 7:40 "And in physics the explanation of the problem starts with time dilation." 11:00 begins complex time dilation problem 15:00 adding velcities veloxcity transformation Ux= (u'x+v)/((1+vu'x)/c^2) Uy= U'y/(gamma*((1+vu'x)/c^2)) Uz= U'z/(gamma*((1+vu'x)/c^2)) 16:00 tests of relativity Decay of cosmic Ray muo mesons David Frish, MIT and Dr James Smith of U of Illinois radioactive subatomic particle muo meson lab experiments show that muo mesons distintigrate "naturally" after an average life of only 2 millionths of a second. Even at near speed of light, should not go far. only 27/hour should get to bottom, but find 412/hour. 568 muon/hour at top of mount washington. explanation is: 1) decay of cosmic ray mu mesons a) travel straight down - seems unlikely, some may have angles b) created at top of atmophere, not all at same point, gas atmosphere varies in depth c) created at top of atmosphere, no matter created, must be some other matter from more distant, or a piece, the product of a collision d) what is velocity of muons in lab experiments? e) could be from other source f) was decay in vacuum? perhaps air particles slow decay Episode 44 Mass Momentum and Energy 6:42 nothing until here 14:05 what is mass and how can it change with speed. [t I reject the idea that matter is ever created or destroyed, and by no, after 100 years of Pupin, this is likely known by most insiders, and just peddled to the public.] 16:30 mass is relative to how fast it is moving [t relative to all observers] 19:00 ion never reaches speed of light [t alternatively this may be possibly explained by collisions with photons] 20:20 pushing a body increases its momentum not onlky be increasing its velocity but by increasing its mass. 21:20 K= integral of force W= S Fdx (from x0 to x1) that work turns into the body's kinetic energy Force changes momentum F=dp/dt p=mv/ (1 - v^2/c^2)^1/2 K= intc dp p= m0v/1 derivation of e=mc^2 Episode 45: Temperature and Gas Laws 3:50 possible hint about different technology: taste and touch 6:46 Pressure=Force/Area [t not F/V?] 8:30 The mass on top of the gas shows how large the pressure is 10:50 gas laws (Newton theory of gases wrong) Joule Maxwell and Boltzmann in modern terms the pressure in a gas is proportional to the number of molecules and inversely proportional to the volume, and its also proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecule. By applying Newton's laws of motion to the individual gas molecules, they found that the constant of proportionality is simply 2/3. P ~ (N/V) Kbar P = 2/3 (N/V) Kbar (N=number of molecules) PV=2/3NKbar 11:30 in the 1600s when the dividing line was thin indeed between science and witchcraft. 13:00 boyle's law, at a fixed temperature, the product of the pressure and the volume of a gas is nearly constant. As long as the temperaure of a sample of gas remains unchanged, the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. The experimental equation PV=constant is known as Boyle's law. PV=2/3NKbar (Kbar= average kinetic energy per molecule) PV= is proportional to the total kinetic energy of all the molecules in a gas, that kinetic energy is a form of heat. 14:00 Charles. Charles discussed his lofty but unpublished discovery with gas-lussac, who publishes his own work reveals absolute 0 - gas with no size kelvin 18:00 "fixes the whole kelvin temperature scale" [t hint at corruption of elections?] 21:30 ideal gas law PV=NkT 23:30 Roemer scale and how fahrenheit was not a scientist but saw a future in science instrument making, and visited Roemer to calibrate his thermometer. roemer uses freezing and human body temperature. fahrenheit to avoid fractions multiplied by 4. Then more convenient to have 64 degrees instead of 60, 64 canbe divided in half six times to have 1 degree markings. 32degrees to 96 (64 degrees difference). Measures boiling point of water 212 degrees. 212 was later used for boiling point and the others shifted. Episode 46 - Engine of Nature around 1800 frenchman lazar carnot, so effective, known as organizer of victory of french wars of revolution, sadie carnot, assassinated nicholas sadie carnot "sadie" (son of lazar) - steam engines steam engines, locomotive, cut wood, churn butter, weave fabric james watt condensor - cool steam outside engine 8:30 steam engine explained 10:: asked not...reference to JFK famous speech 11:30 priestley tries to solve problem of combustion, fire itself, and the related problem of metals rusting. Prestley was a chemist and his solution was of course, a fluid, phlogiston, a subtle weightless fluid, that light electricity, combined with ordinary matter to make metals, and escpad when metal rusted. Another problem was heat, which like a fluid, second law of thermodynamics 13:00 "no machine or combination of machines can ever have the effect of making more heat run up to high temperature than down to low temperature" (second law of thermodynamics) carnot realized that a water wheel running backwards can be used to lift water uphill, ... but he knew that the combined machine could never raise more water up hill than was flowing down hill. applied to heat instead of water. 14:30 In an ordinary engine: higher temperature heat flows in, work is done, and heat flows out at lower temperature. Carnot imagined an engine that could work in reverse, heat would flow in at low temperature, with the help of work supplied outside, and heat would be deposited at high temperature. There's a name for a machine that works that way, it's called a refrigerator. A refrigerator, with the help of a motor, removes heat where its already cold, and deposits heat at higher temperature outside of itself. 17:30 heat flows from a hot source to a cold cylinder, and from a hot cylinder into a cold "source". But hot cannot flow into a hot cylinder, nor cold into a cold cylinder. confusing graphic examples, but brings to mind: second law of thermo related idea that universe gets colder false, as violation of conservation of matter and velocity, which states that any escaping heat is only heating some other volume of space in the universe- the average temperature in the universe is always a constant. I guess, based on that idea, an engine might send heat into one volume (with a deficit of heat), and then the heat escapes to a second area (again with a deficit of heat compared to chamber or volume 1), and then escapes back to the first volume/chamber (now with less heat after losing its heat to volume/chamber 2) back and forth indefinitely (instead of simply evening out). It's like capturing every photon from a star - heat emits in a sphere and so perhaps a constantly enclosed-enclosing system could capture much of the emitted heat. It takes time for photons to emit as heat, which makes this engine probably too slow, and probably heat is lost by the outer chamber at the same rate. 24:00 e=W/Qi, the work done is simply the difference between the heat in and the heat out. Qo/Qi = To/Ti clausius something is conserved in an ideal engine, that something is not energy, not the conservation of energy, but rather the ratio of the energy in, or heat in, to the temperature at which it goes in. clausius gave a name to that conserved quantity, he called it "entropy" our view of the fate of the universe is based on the principle that came out of clausius' analysis of carnot's work, the principle of entropy. [t again, the idea of a universe getting colder is a violation of conservation of matter and velocity and so probably untrue. expanding theory-entropy linked?] Episode 47: Entropy "In a world of constant shortages, one quantity remains in abundent supply, it's called 'entropy'" 4 laws of thermodynamics 0th law temperature makes sense 1st law conservation of energy 2nd law the entropy principle 3rd law - temperature so low that it can never be reached 5:00 potentia; chat about high members of society meeting - possible hints about secret spupin-townes society 12:40 given a difference in temperature, a high temp Ti and a low temp To, Carnot designed a perfect extraction. the carnot engine takes in heat Qi at the high temp turnms some into work W and expels the rest as Qo as heat at the lower temperature. clausius and kelvin 18:50 the state of equilibrium is the state of maximum entropy. 17:00 equation if heat flows out of a body at temperature T, the entropy of the body decreases by Q/T. If heat flows in at temperature T the body's temperature increases by that amount. [t Q=heat, T=temp] changeS=Q/T 20:30 solid always has less entropy than liquid, because liquid molecules are more chaotic. liquids have more entropy than solids, they also have higher potential energy, and therefore more total energy. 22:00 -ChangeE/T = rest of universe, changeS in ice. [t S=Entropy] Chapter 48: Low Temperatures 24:00 universe driving towards "heat death" direction of time defined by entropy, at microscopic level, no entropy - and laws of physics work equally well in both directions. ball from tower different. energy converted to heat. implies if entropy decreases, time will go backwards. 7:30 in gases molecules do not stick together but bounce off each other. Even in solid the molecules are still moving. critical temperature= sbstance cannot be liquid no matter what pressure 12:20 davinci sketched refridgeration unit? "system to cool air" carbon dioxide = first gas to be used to cool. critical temp near room temp. - co2 is liquid. faraday discoivered co2 lowered temp of gas 17:00 heat exchange 18:00 joule william thompson (lord kelvin) joule-thompson effect when the gas expands through a hole, the molecules that escape are slowed down and cool down in the process [t isnt it more like the density changes?] 2:;00 German engineer karl von linde - cooled compressed air passes through the joule-thompson expansion valve. Gas that isn't liquified is returned to the compressor by means of a heat exchanger, where the incoming compressed gas is cooled to a lower temperature by the outgoing cold gas, and the net result is liquid air. liquid air = nit+oxygen 22:30 Lorentz invited Einstein to lecture at Leyden. the race was on for liquid hydrogen Dewer (first to liquify hydrogen) helium - kammerlin-onnes (saw liquefying helium as another chance) at 4 above absolute 0 Chapter 49: The Atom mechanical view means no absolute velocity but maxwell has absolute velocity 3:30 bohr inverse for gravity and electricity both result in elliptical orbits maxwell editor on EB - 9th edition, writes entry on "atom" 7:00 atom starts with democritos, but aristotle does not accept galileo revives, boyle, decart, newton, maxwell dalton avogadro Maxwell Balmer rudberg j j thompson - plum pudding model rutherford 16:30 rutherford atoms held together by electricity (like gravity) problem: electrons accelerated emits energy, falling in smaller and smaller orbits, radiating not spectral lines but rainbow of colors, finally collapsing into nucleus planck 1900: matter emits only discrete amount of energy In 1900 a German physicist, shed light on the heat emitted from a solid body. his name was Max Planck. His theory held that matter emitted only discrete amounts of radiation. With energy E proportional to the frequency of life f. E=hf One amazing thing about Dr Planck's theory was the quantity h, which became a new fundamental constant of nature, called Planck's constant. It was amazing because in Maxwell's theory the energy of light depends on its intensity not its frequency, but perhaps the most amazing thing of all is the fact that young Neils Bohr took Planck's formula and used it to create a model of the hydrogen atom. Bohr assumed that the electron of Rutherford's model of the atom could exist in certain special orbits without radiating energy. He went on to assume that radiation at the frequency given by Planck's formula, would be emitted or absorbed whenever an electron jumped from one of these orbits to another. Bohr couldn't say why such special orbits should exist. but he knew that without them there would be no hope of explaining spectral lines. he also knew that in assuming those special orbits, he was stepping beyond the physics of Newton and Maxwell, and into the unknown. En-Em=hf But there still was a problem, what would determine the sizes of those special orbits. He tried various idea, but the one he chose amounted to this: each orbit would have a different angular momentum, and Planck's constant just happens to have the units of an angular momentum. L=Mvr Could it be that the allowed orbits have angular momenta given by Planck's constant. Well, almost. In fact the angular momenta are multiple of h over 2pi, a combination given its own symbol call hbar. So in Neils Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the lowest orbit has angular moemtun hbar, the next orbit has 2hbar, the next has 3hbar, and infact an allowed orbit exists for any integer times hbar. Circular orbit E = - D/2r r=L^2/DM Quantize L Ln=nhbar E proportional f En-Em=hf The elements of the calculation were all at hand, ready to be put together. First the sizes of the allowable orbits, secondly the energies of the allowed orbits, third, the energy of a jump between orbits. When these were put in Rudberg's formula, out came a formula for the ridberg constant itself. R(1/m^2 - 1/n^2_ = 1/lambda R=1.097e7/m agrees with experimental measurement [t was goal to match known experimental measure?) ======== Chapter 50 particles and Waves goodstein ends on "possible place" planck 3:30 but maxwell's teory can't account for the fact that as soon as any body gets hot enough to glow, it glows red, why isn't blue light, high frequency light emitted too? why less light at a higher freq? intuition told planck that all can be explained if it takes more energy to make light at a higher frequency [t more photons are emitted in the view I support, the ligjht is already there] nothing to suggest that the energy of light might determine the frequency and although there was nothing in Maxwell's theory to suggest that the energy of light may be related to its frequency, plank wrote an equation to substantiate his intuition The energy of light E is equal to a constant h times the frequency f. E=hf planck thought h would shrink to zero, but measured it 6:00 photoelectric effect interesting how uv light removes? charge from electroscope Einstein's explanation of the photoeldectric effect: In modern terms: an electron in a metal lacks enough energy to escape by an amount called the work function. but if an electron absorbs ultraviolet light that arrives in a bundle having the energy given by planck's formula, then the electron can gain more than enough energy to escape from the metal.If that's the case, it can come out with kinetic energy==hf-phi (work function) Ke=hf-phi Robert Millacin proves experimentally each metal has a different work function, Placnk's constant has the same universal value for all of them. This confirms Planck;s theory, and that bundles of energy already exist in the electromagnetic field - light comes in particles called "photons" but wait - Thomas Young debroglie - finds that particles can have wave properties particle energy wave frequency E=mc^2, p=mv Wave frequency f f=c/l wavelength l can particles traveling at less than the speed of light p=h/l (particles mometum is related to its wavelength) debroglie:particle's momentum is related to wavelength experiments shows that beams of electrons can be diffracted light like [t reflected, interference=?] mc=h/l if electrons have to keep a wavelength they have to keep a specific orbit: 2 pi r=l debroglie's ideas seemed to explain a most mysterious aspect of Bohr's model of the atom. Bohr;'s theory was built on the notion that electrons can only exist in certain sized orbit, only in those orbits and nowhere in between., But if electrons are viewed as waves, circuling the nucleus, they have to increase in orbits that increase a whole wavelength at a time, that way each orbit consists of electron waves that interfere constructively and reinforce themselves on every orbit. When combined with debroglie's formulas, this idea exactly reproduced the orbits of bohr's model of the atom, because the angular momentum of each orbit would be an integer times h bar. On balance, louis debrolee's idea had been brilliant. Erwin Schroedinger in Austria [t what about idea of wave as particle interval?] 1925 paper Max Born Heisenberg the more one knows about where a particle is, the less one can tell about where and how fast it's going [t notice less one can tell] x versus h/l (position) * (momentum) deltax * deltap ~ hbar = heisenberg uncertainty principle again "dirty piece of glass" supports for pleasure. particle explanation of polarization diagonal polarization [t my interpretation is reflection) ends on wwmhnt Chapter 51 From Atoms to Quarks schroedinger - can explain beyond hydrogen to include other elements too how different from bohr model? much can be understood just be applying the heisenberg uncertainty principle hydrogen not always found in lowest state n and l are quantum number [quantum number equiv to orbital?] 7:30 start of complex schroedinger quantum mechanics 9:00 So this is the picture in the mind's eye of the modern physicist of the lowest energy state of the simplest atom. The electron occupies a cloud instead of an orbit, but it's most probable radius and also its energy is equal exactly to the Bohr model given before it. n=1 ground state like bohr model quantum atom has a different energy for each n quantum numbers n=# of orbital (same n = same energy) l=angular momentum in classical mechanics any orbit has a definite angular momentum in quantum dynamics certain orbitals have positive angular momenta, starting with the smallest allowed value a little more than hbar but the vertical component is exactly hbar, thats for an orbital with l=1, however though the vertical component is determined exactly the actual direction of the angular momentum is quite uncertain. it can lie anywhee on the surface of this cone. for n=2, l=1 describe sing m=-1(up),0(middle),1(down) for hydrogen all states n can be 1-4 for each n, l=0 to n-1 for each l, m can go from +l to -l this same basic structure = all possible states of hydrogen, and all other elements 14:40 break into second segment for chemical propoerties the most important state is the lowest, the ground state. two perculiar quantum properties, 1) the electron has spin (not like literal spin), magnitude just a bit less than hbar (the spin angular momentum) 2) the electrons quantum mechanical inner nature - no electrons can ever have the same state in the same atom (but can have different spin and share same state) [t notice no discussion about nucleus shells of goeppert-meyer] [t Interesting how electrons all pair (explains how odd numbered atoms are less stable?)] 22:30 Quarks quarks have spins the more massive particles, have more energy, in these the quarks are in orbit to account for the more energy (t this is a clear mistake in confusing conservation of mass with velocity, due to inaccurate belief in conservation of energy that mass and velocity can be exchanged.) speculation about bottom and top quark 25:00 giordano bruno - believed copernicus and life on other planets new knowledge can be threatening to people, and they sometimes react violently to it [hint about idea of probability basis of quantum mechanics being against tradition] [hint about being included in secrets, how much time has passed since invention] In this century we have had a revolution, almost as far reaching as the one begun by Copernicus. We no longer believe that the universe will work out its destiny [t nice] according to precise deterministic mechanical laws. That idea is the basis of all western thought since Isaac Newton, but according to quantum mechanics it isnt true [t clearly a hint that probability, is the basis of quantum mechanics] Of course, most people are not yet aware of this discovery, just as in the 16th century, most peopl ehad never heard of Copernicus. But now you have been let in on that secret. [t clearly talking about pupin, cp, secrets, etc] Between the time of copernicus and the time of bruno, about 60 years passed. How long has passed since the invention of quantum mechanics? Well, it occured in the 1920s, you figure it out. What you have been entrusted with is genuinely dangerous knowledge. Please be careful on your way home, and I'll see you next time. [t possibly quark graphic is play on perfect solid theory, the quarks appear to be geometrical shapes] Chapter 52 The Quantum Mechanical Universe we've almost reached the end of our long journey through all of physics war te oo ljt aop wvarte on very small scale-quantum mechanics on very large scale - general theory of relativity when those two great theories arent quite consistent with each other. 17:00 "rutheford had in mind" (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) wtitmy(v)abwf last words good bye and good luck gb agl - might be george bush, secret most major murder of this time in the USA, bagl = jewish, agl=eagle BIGGEST MOST OBVIOUS SCIENCE MISTAKES OR PURPOSEFUL PUBLIC LIES/PRIVATE SECRETS (UNORDERED) =============================================================================== 1) Rejecting Ampere's 1800s claim that magnetism is nothing more than electricity (electrism) 2) keeping seeing, hearing, sending images sounds to brains secret 3) big bang 4) earth centered theory 5) time dilation 6) light as wave with medium (before Newton, in particular after Newton) 7) gods 8) many psychology theories (psychosis, neurosis, schizophrenia, manic depression, adhd) 9) phrenology 10) inheritance of acquired characteristics 11) aether medium throughout universe 12) background radiation 13) strong and weak nuclear forces 14) black holes (worm holes) 15) string theory 16) more than 4 dimensional universe 17) keeping laser secret 18) keeping atomic transmutation research secret 19) Not telling public about globular clusters probably made by life (globular clusters as non-life phenomenon) 20) not embracing full democracy (monarchy, communism, dictatorship, oligarchy, corporatism, military government, representative democracy) 21) individual religious cult leaders as supernatural: Jesus, Muhommed, 22) belief in devil 23) belief in angels 24) belief in soul 25) belief in heaven, hell 26) belief in spirits 27) belief in ghosts 28) all matter not made of photons 29) Magnetism (as opposed to electricity or calling electricity magnetism, interesting that not electrism, or magnetity) 30) Electric field is not made of material particles, or is somehow empty space, electric (magnetic) force originating from the visible magnet first as action at a distance, then being distributed around the magnet as a field of a medium (w or w/o medium particles? I have to check with the view given by Maxwell). It seems obvious that in a current, like water, particles would spill outside of the wire. Perhaps the equivalent water model would be a spongy wire in microgravity. 31) keeping electric camera secret, not selling to public even now, not revealing circuits. WRONGLY UNKNOWN/UNSUNG SCIENTISTS ================================= Generally all scientists are less known than they should be. These are some who I could not find much info on, but yet, their contributions were significant. Payen - identifies and names first enzyme, diastace, and first carbohydrate, the very important cellulose (Bonetti - in wikipedia only 3 or 4 soccer players with that name match) AREAS WHERE SOMEBODY CAN PROBABLY EASILY CLEAN UP/IMPROVE IN SCIENCE 1) clearly a magnetic field is an electric field, but this point has not been clearly shown - perhaps this is "what particles are in an electric field?" and clear proof. Possibly involves making a permanent magnet from an electric current only, perhaps wire wound around some insulator or non-magnetic material. a) a better explanation of why a changing electric field causes only a brief electric current b) is it possible to generate a constant current from an electric (magnetic) field? If yes, people might be able to use the Earth's electric field to obtain some electricity. c) current flows only when a magnet is moved quickly in the center of a coil, maybe this is because the particles to complete the circuit will go to the bottom of the magnet, but when moved quickly, not finding the magnet, find the only path is to the galvanometer? If the current completes the circuit through the magnet there will be no current, but if through the coil then there will be current. Maybe some kind of electron barrier could stop the electrons from going into the magnet, but that would probably stop the electric field from the magnet. 2) diffraction, and wave destruction for light are clearly false and reflection (or change in direction from gravity) is probably what is happening, this needs to be decisvely proven a) how to explain the frequency based different reflection angles 3) red shift is probably not all Doppler shift, but is mostly gravitational shift for large distances. Basically disprove inaccurate big bang expanding universe theory 4) time dilation is clearly false, show how experiments are either inaccurate, misinterpretted/can be interpretted with a non-time dilation explanation 5) What is mass of photon 6) what is the equivalent current in an electromagnet for the same strength in various permanent magnets? COOL SCIENCE LOCATIONS TO SEE: ============================= 1) London, England a) Royal Institution - Faraday's equipment b) Natural History Museum 2) New York City 3) Los Angeles, CA 1) Museum of natural history 2) La Brea tar pit museum UNCREDITED OR UNKNOWN MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS TO SCIENCE ==================== Bullialdus: inverse distance relation of planetary motion to Sun (possibly Romagnosi, claims to move magnetic needle with [static] electricity) Zantedeschi: magnet produces current (William Robert Grove) (In 1858, Gassiot, in his Bakerian lecture, reported deflections of electrical discharges in rariefied gases both by magnetism and electrostatics.[4] Though this was an early observation of the phenomenon of cathode rays, Julius Plücker is usually credited with their discovery.[5] -no EB entry for Gassiot Plucker writes "Mr. Gassiot first observed and described what he calls 'reciprocating currents,' and the separation of such currents by the magnet. That celebrated philosopher had the kindness himself to show me his experiment, and even enabled me to repeat it, by obliging me with one of his fine Torricellian-vacuum tubes." update Davy (whom Plucker mentions) did use a magnet to deflect an electric arc in air and in vacuum - although no clear description of the florescent beam of electrons is described by Davy.) (Georg Mathias Bose - no english wikipedia entry, improved the early electrostatic generator by adding a silk friction pad instead of just rubbing with hand) (Johann Heinrich Winckler - first to put a friction cusion/pad on the electrostatic generator instead of the hand- no english wiki record, went to school with Bach.) (Ewald Georg von Kleist - inventor of first capacitor/Leyden jar) (Robert Symmer - tried to revive two fluid theory of electricity, no birth date is known) [2.9] 1) passing static charge through vacuum tube [2.9] 2) passing static charge through vacuum tube with various gases in vacuum tube [4.5] 3) applying constant voltage through vacuum tube [3.9] 4) applying constant voltage through vacuum tube with various gases in vacuum tube a) nothing earlier than Grove yet 08/10/1848 - possibly Andrews 1840 proc of royal irish acad b) Grove tests to see if gas can complete circuit, finds that it doesn't [2.9] 5) applying induction coil high voltage through vacuum tube a) nothing earlier than Grove yet 01/07/1852 [1.9 - 2.5] 6) applying induction coil high voltage through various gases in vacuum tube a) nothing earlier than Grove yet 01/07/1852 [2.9] 7) describing light emitted from voltage differential (high voltage) through vacuum tube a) William Morgan (1750 - 1833) 1) the first to record an experiment which produced X-rays,[9] presenting in 1785 his paper Electrical Experiments Made in Order to Ascertain the Non-Conducting Power of a Perfect Vacuum.[10][11] The experiment involved creating a potential difference in a vacuum and slowly reducing the completeness of the vacuum by introducing mercury vapour into it. From the paper: "according to the length of time during which the mercury was boiled, the 'electric' light turned violet, then purple, then a beautiful green...and then the light became invisible". This progression was the result of the wavelength of the radiation caused by the electric current decreasing beyond the visible range and into X-ray wavelengths.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xray] # ^ Electrical Experiments Made in Order to Ascertain the Non-Conducting Power of a Perfect Vacuum (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 75, 1785. JSTOR. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0261-0523(1785)75%3C272%3AEEMIOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S # ^ William Morgan: Bridgend Hall of Fame (HTML). Bridgend County Borough Council. http://www.bridgend.gov.uk/Web1/groups/public/documents/services/002225.hcsp # ^ Anderson, J.G. (January 1945), "William Morgan and x-rays", Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries 17: pp219-221 http://www.actuaries.org.uk/files/pdf/library/TFA-017/0219-0221.pdf b) Grove 01/07/1852 [1.9] 8) moving light beam in vacuum tube with magnet a) Davy 07/05/1821 - although not entirely clear that florescent beam is deflected b) Plucker 12/27/1857 c) Gassiot 01/05/1858 9) moving electric current in air with magnet a) Davy 07/05/1821 at 5 seconds a sentence [1]=360 sentences/events [2]=720 sentences/events [3]=1440 sentences/events [4]=2880 sentences/events [5]=5760 sentences/events perhaps high voltage is high velocity because a high velocity might be needed to bridge the space of an insulator, where a low velocity might not have enough velocity to reach the other side against an opposing force. CRITICAL WORKS NOT YET TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH: 1) Francesco Grimaldi - first recorded wave theory for light, first record of "diffraction" 'Physico-mathesis de lumine, coloribus, et iride'' (1665; ''Physicomathematical Studies of Light, Colors, and the Rainbow'') (For reference: (Huygens 1678 ''Traité de la lumière'' (''Treatise on Light'') translated?) (Robert Hooke (printed 10/1664, 1665,"Micrographia"))) 2) Francesco Zantedeschi, Biblioteca Italiana, 1829, vol 53 "Nota sopra l' azione della calamita e di alcuni fenomeni chimici" first understanding that moving magnet induces current (credited to Faraday, and Henry) 3) Romanosi potential first electric current moves magnetic needle (credited to Oersted) 4) Fresnel Oeuvres v1-3 5) Lobachevski 1829 paper NI Lobachevsky, (translated from Russian) "On the foundations of geometry", Kazan Messenger, 1829. reprinted in: Kagan V.F.(ed.): N.I.Lobachevsky - Complete Collected Works, Vols I-IV (Russian), Moscow-Leningrad (GITTL) 1946-51 German translation: N I Lobachevskii; Friedrich Engel, "Zwei geometrische Abhandlungen" ,Leipzig,1898-99, 1972. 03/27/1829 21970004571062 add "links" and make footnotes traditional run program to convert earlier references to traditional style, ibid, etc. possibly change "Sources used for Text" to "Footnotes" add author, page(s) for multiple citations s1,s2,s3, etc replace with footnote Footnotes More info Program +1) replace s1,s2, etc +replace sourceimage with actual link +number pictures, link, source [1],[2], etc. change delimter from , to | ex:id2880 t1: [1 333-334] [2] t2: [1 333-334] [5] [1 333-334] [the new element] [5] [3 wiki] t3: [8 sci] t4,t5=none move to more info: [3][4][6][7]=>[1][2][3][4] a) record first[1], b) move [1 333-334] to [1], c) add pages to [1] a) record first[2] a) already [1], b) number [9], c) move pages to [9] a) record first [5] a) already [1], b) number [10], c) moves pages to [10] a) [the new element] = no number or isolated t a) already [5], b) number [11] a) record first [3], ignore wiki a) record first [8], sci (or sci-tech) used[array] = (1,2,5) (footnotes encountered) numft (number of footnotes) or start renumbering immediately ofootnotes[] = original footnotes with each footnote, number [1],[2], etc. nfootnotes[]=[1] orig+", 333-334". if [num code] code="ox, bio, col, sci, sci-tech, dict, brit" if ofn=britannica.com -> replace with full fn use last link minus dashes for article title if already used use short ref or full ref? change EB and answers citations move numbers not used in text1,text2, etc to "more info" renumbered reformat footnotes change [20] same | with previous link change EB citations: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday to: "Faraday, Michael.", Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday "Newton, Sir Isaac." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Apr. 2008 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton. "Newton, Sir Isaac." Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton. (I decided to go with first name last name, since it is article title, and consistent with other footnotes) (make button to "fix footnotes" that 1) renumbers out of order, 2) replaces full record for any with only a recognized link) from then on use citation at bottom of page Go through change answers standard citations (eb, ox, col, brit, etc) "Sir Isaac Newton." Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." A Dictionary of British History. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Spotlight. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. Answers.com 05 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-isaac-newton "Sir Isaac Newton." Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. 04 Apr. 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_newton "isaac newton." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 06 Apr. 2008. . catholic encyclopedia "Isaac Newton". Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications. http://www.nndb.com/people/864/000024792/ (possibly questionable in terms of validity -lists Newton as asexual and at risk from vegetarianism) "Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi". MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive. JOC/EFR 2000. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jacobi.html "Michael Faraday." Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. The Gale Group, Inc, 2001. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/michael-faraday (this use sparingly if at all - one article suggests supernatural is real) [id2424] = Record 2424. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington. repeat entries (or complete entries?): "John Ericsson." The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, Inc., 2000. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-ericsson "Gerardus Johannes Mulder." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press, 1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/gerardus-johannes-mulder hist "Francis Glisson." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-glisson quo "Voltaire." Quotations. Quotations Book, 2008. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/voltaire eoph "James Lind." Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/james-lind rus "Mikhail Lomonosov." Encyclopedia of Russian History. The Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/mikhail-lomonosov us hist "Benjamin Franklin." The Reader's Companion to American History, Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors, published by. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1991. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/benjamin-franklin how "titanium." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/titanium vet "gray matter." The Veterinary Dictionary. Elsevier, 2007. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/grey-matter photo "John Herschel." The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press, 2005. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/herschel-family-of-british-astronomers med "Thomas Addison." The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. Answers.com 07 Apr. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-addison stanford Malpas, J., "Donald Davidson", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . [3] Who2 [4] Houghton, History [5] Oxford, History [6] Oxford, Philosophy [7] Answers, Biographies [8] Encyclopedia Britannica (Britannica or EB or Enc. Brit., Britannica Concise?) [9] Columbia [10] Gale [11] Houghton, Encyclopedia [12] Houghton, Dictionary [13] Wikipedia Sound Recording Young, Dougie. "I Don't Want Your Money." The Songs of Dougie Young. audiocassette. Canberra: National Library of Australia, 1994. Film (I add time if possible) Blade Runner. DVD. Directed by Ridley Scott with performances by Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, and Sean Young. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 1983. Video recording (again time if possible) The Neon Bible. VHS. Written and produced by Terence Davies. Triumph Video, 1998. or go through each text: find [0-9+ *] - watch out for [t ], look for page numbers, if page numbers make new footnote (ofn[], nfn[]) pictures that refer to sources - just ignore? record and fix by hand? less detail: dont footnote name & dates? remove |, sort by [*] number images [1],[2], etc? need [t]? or simply presume any unfootnoted text is my own opinion? footnote myself? clearly, [t] and [t ] need to be extended to footnotes simple [1] Ted Huntington, 03/28/2008 [2] Ted Huntington, 04/04/2008 other option is just use [t] amd remove for html output (can use ~~~ or [t] and have insert or update expand) in favor: 1) better to know where every sentence originates from 2) work is not too much 3) May have missed a footnote, and might not know if from me or some forgotten other source 4) later people can easily add their footnotes, in fact, I would like to see some kind of footnote for every contributor to wikipedia - it would be nice to see who contributed a sentence, word, or phrase. Maybe a markup page. It might be messy. 5) Have used this technique so far, stopping causes a major change in style. - is basically irreversible 6) If untrue statement, or speculation, it can be clear that these are my own opinions or comments, and not part of a historical scientific record, can be traced to me and not unknown.- no mystery or later questions as to where naked text sentence originated from. 7) The trend into the future appears to be more footnotes (as going back results in less footnotes) 8) Can easily be removed later - can be removed for html text and will not be in video 9) ULSF should be looked at, not as my view of history, but as the documented view, including my own clearly marked opinions against: 1) too much detail, petty, pedantic 2) more work, slows project 3) can presume all unfootnoted text originates from me 4) traditionally, people do not footnote themselves. This is not done in any known project I am aware of. Looks more professional without footnotes to self. 5) When a person sees a footnote, they think there must be some reason to look below, and to see the author's name is a waste of time, without important info, its a distration (possibly leave out and renumber for html web) midsentence footnoting 1) can probably do without 2) perhaps double footnote? move any unused numbers to new numbers with "more info" resort remaining used footnote numbers spread out [4 bio][4 col] etc to full note plus link backup original sql db make sure many footnotes look ok and no errors before adding new records print out html with link either hyperlink on title, or after on self. italic title without quotes? superscript top (1., 2. on bottom) footnotes hyperlink footnotes with ^ back "renumber footnotes" button: fills in deleted footnotes FOOTNOTING STYLE: ================= book: Author, "Title", vol, (city: publisher, year) pages. journal: Author, "Title", journal title, vol, (year), pages. link link: Author, "Title", Link Encyclopedia entry Subject, encyclopedia name. link notes: 1) links will be hyperlinked to title on html pages (matches /http:.* /) 2) footnotes superscripted on html pages? 3) volume, number, page *a) v300,n5626,1703-1706 (might be faster for intermediate) b) v300,n5626,p1703-1706 c) v. 300,n. 5626,1703-1706 d) Vol.300, no.5626, pp. 1703-1706 *e) Vol. 300, num. 5626, pp. 1703-1706 (might be easier for novice) f) Vol 300, num 5626, pp 1703-1706 (might be easier for novice) 4) year indicates edition 5) footnotes span all importance levels - but are reformated for each of 5 html sheets 6) Before record 3000, oxford dictionary may be labeled dict of philosophy, but could be other oxford answers source because I didn't distinguish 7) I decided not to go with abbreviated footnotes for all sources (including page numbers) a) can be reformated for HTML page 8) I decided to use commas instead of periods to be more consistent, "fix footnotes" will format from the link - actually it seems commas are used between periods, so I am going to keep them, but possibly change later. 9) In addition I put punctuation outside of quotes 10) One major issue is: create new footnotes for text2, text3 or simply reuse text1 footnotes? Related to this is the issue of using one footnote per source and using letters [1a][1b], etc. I decided to go with a new footnote for all text1,text2,text3, etc. It may be possible to reduce it or change formats automatically later. - In this way, footnotes will need to be reformatted for html output, but this is relatively easy, simply match all [0-9] and get matching footnote and renumber 1, 2, 3... 11) There is the philosophy that a footnote is only needed when a controversial or unusl claim is made, but I think it is better to cite the source of every sentence. 12) put time with footnote or in evidence to support time? Currently: evidtime=2600-2700my[1] footnotes [1] source, etc... 13) Footnotes in comments: comments is an informal scratchpad, and so my view is that footnotes should be inline, however, it's cluttered and messy to have a full footnote as opposed to a number. [t ] comments are acceptable and remain intact, but [0-9] footnotes will be expanded with "fix footnotes" (or automatically on save). Alternatives: 1. inline [source] 2. at end of comments 3. in new comments footnotes section Using Abbreviated FOR 1) easier to read, not as messy, not as much info to sift through 2) can hyperlink abbreviated references (include link) 3) takes too much time to copy and paste full footnote AGAINST 1) takes time to search for earlier above reference 2) abbreviations option 3) can be reformated for HTML without too much difficulty (requires finding keyword such as author last name, or work title), can be reformated in DB later too 4) Nice to have full footnote, with link to simply click on 5) since electronic no wasted ink or paper 6) copying and pasting from earlier footnote is a two step process, as opposed to thinking about how to abbreviate 7) Sometimes same author, but different work used on same page, adds to confusion of abbreviated footnote (need Asimov, Encyclopedia, p100. and Asimov, History, p200. etc) 8) Easier in terms of bulk processing of records, to match identical records, as opposed to matching full record and abbreviated record. s3 [1] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", Blackwell, (Malden, MA: 2005). s4 [1] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock",Science, Vol 271, 01-26-1996. s18 [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929_fs.html s26 [1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 TO DO: reformat ulsf1,2,3 to not include ulsf 1,2,3 for ulsf4 there are 2 views: add text1 and text2 into text3 ... but the clearer view is to simply copy text2 into text3 - i didn't want to duplicate at first to determine which data is more detail, but I can see that it is easier in terms of flow and mid-sentence added details to copy text2 into text3, etc. This will need to be done by hand probably at the time of editing. Possibly, I can auto copy text2 to text3, and then to text4 text5 etc. basically the important view is that all text in text4 is going to be read. evidtime, location (comments) ID, evidtime (with new footnote references) issue: 1) Add a new footnote for each location, evidtime a) plus 1) should not reuse footnotes 2) no need for quotes in location, evidtime 3) only one footnote section is typical, and orderly b) minus 1) (should be at end of footnotes, not at beginning or middle) 2) should not be part of text footnotes 3) need to be excluded from html printout - actually can be footnote on date 2) use full footnote ["Hugo von Mohl". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.]=1800;[Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972), pp356-357.]=1802 a) plus 1) no question about source 2) no need to renumber on the fly 3) can easily be matched later 4) Is a simple copy and paste, pasted info stays for future records 5) link can be converted to full citation - but full citation would need to be recognized b) minus 1) too much detail to see quickly, ned to scroll, takes time 2) need to filter quotes 3) cannot quickly write ([2], etc.) for new sources 3) use footnote (just renumber) [2]=1800;[1 p356-357]=1802, or a) plus 1) not cluttered, clear, quick view, no scrolling b) minus 1) renumbering on the fly, needs to renumber location, evidtime, (comments), (idesc) 2) numbers might get accidentally mixed up and actual source lost 3) 4) Use abbreviated footnote ["Hugo von Mohl", EB, 2008]=1800;[Asimov, Biographical, pp356-357]=1802; if links, or else abbreviated for book 5) Add locfootnote,timefootnote textarea fields *separate by | instead of ; *go through footnotes, for each ofoot find matches in evidtime, location, comments and replace with nfoot (minus [#]) *look for []] in evidtime, location, comments for 4) involves: go through text1,text2,text3,text4,text5, what about comments? 1) put full footnote in comments a) plus 1) never needs to be updated, can't be accidentally misnumbered b) minus 1) might be mixed with text footnotes and text footnotes will need to be renumbered on html output 2) is more of a sketch area - footnotes can be inline 2) reuse footnotes a) plus 1) is just informal notes b) minus 1) needs to be updated 3) put comment footnotes in footnotes section (filter out for html text) 4) put comment footnotes at end of comments 5) make comments footnotes section current decision: location, evidtime get new footnotes comments gets full inline footnotes, because comments sourceimage, idesc (sourcesound, sdesc, sourcevideo, vdesc) use full footnote in sourcesound, sourcesound, sourcevideo (filter out later by extracting only those [#] from text1,text2,text3,text4,text5 (evidtime and location)) summary: footnotes can be located in the following fields: text1-5, location, evidtime, comments but not in file, source or desc for images, sounds or videos notes: sourceimage, sourcesound, sourcevideo are basically the equivalent of a footnotes section for each individual numbered file. This should be an image source link, or full footnote only if no link. The idea is to be able to automatically retrieve the file again using the source link (therefore if the image files are lost, links can autoretrieve the images again using the sourceimage link, however, the footnote will have to be used to rescan the image from the text source) (sourceimage potentially should be footnoted too) (comments potentially should be footnoted too) 1. footnotes at bottom of comments? Major journals still not available electronically ================================================= 1) "Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences de l'Institut de France" http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343783130/date only has 1826-1936 needs (1699-1793) and (1795-1965) (http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=lib_research states that "the archives are still within the private domain of the Academie and are not part of the governmental archival system.") http://melvyl.cdlib.org/F/BQ6QCN8CIMBGSP697LVIJ2J692JHGC7CTJPQE5F1419N3GSXQ9-03004?func=full-set-set&set_number=009649&set_entry=000003&format=999 Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences. A Paris, Chez G. Martin, Jean-Baptiste Coignard, H.-L. Guerin, 1733-1949. v. ill., plates (some col.), maps 26-35 cm. (simply scanning these may be all that is required - many of them must be public domain by now) 2) Philosophical Magazine (some are electronic, or UC does not have the subscription - but since these are public domain they should be available electronically - it appears it only takes some person to scan them.) 3) Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 4) Proceedings of the Stockholm Academy CPs ======= possible Cecil Powell unlikely Christian Pander Louis Carl Paschen Charles Peale Karl Pearson Charles Peirce Cornelis Pekelharing *Jean Charles Peltier Joseph Peres Claude Perrault Charles Perrine Christiaan Persoon Carl Peters Christian Peters Karl Petersen Conrad Peyer *Charles Picard Charles Pickering Karl Plattner Charles Plumier Johann Christian Poggendorff Claude Pouillet Karl Powalky Karel Presl james Cowles Prichard Charles Pritchard Carl Pulfrich Reginarld Crundall Punnett connects to: ============ 1) first to remotely make neuron fire 2) first to remotely move muscle 3) other? location ========= 1) Columbia University, NY, NY 2) NYC 3) NY State THOSE WHO ARGUED THE MORE ACCURATE ARGUMENT BUT DID NOT WIN THE MAJORITY AT THE TIME ==================================================================================== CORPUSCULAR THEORY FOR LIGHT ============================ GOOD PERSON LOOKALIKE MATCHES FOR SCIENTISTS ============================================ (Some of these almost seem like the hiring people were specifically looking for that scientist's apearance) Faraday=(english actor - not richard harris but of similar age) Darwin=Dave Thomas, Elton John Heinrich Lenz=Michael Myers Gregor Mendel=Elton John Foucault=Tommy Chong RIPE, IMPORTANT, CHEAP/INEXPENSIVE EXPERIMENTS I WANT TO DO: ============================================================ 1) model planets, in particular mercury, iterating from initial position and velocity, how accurate, do planets show moving perihelion (position nearest Sun)? (requires known observations - not math predicted position - but observed positions through past, hopefully in electronic form) (requires transform to earth centered 2D positions) 2) capture 8 bit image of the movement of electricity in air, using photodiodes and USB port 3) Make 1-bit heat camera with photodiode+grating+meter+box, up to more pixels, signal from body? FACTS I FOUND THAT ARE NOT WELL DOCUMENTED =================== 1) As far as I can see, Fraunhofer invented the first spectroscope, some sources credit bunsen and kirchhoff. Fraunhofer made a "theodolite" spectroscope, and is apparently the first to look at spectral lines with a telescope. FAVORITE VLOGS ============== vlog20080411-221900.flv (science) vlog20071129-155938.flv (whistleblower) who needs women to be colder vlog20071214-091255.flv (andre maurois) vlog20071217-002059.flv (use opportunity, new NY on moon, not war planet) vlog20071219-092136.flv (when isnt good time to talk about 9/11?) vlog20071223-170340.flv (in the shadow of pupin's invention) vlog20080117-220234.flv (how close to total extinction) vlog20080118-121632.flv (Christian persecution of Jewish people) vlog20080118-220110.flv (difficult to predict where star will be in 100 years) vlog20080124-052134.flv (psychs, Mengelas, torturers, druggers, lobotomizers, anti-labels) vlog20080125-230520.flv (way to talk about seeing thought without sounding unusual, history of listening to calls) vlog20080129-224346.flv (light as an electromagnetic wave) vlog20080108-190132.flv (secrecy has not caused security, but allowed murderers to go free to murder and destabilize more) vlog20080416-211608.flv (10/24/2010 100 years of the lie, 9/11 mass secrecy - how it could be -police videos where are they?) vlog20080513-213542.flv (happy with vlog) vlog20080522-033746.flv (what is going on, what we need to do) vlog20080523-212004.flv (history of telegraph and cataloging of public messages) repub plan for kids cspan child porn like f911 REMOVED VLOGS ============= vlog20080413-210330.flv yichun lead vlog20080417-221034.flv yichun smash pot vlog20071222-141325.flv yichun holding camera vlog20071222-141555.flv '' vlog20071222-141602.flv '' vlog20071222-141620.flv '' vlog20071222-141704.flv '' vlog20071222-141850.flv '' vlog20080118-232528.flv - ejin licking the butter vlog20080126-000336.flv ejin cheesecake vlog20080127-030628.flv ejin with crab vlog20080220-142900.flv (LL570) vlog20080220-142924.flv (LL570) vlog20080107-221829.flv (ejin) vlog20080107-222121.flv (ejin) vlog20080107-223745.flv (ejin) -(3D game) POSSIBLY REMOVE =============== little blowups cop comes in vlog20080216-040112.flv can zap att and police in mind vlog20080302-012314.flv - ejin in video FUNNY ===== vlog20080205-115808.flv (that dont get blowed up) SCIENCE ======= 20080411-221900.flv vlog20071217-091312.flv (science lost its way in 1800s and 1900s) vlog20071219-181436.flv (different earth angles, moon bounced?) vlog20071223-170340.flv (in the shadow of pupin's invention) vlog20080323-045946.flv (growth of star, our star red star first) vlog20080325-115828.flv (science, future movies popular in future) vlog20080111-212224.flv (cauchy) vlog20080112-172552.flv (selling science when it is so filled with rotten theories) vlog20080112-172942.flv (cont) vlog20080114-212232.flv (polarization as spacing between beams -is ok) vlog20080114-221854.flv (polarization, black absorbs more) vlog20080115-211306.flv (polarizatoin, absorbing) vlog20080129-224346.flv (light as an electromagnetic wave) vlog20080221-004710.flv (everything is getting better because of science) vlog20080107-204300.flv (polarization of double refraction) vlog20080107-205003.flv (double refraction) vlog20080107-210849.flv (glass slide as "double refractor", partial reflection= doubled image?) vlog20080411-221336.flv (most of the food we eat only evolved 300 million years ago, all angiosperms) vlog20080411-221532.flv (basic question, what is mass of photon, is photon basis of matter, ) vlog20080411-221900.flv (diffration actually reflection) vlog20080508-122936.flv (from wigs, to sideburns and top hats, to the neck tie) SEX/ANTIPLEASURE ================ vlog20071217-091613.flv (bread and butter too exciting) vlog20071217-161516.flv (only professional, dont like pleasure) vlog20071223-180518.flv (novagomy) vlog20080207-122710.flv (molestation svp law, applied to assault too? can reform?) vlog20080115-211912.flv (people violently excited about flabby flesh, spheres and cylinder) vlog20080115-232106.flv (pedofever - removes natural rights of young humans) vlog20080117-123538.flv (some ppl want to through away venus de milo or statue of david, not me) vlog20080117-215328.flv (sex: the most shocking thing that never happened: after years of all the talk, all there is are celibate nuns and monks - masturbation era) vlog20080119-175442.flv (molestation - need better definition) vlog20080126-174314.flv (im against molestation, for consensual touch) vlog20080126-174944.flv (watch out for the antipleasurists) vlog20080130-015714.flv (catch-word responses to popular labels) vlog20080130-020000.flv (cont) vlog20080130-045014.flv (love in the closet, no guidance versus open and formal introduction and pleasure education, active guidance) vlog20080131-215232.flv (antisexuality - attempt to make life extinct, to attack the source of our survival) vlog20080221-211244.flv (some young people call me "ped", but aren't they bitter about being denied sex until 18? I know I am!) vlog20080508-120640.flv (anybody want to be the next DC madam for the repubs?) vlog20080509-092242.flv (public's logic just upside down - murder get a few years, molestation gets life, victims of murder not waking up, but alledged victims of molestation do) vlog20080510-032506.flv (R. Kelly case) vlog20080510-170516.flv (bad people will always graffiti over the natural beauty of sex, but sex and repro keep going on) vlog20080520-111950.flv (20 years for saying "child pornography" or for email big brother creates) GOVERNMENT ========== vlog20071217-001150.flv (Lieberman, Mccain support for 9/11) vlog20080114-123222.flv (neocons focus on negativity - how can destroy enemy not win over) vlog20080114-123434.flv (cont - neocons find more support not through friendliness, but through fear and violence) vlog20080116-121450.flv (US repubs side with pro-communist-China party in Taiwan) vlog20080116-122810.flv (taiwan and UN) vlog20080116-122926.flv (parallels between communists in China and conservatives in USA) vlog20080117-232008.flv (Iran is like the picked-on kid in high school, learn who to trust) vlog20080124-054654.flv (left and right as defined by majority rule versus minority rule, and other issues) vlog20080124-062422.flv (adding, people own property aspect) vlog20080129-223824.flv (lost representative democracy, because pupin lie made them so powerful, enough to control elections) vlog20080520-002952.flv (repubs: "murder thy enemy") vlog20080520-122956.flv (supreme court not elected, supreme court decisions not democratic) vlog20080521-215508.flv (repubs like on team, and they think murder of other teams will help them win) MUSIC ===== vlog20080412-003148.flv (psychiatric care, make it consensual) vlog20080411-233146.flv (lock up the violent) vlog20080411-234208.flv (yeah democracy) vlog20080120-222416.flv (murder is wrong, right on) vlog20080120-222450.flv (murder is wrong, right on) vlog20080121-060622.flv (dont drug'm) vlog20080124-122330.flv (DOE idea) vlog20080126-185320.flv (dont let them get you downt downt) SARISAMMTAFB, SEEING, HEARING, SENDING ====================================== vlog20071129-155938.flv (whistleblower) vlog20071214-091255.flv (andre maurois) vlog20071220-180951.flv (camnet killed millions - why not you? - a little long and tiny anger) vlog20071220-234455.flv (flicking eyelid, molestation as touching in a bothering way, violent/nonviolent sentences) vlog20080325-090944.flv (scooby snacks) (verify) vlog20080326-092118.flv (no no not rogov!) vlog20080325-121110.flv (ppl not prepared for what is going on here with new technology) vlog20080111-211828.flv (public cant accept seeing in houses, had to be secret society) vlog20080114-123504.flv (itch wrist - appeal to insiders - vote out the violent and terrible beamers) vlog20080114-222000.flv (diffraction grating, optical sensor, heat camera) vlog20080115-124612.flv (finally meet guy that was making you itch) vlog20080115-211552.flv (insiders cant even talk about secrets - but can think to each other) vlog20080116-121450.flv (chimp moves robot) vlog20080116-215402.flv (no secret=benefits for disabled, other health benefits) vlog20080117-121540.flv (health benefits lost by keeping xray, novacaine secret) vlog20080117-121810.flv (when enough reinventors, will go public) vlog20080117-121850.flv (blame not only police and at&t, but wealthy who pay them too, not into tormenting enemy) vlog20080117-122236.flv (cont, forced gestures - why do they work? ) vlog20080117-123336.flv (reward those who dont take money) vlog20080118-181954.flv (itchers probably itching to end of time) vlog20080118-191810.flv (cont, make it a movie) vlog20080119-021336.flv (woman lead into traffic, had to be beamed, wolves have tech over sheep, but why not sheep have tech on wolves?) vlog20080119-175916.flv (who are flickers and itchers? have to be Republicans) vlog20080122-021220.flv (Do you want these people who zap us in power? Think of that escalating.) vlog20080124-074634.flv (could have muscle moved to stop violence, the many suggested suicides) vlog20080125-225644.flv (develop part of brain that serves as defense to beam) vlog20080125-230520.flv (way to talk about seeing thought without sounding unusual, history of listening in to calls) vlog20080128-234310.flv (there must be tear-filled stories of secret heros) vlog20080215-234020.flv (gov buy att or somehow force them to provide to non-rednecks) vlog20080222-115934.flv (if no secret, 99% of violence would never happen) vlog20080409-231116.flv (aparteid of seeing thought on Earth) vlog20080410-211750.flv (excluded not history's first oppressed, reason for hope, 2 screens over head - many times blank, and many time unpleasant images sent there) vlog20080412-194246.flv ("stop drop and roll" video for laser attack) vlog200804140234630.flv (send the image and those who bite are seen as immoral by insiders) vlog20081109-210952.flv (other researchers besides yang dan, how bad do you have to fuck up to not be elected republican president?) vlog20071104-170011.flv (people who move our muscles, or send bad images bad for society) vlog20071104-170441.flv (cont) vlog20080516-005934.flv ('im a smart guy' song) vlog20080520-214220.flv (best advice: quickly shrug off, and don't address upsetting images or sounds beamed onto your brain) vlog20080523-211748.flv (outsiders have to talk to figure out the basics about another person) vlog20080523-212004.flv (history of telegraph and cataloging of public messages) 9/11 ==== vlog20071219-092136.flv (when isnt good time to talk about 9/11?) vlog20071222-132109.flv (brother of al midair) vlog20080123-115328.flv (truth about 9/11 why dont people care?) vlog20080123-120110.flv (thin shield=what if the public sees these videos of the violent secret crimes?) vlog20080131-095744.flv (McCane writes forward to Pop Mechan debunking 9/11) vlog20080217-015158.flv (9/11 alternative theories) vlog20080108-001133.flv (5 hijackers taking over, how likely? how many hijackings successful in USA?) vlog20080416-211608.flv (10/24/2010 100 years of the lie, 9/11 mass secrecy - how it could be - police videos where are they?) vlog20080416-212556.flv (after 9/11 solved, the Cole murders will probably follow) Stop Violence ============= vlog20071214-090842.flv vlog20080302-022908.flv vlog20080117-213450.flv (what are insiders thinking in letting violent go free?) vlog20080117-214730.flv (cont - part antisexuality) vlog20080117-215758.flv (violence is the big evil) vlog20080117-220234.flv (how close to total extinction) vlog20080119-175224.flv (violence big evil, although perhaps human prejudice) vlog20080123-211238.flv (young people should collect evidence, call 911 and press charges against those who assault them) vlog20080124-082550.flv (young people assaulted by siblings too, collect video evidence, and call 911) vlog20080215-122110.flv (everybody is effected by violence, do something) vlog20080215-122612.flv (cont) vlog20080215-122642.flv (cont) vlog20080215-123842.flv (spanking law defated, child safety from violence versus safety from sexuality) vlog20080221-002948.flv (murder in tijuana) vlog20080109-182301.flv (splitting because of race, religion, etc missing big picture of all antimurder) vlog20080411-221336.flv (murderers and assaulters spew stopping violence is gay) vlog20080415-110734.flv (violent offenders should not get to own weapons) vlog20080419-202322.flv (stop violence foundation) vlog20071117-223549.flv (people refuse to believe the truth about the quantity of secret murders) vlog20080508-120042.flv (violent have infiltrated and permeate our government) vlog20080522-034656.flv (the characteristic of our side is the rightous good of anti-murder of innocent people) Space Program ============== vlog20071217-002059.flv (use opportunity, new NY on moon, not war planet) vlog20080412-194124.flv (we need to be an intersteller organism) Robot ===== vlog20080202-170130.flv - robots clean, clear objects Me == vlog20080411-234458.flv (Im just an average person) vlog20080116-222032.flv (if a were extremely rich) vlog20080118-220952.flv (how I spend my time) vlog20080513-213542.flv (happy with vlog) vlog20080513-213414.flv (cont: we get to have cameras too) vlog20080513-214820.flv (cont) vlog20080513-214844.flv (I view my work as cure for disease, but truth is upsetting to many people) Religions ========= vlog20080116-122112.flv (proscience antireligious protest in Rome) vlog20080116-122416.flv (Jesus cult influence in Americas) vlog20080118-121334.flv (Nero maybe bad, but why not mention Justinian?) vlog20080118-121632.flv (Christian persecution of Jewish people) vlog20080106-173102.flv (origen of a devil) vlog20080106-173741.flv (Hellas is origin of Hell?) vlog20080410-040844.flv (stupid bible stories, gilgamesh, prostitution) vlog20080410-041300.flv (modern religions picture of ignorance) vlog20080410-041458.flv (religion more of a conformity thing, protection of cult) vlog20080412-154744.flv (pope dictator of Earth for centuries) vlog20071105-181841.flv (christianity viewed as kind of a massive conversion to Judaism) vlog20080520-122608.flv (other planets - technology passes popular philosophy and education?) vlog20080520-212258.flv (other religions, but ours is the correct one) Psychiatric =========== vlog20080421-211648.flv vlog20080202-204844.flv (spears picked up) vlog20080326-075128.flv (switch 1: goes to prison, 2: goes to psychiatric hospital) vlog20080124-052134.flv (psychs, Mengelas, torturers, druggers, lobotomizers, anti-labels) vlog20080131-082120.flv (Spears and ACLU should take on involuntary treatment) vlog20080214-072746.flv (reach out to heal and inform people with inaccurate views consensually) vlog20080217-193516.flv (psychology used to discredit truth and physical evidence) Future ======= vlog20071110-170957.flv vlog20080328-045658.flv (like happy ending or tragic ending might be our fate) vlog20080116-221140.flv (rogue star system of 4-5 star, rogue globluar cluster, rogue galaxy-or two galaxies integrating) vlog20080120-223118.flv (some kind of change in our future) vlog20080128-233706.flv (very special time on earth 1 year of 4 billion years) vlog20080128-233844.flv (cont, dangerous time) vlog20080129-225918.flv (robots go to other stars, how does robot recognize order giver?) vlog20080410-041944.flv (future of human body=bigger genitals) Misc ===== vlog20080201-114714.flv - camnet always negative vlog20080201-114918.flv - never the opposite put-downs (antisexual, antireligion, etc) vlog20080201-120904.flv - cont. vlog20080126-184714.flv (conformity phenomenon, example of witchcraft) Prisons ======== vlog20080202-202734.flv vlog20080417-124706.flv (those who enjoy torture, prisoners+patients viewed like garbage, abu graib) Life of other stars ==================== vlog20080118-220110.flv (difficult to predict where star will be in 100 years) vlog20080204-135538.flv communication directed versus spherical vlog20080223-195238.flv resources competetive in galaxy at some point vlog20080123-122846.flv (on Earth we are the top species, but toward bottom of species of Milky Way) vlog20080125-212822.flv (want to see advanced life: look at globular clusters, organized eating patterns) vlog20080507-122534.flv (trade veggies with life of other stars) FUNNY SKITS ============ vlog20080211-040642.flv -picture of grampa and kid is molestor, guy and girl is of incest, nude baby/bathing suit child porno, etc. vlog20080119-165906.flv (professions communicate through song) POSITIVITY =========== vlog20080114-215842.flv (into being positive) vlog20080114-215928.flv (cont) ANTIRACISM ========== vlog20080118-122540.flv (Columbus anti-Jewish racist) vlog20080125-213304.flv (racism stupid, compare to other species like apple tree) FREE INFO ========= vlog20080125-231338.flv (sub-prime loan fluff) vlog20080126-194636.flv (street cameras, privacy advocates support secret voyeur net) vlog20080520-112224.flv (free info, the public needs to know about the violent people) vlog20080520-112540.flv (next after child porn is images of violence against children, overrule supreme court, legislation without participation) Military ========= vlog20080222-154838.flv (male only society) vlog20080520-211528.flv (militarization of society versus civilization of society) FULL DEMOCRACY ============== vlog20080106-153004.flv (all over earth we will always go nowhere when our vote is not counted) SECRECY/RAT =========== vlog20080108-190132.flv (secrecy has not caused security, but allowed murderers to go free to murder and destabilize more) FREE SPEECH =========== vlog20080314-130334.flv (protecting free speech, evolves free thinkers and speakers, and personal responsibility) MAJOR MEDIA ============ vlog20080509-090842.flv (only 1 or 2 bloggers telling truth about 9/11, Palfrey, major media majority all state singular party line) vlog20080701-0727--.flv (reward those who tell the truth, dont reward those who are obviously lying to us) CHILDREN ======== vlog20080520-211752.flv (kids in sports kind of militaristic) VLOG ======= vlog20080521-215108.flv (my message with this vlog) vlog20080522-033746.flv (what is going on, what we need to do) Assemble list of names for Nick - email for 30 minute appt - send email Monday 05/19/08 cool science products =============== + liquid crystal kits: pressurechemical.com sells $75 test kit with 5 most popular compounds which can be mixed into color changing formulations + thermochromic liquid crystal sheets (12"x12") $41 at thermometersite.com WRITE OVER RECORDS: THOSE WHO OPPOSED RELATIVITY ============================ 1) Charles Lane Poor (1866-1951) "Gravitation Versus Relativity", G.P. Putnam, NY (1922) (also journal of the optical Society of America" V20, p. 173 (1930)) 2) (William Pickering a) "Shall we accept relativity?", http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1922PA.....30..199P b) Title: Are Space and TIme Really Infinite? Authors: Pickering, William H. Publication: Popular Astronomy, vol. 18, pp.420-421 Publication Date: 08/1910 Origin: ADS Bibliographic Code: 1910PA.....18..420P http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1910PA.....18..420P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf 3) see list: http://www.antidogma.ru/library/listfull.html (use of word "interval") 4) Dingle, Clock Paradox of Relativity, Science (letter - not an article), http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1754486.pdf Dingle_Herbert_1958_Relativity_criticism_clock_1754486.pdf "how necessary it is to bring it to some sort of focus." #127, p158-160, 1958. ==================== MISSING/ABSENT/EXCLUDED FROM CONCISE (another criticism is that biographys skip around in chronology - are not strictly chronological) *+Frederick Scott Archer - wet collodion process *+Richard Leach Maddox - gelatin dry plate photography *+Alexander Parkes - inventor of first plastic *+Louis Ménard - discoverer of collodion Heinrich Sprengel - improves geissel pump *+Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne - applied electricity to nervous system, made photos of facial muscles moved with electricity gatling- inventor of mehanical, gas and electric powered machine gun Edward Charles Howard (CE 1774-1816), Scientist and sugar refiner, discovers the highly explosive fulminates.[1] Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir (lunWoR) (CE 1822-1900) inventor of the first successful gas combustion engine Abbé Jean de Hautefeuille (CE 1647-1724) (first explosion engine design) John Barber (earliest gas engine design) Robert Street - earliest gas combustion engine with cylinder and piston design. Philip Lebon - earliest built gas engiatene Samuel Brown - the earliest gas engine known to be built and used, first gas engine car, and boat william thomson, john dunlop - inventors of air tire *-felix savary - electrical oscillation Frederick Augustus Abel - inventor of cordite Joseph Wilson Swan - carbon filement electric bulb light, dry plate Norman Pogson - changed hipparchos' luminosity scale to create modern scale, found 9 asteroids *+Alexander Bain - invents first fax (has philosopher+psychologer alexander bain) *+Edward Davy (1806-1885) - electrochemical telegraph (1838) +Abbe Giovanni Caselli : 1815 - 1891 - sent first? public electronic photograph +Frederick Bakewell: eb2008 has misspelled 'Blakewell' - so called first to demonstrate fax in 1851, but Bain demonstrated according to one source. +*Shelford Bidwell - first photographic (silouette) image sent and printed using selenium cell (nor does EB2008) +*Arthur Korn - telegraphs photographs between cities - that is amazing +*Charles Francis Jenkins (CE 1867-1934) - first to send wireless image (eb2008 mentions but no separate record) +*Hans Knudsen - first wireless photo (no selenium) (not in eb2008) in sci am 1908 Nicolaus Otto - builds (not designs) first 4 stroke engine *Cascariolo - identified Barium Sulfide a phosphor *Theodore Sidot - ZnS is phosphor Gottlieb Daimler - first gasoline engine, motor bike, motor boat Gaston Planté - lead-acid first recycleable battery Alexander Mitschelich - metal compounds that do not decompose exhibit spectra different from (atom) metals. John Wesley Hyatt (CE 1837-1920), US inventor, inventor of celluloid Ferdinand von Zeppelin - builds air ships Hiram Maxim - machine gun Lars Fredrik Nilson - Scandium krafft-ebing - early sexual deviation book, introduces terms paranoia, sadism and masochism (Sir) Walter Noel Hartley - found ozone to be highly fluorescent and supposed this to be the reason for blue sky. Paul Hautefeuille (CE 1836-1902) and James Chappuis liquefy ozone, and find absorption to be the same as solar spectrum passed through earth atmosphere. Constantin Fahlberg - codiscoverer saccarin *+Friedrich Reinitzer - first to publish anything about liquid crystals - some consider a new state of matter in between liquid and solid - but it seems specific to certain molecules only. - many substances have different "states of matter". +*phillip reiss - inventor of first publicly known microphone (and telephone) - concise has a page on reimann though. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene - credited with first use of celluloid strip for moving picture capture and projection - reported on capturing images from the eye - but by reflection (not emission) Charles Algernon Parsons - improves steam engine with direct propulsion by steam George Eastman - first? to use gelatin on paper instead of glass plate Valdemar Poulsen - first public recorded sound on magnetic tape - origin of all magnetic tape recording. Harriet Brooks - published with Rutherford Eric Tigerstedt - first to add sound to film - neuron r/w related Ferdinando Cazzamali - telepathy experiment ernst ruska- first electron microscope, first image of virus *camera thought net related +and asimov SCIENTISTS INVOLUNTARILY LOCKED IN PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITALS OR PRISONS OR THOSE WHO PEOPLE WANT TO BUT FAIL TO ================================================================================================== (Prison and theories of pychiatry used to discredit, punish or stop scientists, to keep a secret) POSSIBLY MURDERED OR DAMAGED FOR LIBERAL VIEWS =================== Jean Servais Stas (damaged speaking) Berthelot: "He died suddenly, immediately after the death of his wife, 'on the18th of March 1907, at Paris, and with her was buried in the Pantheon. " Henry Draper - "invariably attained". SUSPICIOUS SUICIDES =================== Ignaz Philipp Semmelweiss Goal: 1) Major movie of evolution science and future a) collaboration among as many people as possible Secondary: 1) Major movie of science history (and possibly future) Funding/Producers: sources of money to distribute ulsf or to promote the making of a movie of evolution+science+future ============== Google nsf bill & melinda gates fund pbs planetary society soros major scientists (university donors) (foster, williams) massive and traditional fund source Science-Education-friendly Corporations: filmmakers (script, storyboarding, 3D, directing) =========== Speilberg - Dreamworks Warner Brothers Paramount Lucas (Disney) Distributors (movie theaters, DVD, Cable, TV) ============= 1) make trailer video in 3D, send in request packet, with nice letter describing massive injustice, call/email first, (video message?) Great scientific dueling theories: (and the classic evidence for/against) =================================== 1) phlogiston (Stahl) versus oxygen combustion (Lavoisier) 2) caloric (particles of heat) (Lavoisier) versus heat as motion (velocity of particles) (Joule) [t Is temperature only a measure of mass density/space? or is it only velocity/space with no regard to mass quantity? It would seem if higher density = higher temperature, a solid would have a higher temperature than a liquid, but perhaps the measuring device does not intercept the moving particles. In the center of a dense object like the Sun, perhaps the particles move less or not at all, so is the temperature colder?] 3) light as a particle (Newton, Plank?, Einstein?) versus light as a wave (Grimaldi, Hooke, Huygens, Euler, Young, Fresnel, De Broglie) (never any battle over sound) 4) light is matter (Newton?), light is massless (Einstein) 5) universe is expanding, universe is not expanding 6) space and time contract in direction of objects motion (Fitzgerald, Lorentz), space an time do not contract in direction of motion 7) electricity is single fluid with 2 particles (Franklin), or two fluids with 2 particles (,Nollet) DIDNT HAVE TIME FOR ===================== SIMPLE FINDS/SIMPLE TRUTHS IVE FOUND ==================================== 1) conservation: I think that simply: a) mass is conserved b) velocity is conserved c) and beyond this: 1) acceleration is conserved - basically all movement has a reciprical movement (although the signless magnitude of velocities are not conserved since velocities created by gravity cancel in sign only) d) so any multiples of mass and velocity are conserved, for example: 1) mv (momentum) is conserved 2) m/v (gram-seconds/meter) is conserved 3) 1/2mv^2 is conserved (kinetic energy) 4) 1/2vm^2 is conserved (name of property?) 5) ma is conserved (force) 6) ...and so any combinations of m and v will always be conserved, but is there any value in these combinations, integrals, derivatives of m and v, or m and a? 2) polarized light passed through a lens (and ulexite tv rock) and then through two polarizers that would usually block the polarized light do not block the light through the lens, which implies that the direction of the light beams is relevent to being blocked, but possibly there are other reasons too. 3) all matter is made of light particles 4) That conservation of energy is not as accurate as conservation of mass and velocity, given the view that mass and velocity cannot be exchanged, one into the other. 5) using glass slide, perhaps double refraction is that, like glass slide, some light is transmitted through slide, some is reflected. The reflected light rotates with the crystal while the transmitted light does not. - One problem is that, with a glass slide, reflected text appears to be reversed text (like the reflected image of text on the outside of the crystal) while with the crystal no reversed text is observed (except on the inner side planes). This may be because the light is reflected from the side to bottom as opposed to from the top to bottom. I still needs to find a better explanation and hopefully examples. cullen and darwin - first to recognize temperature change dalton - first to measure temp change of compressed/expanded gases add to science SCIENCE NOTES ============= 1) include atheism versus religion/supernatural 2) include sexuality versus antisexuality (include nudity, porno, bisex) 3) include law, courts, democracy, stopping of violence 4) equality for female versus inequality 5) antislavory versus slavory 6) tell in present or past tense? a) present sounds more interesting, past sounds dull. The listener is living at the same time as the famous event in question, not simply given statements they are supposed to memorize. b) most text is in past tense, have to change all verbs by hand (maybe button could automatically try? would need list of verbs). c) present tense introduces problems decribing current events which are also in the present tense, past introduces problem of past and future events relative to the time in question, because near future events relative to the time in question will need to be in past tense too. d) present tense verbs translate easily into Chinese and other asian languages that have no tenses. 7) history of writing, stone tablets, papyrus, paper, books, libraries 8) full timeline and history of science in china, india, americas and compare with alexandria/greek/roman(babylonian/mesopotamium) science. 9) history of schools, classes: indicates an organized effort at instruction in science (but perhaps relates to community organizations...grew from religious gatherings? religious gatherings common in pre-christian religions? i.e. paganism, egyptian) 10) history of god idea, god,deus,zeus,... 11) history of languages, when and which language was in use in each major nation? 12) focus on real science, so-called applied science, history of textiles (what people wear), agriculture (and tools), engineering, vehicles/transportation, cleaning (soap), paint/ink/dyes technology, architecture/construction (buildings), furniture, adhesives, musical instruments, utilities (water, waste), money, weapons, armor, all various metal melting/casting methods. 13) clearly define changes in language, great vowel shift, greek to latin (for example in Rome did they at one time speak Greek?), alphabet, Claudius proposes new letter for sound of upsilon, but letter Y adapted 14) History of devil, satan (500s bce Job as servent of deity), lucifer (originally Venus-type diety, relation to lux, luces, light, coicidence or concerted effort to oppose symbology of light, science, light, truth, potentially light as basis of all matter, as principle atom - Lucretius, etc) 15) dentistry: first plastic tooth, first braces/teeth straightening, first false tooth (wood?), case studies where drilling and filling teeth preserved life of tooth. 16) history of plastics 17) history of vacuum pumps Vacuum_1999_sdarticle.pdf 18) history of neurology: see book "Dates in Neurology" 19) history of abolition movement, antislavory movement, right to vote, work, own property 20) history of women's rights movement, women voting, work, own property 21) history of childrens right movements, children getting to vote, work, own property, see porno, etc 22) history of guns (weapons) 23) another interesting historical timeline is: unconsensual health care treatments on humans {who did them, who didn't, who voiced objections, who voiced approval, who was silent?} 24) psychiatric "treatments" (under pseudoscience, popular inaccurate science beliefs), unconsensual restraints, water tortures, bleedings, electrocution, surgeries, druggings. 25) crankshaft, camshaft, different gears for motors 26) Compressed air devices - there are different techniques - history of each 27) History of flight - I am missing a number of early details - writers see http://books.google.com/books?id=x_kgAAAAMAAJ&dq=borelli++flight+lilienthal&as_brr=1&source=gbs_navlinks_s UNIVERSE EVENTS TO PLACE ======================== 1) comment on/something like: "I think we need to think for a minute about the immensity of the universe that we can see; to think that we see billions of other galaxies, and in each galaxy there are billions of stars just like our sun, with dozens of planets orbiting them, and here we see this as we hurdle through space on a tiny fragile spherical rock. I hope that we do overcome the many challanges we face to move off this planet and so we and our ancestors can survive to continue to enjoy this enormous view we see." LIFE EVENTS TO PLACE ==================== 1) development of each major organ and system, for example origin of digestive, ciraculatory, sexual, respiratory, nervous, muscle, eyes, nose (and reason for - why nose better adapted for survival?, etc), ears, skin (each skin sensor - touch, heat, ), teeth (The teeth of vertebrates represent the modified descendants of bony dermal (skin) plates that armoured ancestral fishes.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072898/tooth]) SCIENCE EVENTS TO PLACE ======================= 1) Aristarkos sun centered, not embraced, earth center will be by later scholars until Copern. But also atheism not embraced, although polytheism is rejected by early christians, the idea of a single god holds on and will continue to hold on perhaps for 3000 years among developed nations. *The religious interpretation of the universe also wins over a scientific interpretation (which many might relate to simply an atheist interpretation, but which is not necessarily since, there are many atheist interpretations that do not adhere to observed reality). Asimov claimed that the appeal of fantasical stories of religion (for example magic events/miracles) will be more interesting than the more realistic stories (minus any supernatural miracles) given by science. 2) Plato's shadow analogy 3) Zeus to Deus, did christians argue that zeus was the only god? when early christian refered to god, did they refer to the god as "Zeus"? 4) Aristoxenus 5) Zosmius historian 6) Archelaus 7) Bolos democratean 8) each gear invented 9) FDR ends prohibition of alcohol freeing x number of people from prison, and ending the vast majority of the violent illegal market in alcohol. 10) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake 11) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philoponus 12) end of slavory in various nations 13) women right to vote, other women's rights (js mill,) a) History of Woman Suffrage 6 vols b) Woman, Church, and State, other famous women's rights books/works c) Declaration of Sentiments 14) 3d math equations for sphere, cylinder, plane, rotation, scale, etc. 15) manufacture of permanent magnets and their distribution and use in science experimentation (Faraday, Coulomb, Oersted) 16) history of printer 17) mystery of Newton belief in particles of light and also aether. Ever doubts of existence of aether? Aether incorporated into theory of corpuscles? View that Newton caved-in and gave in to light as wave theoriests, or compromised? Newton just acknowledges existence of aether, but does Newton incorporate aether into theory of gravity and/or light? 18) sewing machines 19) printing presses (rotary printing press) 20) Electric camera: late 1800s? 21) frequencies other than visible light electric camera: henry uses thermogalvonometer to measure temperature of sunspots in 1848 22) history of static spark generating machines before (and after to some extent if used in experimenting) volta battery 23) weapons, torpedo 24) textiles, leather 25) machining, bow lathe 26) evolution of electric motors 27) evolution of electric generators 28) evolution of gas powered motors 29) evolution of gas powered electrical generators 30) Rise of chemistry other sciences and universities in China, India, Africa, Australia 31) perhaps each major part of vehicles should be described, and the inventor listed? 32) artificial muscles 33) create records for the first for each major organ FUTURE EVENTS TO PLACE (and important research areas) ===================================================== already: 1800 Secret: Electric microphone invented. Secret: Invisible light particle communication (radio) invented but kept secret. Radio transmitter and receiver invented. 1801 Secret: Electronic camera transmitter invented but kept secret. This device uses light particles to transmit images to distant receivers. At first this is a simple one sensor light dark device. But soon, arrays of sensors, with more and more sensors, smaller and smaller in size are developed - all secretly for a small group of wealthy people of each nation. 1850 - guess Secret: walking robot using electromagnetic motors - but kept secret for hundreds of years, evidence - use of words like "step" 1860 - guess +Secret: artificial muscles - molecule mimics muscles in contracting under electric potential. Secret: Microphone less than 1 micrometer in size. This microphone transmitter uses light particles to transmit sounds to distant receivers. 1861 - guess +Secret: two leg robots walk using artificial muscles 1865 Secret: laser invented. Perhaps this is a CO2 laser. These devices are instantly recognized as dangerous and useful weapons, being much faster than a metal projectile gun, and can be developed to be much smaller than a projectile gun. In addition, the location of the weapon is difficult to determine. The laser probably quickly is strong enough to cut through flesh, and as is public now, can cut through even metal. Like microphones, cameras, neuron readers and writers, these laser devices will be reduced to micrometer size, and then nanometer size, and secretly distributed by the millions throughout the planet earth. 1880 Secret: Camera trasmitter 1 micrometer in size. "Microcamera" transmitter developed but kept secret. This device uses light particles to transmit images to distant receivers. The resolution is probably 320x240 dots or perhaps 160x120 dots. Secret: Neuron reading transmitter is less than 1 micrometer in size. "Micro-neuronreader" or perhaps "micro-thought-camera" transmitter developed but kept secret. This device uses light particles to transmit thought-images and thought-sounds to distant receivers. The resolution of this device may be very large, like 10,000 x 10,000 dots. This resolution reaches a maximum which is equal to the resolution of the human eye. Secret: Neuron writer micrometer in size. "Micro-neuron-writer" or perhaps "Micro-thought-writer" devices developed but kept secret. This device uses x particles (xray) to remotely write to neurons (make neurons fire) using very precise directional movement. Secret: Laser is micrometer in size. 1920 Secret: Microphone transmitter is nanometer in size. "Nanophone" transmitter developed but kept secret. This device uses light particles to transmit sounds to distant receivers. Secret: Camera transmitter is nanometer in size. "Nanocamera" developed but kept secret. This device uses light particle to transmit images to distant receivers. Secret: Neuron reader is nanometer in size. "Nano-thought-cam" ("nano-thought-reader", "Nano-neuron-reader") transmitter developed but kept secret. This device uses light particles to transmit thought-images and thought-sounds to distant receivers. It may be that sound, image and neuron reading and writing may all be consolodated into a single device. These device may have tiny light particle powered engines, and so may float around into a room, and be precisely positioned using tiny nanometer size engines. Secret: Nanometer sized neuron writing devices developed but kept secret. This device uses x particles (xray) to remotely write to neurons (make neurons fire) using very precise directional movement. Secret: Laser is nanometer in size. 1980 +humans synthesize artificial mammal muscle, starting from muscle cells. 1990 +research date, artificial muscles made public - molecule mimics muscles in contracting under electric potential. http://www.unm.edu/~amri/publications.html 2020 +walking robots produced in mass quantity, and available for public to buy. Walking robots vastly change life of earth. In particular, two leg walking robots will completely replace humans and the other species in all low-skill labor jobs, with the exception of prostitution. This will create a different kind of society where all people are simply given free food, a free room, free clothes, etc. and the basic requirements of life by the majority. If they have inherited money, they may use their money to buy, build, etc in the usual way, but otherwise, average people will have to find other ways of getting money, because machines will be doing all the work. The benefits are that 1) humans do not need to do manual labor, but are free to enjoy their lives, 2) the robots produce far more resources than humans could and so poor humans benefit from the increase in food, housing, and other supplies. 2040 +two leg robots walk using artificial muscles available for public to buy. Many humans walk around with walking robots. Walking robots are routinely seen in public, run errands for humans, like grocery shopping, and perform routine cleaning tasks like laundry, dish washing, lawn mowing, etc. Kissing, hugging, sleeping together, and other non-sexual forms of pleasure for money decriminalized for humans over the age of 18. Marijuana decriminalized for humans over the age of 18. No humans are arrested for owning or selling marijuana. 2050 +two leg robot with artificial muscles robot can fly like a bird by flapping wings. +Captured images and button press are used instead of signature for credit card +first air highway, for flying cars established. Flying cars are helicopters, which are adapted to consumers. The flying cars are mass produced and so the price is within the range of people of average wealth. Most use a propeller design like a helicopter, however, the blades are contained in a container to be safer (or perhaps just until the passengers are in the vehicle and the engine is started). The flying cars have other added safety features like emergency parachutes, airbags, auto-navigation, etc. Since roads cannot be enlarged sideways, new roads can only be added up and down. Layers of highways will extend deep into the earth, perhaps hundreds of road layers, and extend far above into hundreds of elevations for air traffic. In large cities, the air vehicles will carry humans directly to the floor of their homes which may be building 43,943 x 28,389 (building) x (floor) 23,838. The flying cars are flown by walking robots, or controlled by equipment on the vehicle itself, or possibly controlled by particle communication by an external central computer for example by satellite or ground transmitter. The flying vehicles are made extremely safe. Examples of safety features include: 1) Automatic landing when low on fuel 2) Detecting and avoiding collision by finding safe paths in space 3) Detecting engine failure and rapid change in altitude and releasing parachutes. 4) An emergency propulsion engine always containing enough fuel for an emergency landing. 2060 +Masturbation, genital, breast, buttock fondling for money decriminalized for humans over the age of 18. Humans over 18 are no longer arrested for trading manual masturbation, genital, breast or buttock fondling for money. 2080 +Oral sex decriminalized for humans over the age of 18. No humans are arrested for receiving or providing oral sex for money with no regard to gender or either participant. 2100 +walking robots can safely drive cars. Most consumer land vehicles are now driven by walking robots. With robots driving, far less accidents occur, because the electronics in a robot is far faster at processing images than the human brain. In addition, the robot can have cameras in all directions, extra sensors like heat and ultrasonic, etc. sensors to more fully analyze any scene. In addition, humans are now free to enjoy the scenery, drink, talk and listen to music, etc. Walking robots that drive, gradually put an end to the terrible problem of humans driving while under the influence of alcohol and other recreational drugs. +cocaine decriminalized for humans over the age of 18. No humans are arrested for owning of selling cocaine. 2120 +walking robots can safely fly flying cars (helicopters). Most flying cars are now controlled by walking robots which are much safer than humans flying. In addition, this frees humans from the responsibilities of flying the car, and allows them to enjoy the scenery. 2130 +humans land ship on asteroid. 2140 (see id687)+Large scale conversion of larger common atoms into smaller more valuable atoms. Particle accelerators turn abundant atoms like silicon, and iron, into more useful smaller atoms like hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms required by life, in particular as fuel and food to go to other planets and to provide air, water and food for life growing on other planets and moons. +humans synthesize artificial milk and cheese. 2150 +excess carbon removed from the air on Earth +walking robots build buildings on the moon of earth. +alcohol replaces gasoline as most popular fuel for gas combustion engines. Since alcohol is not a fossil fuel, and does not need to be drilled to produce, alcohol probably becomes more popular than gasoline. Alcohol is easily produced from garbage and plants by using bacteria fermentation. 2170 +humans live on the moon of Earth. 2190 +first multistory building built on the moon of Earth. 2200 +Seeing, hearing and sending images and sounds to and from brains (telepathy, neuron reading and writing) is made public in most major nations. Although the public will still not be aware of the hundreds of years that neuron reading and writing was kept secret. The majority of the public will now get to see videos and windows in front of their eyes, and talk openly about what they see, to record and print out copies of what they see and their thought images and sounds. However, many places and people's thoughts will still be kept from view by the majority of people in the public. This will dramatically reduce the number of violent murders and assaults on earth. In addition, the extreme increase in speed of communication greatly increases sex, reproduction, and decreases the spread of communicable diseases. This begins the public punishment of any neuron murderers, assaulters and molestors that have gone unpunished before now. The neuron murderers, assaulters and molestors must pay their victims, and beneficiaries of deceased victims for their unpunished secret neuron crimes. Humans can now access their computer, browse the Internet, see movies, pay their bills, etc directly from their brain using their mind to control the windows they see in front of their eyes. +nudity in public decriminalized. 2210 +representative democracy in China (all major nations representative or fully democratic) 2220 +walking robots land and walk around on surface of asteroid. 2230 +walking robots build buildings on planet Mars 2240 +humans land and walk around on surface of asteroid. 2250 +humans live permanently on an asteroid. +total freedom of all information for the most developed nations on earth. No human is jailed for any information owned, including images, no matter how unpleasant the images may be. This ends arrests of humans for violations of national secrecy, copyright, patent, trademark, and other restrictions on information. This greatly helps to lwoer the quantity of violence and spread of disease on earth. +prostitution completely decriminalized in most major nations. This includes all forms of trading money for physical pleasure. +recreational drug possession decriminalized in most major nations. +walking robots land and walk around on the surface of planet Mercury. +walking robots land and walk around on the surface of a moon of Jupiter. 2260 +humans land on the surface of Mars. +walking robots land and walk around on the surface of a moon of Saturn. 2270 +humans live on the surface of Mars. 2280 +all money used in the star system is electronic +walking robots land and walk around on the surface of a moon of Uranus. +Most humans simply think to each other and do not talk out loud. The majority of humans communicate through thought images and sound. The images and sounds are beamed directly to their brains. People view other people in windows which appear before their eyes, squares which show the image a person is thinking of, and other videos from the person's life appear around the image of the person. (Show image) +first human populated ship that orbits the Earth star. This ship will probably contain a continuous human population for years. 2290 +first regular transport ships from Earth to the moon of Earth. 2300 +first multistory building built on planet Mars. +walking robots land and walk around on the surface of Triton, the moon of Neptune. +post pubescent children, get the right to vote, to work, to pose nude, and to have consensual sex. +sex in public decriminalized. 2310 +humans live in orbit of Venus. 2320 +walking robots land on the surface of Venus. 2330 2340 +humans land on the surface of Mercury. 2350 +humans live under and on the surface of Mercury. +humans live in orbit of Jupiter. +Humans switch to a single time system for all places in the universe. This time may be based on the number of seconds from some time in the past. So no matter what part of Earth, Mars, Venus, or Mercury people live on, whether night or day, there is only a single time. This helps to organize humans living on different planets and in orbit. A "star system time" is different from the earth time which depends on a person's location on earth, for example when a person travels from one time zone into another they must change their clock by setting hours forward or backward. It may be that humans simply choose to use some time from a single location on earth, for example using Greenwich time no matter where a person is located. Or perhaps they will simultaneously track the time of each major city as some airports do now. This time may then be adopted for Earth, so that 12 noon is the same time throughout the universe - at that time, one part of Earth may be turned to the Sun, and another may experience noon, as nighttime. +The majority of humans, use a one letter equals one sound alphabet for all human language. However, generally at this time, the vast majority of communication is done by images people think without the need for images of letters. Letters represent sounds, and the words built by letters represent objects, motions, biological sensations, etc. It is not clear if humans will still have alphabets, and written words which they read in the far future. Perhaps non-lettered images and sounds will be a faster, easier method of communicating the details of some event, opinion, etc. Any stimulation can be described by simply neuron writing that stimulation, but for unpleasant sensations, it is easy to see that a pictoral representation would be useful. So I can see a place for letters and words in the future - as visual symbolic representations of some stimulations, without the need to actually neuron write the stimulation. Images that describe sounds, in particular in the form of symbols, like letters, and that describe quantities like numbers, will probably be used by humans into the far future. Although probably books made of paper will be replaced, first by neuron writing text to the eyes, and then by thin, light electronic screen computers. Image and sound recordings will all be stored in physical objects, and then copied to people's brains on request using neuron writing. 2400 +humans land on the surface of a moon of Jupiter. 2420 2450 +humans successfully send a ship with walking robots to the stars of Alpha Centauri. The ship will probably use atomic separation to propel itself with high acceleration. The ship will need to have light particle beams in front and back to detect and deflect or destroy any masses in the path of the ship. In addition, small thrusting side engines will allow larger objects to be avoided by steering the ship around them. There are probably a number of ships that fail before this ship. This ship will ultimately reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star, at 4 light years away. Walking robots control the ship. The robots are designed to withstand very large accelerations, accelerations that would kill humans, for example 10g (around 100m/s^2). If this ship can reach a velocity of: 1) 1% the speed of light, 30,000km/s, the ship would take around 370 years to go 4 light years 2) 2% the speed of light, 60,000km/s, the ship would take 180 years 3) .1% the speed of light, 3,000km/s, the ship would take 3,700 years Note, that this does not account for the delay of accelerating up to speed and decellerating down to stop, which might add many more years. I think a conservative estimate would be 500 years, but I will estimate a 300 year journey, which presumes that the first successful ship will be capable of reaching around 2% the speed of light. It is asking a lot for a ship to perform successfully for 300 years, in particular given the stress and random nature of explosive atomic separation. S/v=t 3.5e16/3e6 11,666,666,667 s = 370 years S/v=t 3.5e16/6e6 5,833,333,333 s = 180 years S/v=t 3.5e16/3e5 116,666,666,667 s = 3,700 years To reach a velocity of 1% the speed of light, would require a sustained acceleration of 100m/s^2 (10g) for 35 days. v=at, 3e8/100= 3e6s Humans could possibly endure a high acceleration of maybe 2 or 3 g, for a few days without too much discomfort. But at 1g, to reach 1% the speed of light would take 347 days: v=at, 3e8/10 = 3e7 Using a constant 1g acceleration, the ship would reach (and pass) 4ly in 982 days 2.7 years which is faster than the speed of light and so is probably impossible. S=1/2at^2 3.6e16/5=t^2 84,852,814s v=at v=848,528,140m/s It seems unlikely that the ship would be able to reach a velocity>1% velocity of light. 1/2at^2 S=50t^2 648,000,000 meters/hour (3600s) 373,248,000,000 m/day (86,400s) v=8,640,000m/s 3% the speed of light 4.9e16 m/year (31,536,000s) 1.5e9 1ly=9e15 meters, 2ly=1.8e16, 4ly=3.6e16m The equation is complex, because as the velocity of the ship is increased, probably the propulsion creates less acceleration. The "new horizons" ship made by NASA, using gravity assist frmo Jupiter, will reach a velocity of 47,000mph (75,637 km/hour) 21km/s, 0.007% the speed of light. At this speed, going to Proxima Centauri would take 54,360 years. S/v=t 3.6e16m/21000m/s=1.7e12s =54,350 years 2500 +all viruses conquered, no known virus, when caught early enough, can kill human or any other species +End of death by aging, through genetic editing, humans grow and develop to age 20, and then hold that body shape indefinitely, dying only from physical destruction. Most humans will now live for thousands of years, some even for millions of years. This causes the human population to grow at an extremely rapid pace. Each new human created by reproduction may be an "improved model" - with new advanced features - and biological problems and/or useless DNA removed. This may also just be a reflection of creativity and experimentation, as humans experiment with an endless combination of possibilities. This shifts the focus to the problem of how to feed and house the rapidly increasing quantity of humans. This will make the exploration of other planets and in particular other stars to be an absolute requirement, in particular for humans who want to reproduce but are not allowed to because of the extremely limited resources on earth and the earth star. Humans will probably reach a steady state equilibrium, basically living for thuosands of years. A very few will die in accidents, and their matter will be recycled, and a new human can then take their place using the resources they would have used. If humans are not wise, there may be terrible struggles because the need for food greatly outweighs the tiny supply of food. This end of the physical effects of aging, creates a new existance of finite resources and human reproduction. There is only new matter being emitted from the star, more dense matter will need to come from mining the matter of the matter orbiting other stars. At this point, the matter orbiting the Sun will continue to increase as a result of more living objects capturing and using sun light to reproduce. More light particles emitted from the sun will be captured and staying in orbit around the Sun, that otherwise would have escaped to other parts of the universe. Some matter may be imported from other stars. For many centuries, humans will be able to continue living forever, and even be able to reproduce growing off the mass emitted from the Sun. But clearly, a time will come where even all the light emitted from the Sun will be captured, perhaps by the distance of Jupiter or even closer, and so again, the requirement for living objects, in particular those in outer locations, to move to other stars will be obvious. As in all examples of explorers moving to an undeveloped "new world", the journey to the other stars will be a harsh and long journey, there will be much more freedom and space for those who successfully arive at the other stars alive. It may be possible that a well organized species, may harvest every particle emitted by a star, and this would make a star system or group of star systems, very difficult to see from a distance. But, clearly, it would be impossible to not lose some photons, and so they would be seen, not only for the light particles they are blocking from behind them, but also as a large radio (low frequency light particles) source - as small quantities of light emits from the outermost shell - although various arrangements of photon capture are possible, clearly the layers of matter completely surrounding a star would have to be massive in size to be able to completely capture every particle of light emitted by a star. Surrounding and utilizing the matter of a star will be a logical activity after using the same process to use the matter of the planets of the star; now the same exact process is applied to the star. Eventually, there will be no more uninhabited stars, and the galaxy will reach the stage of being a globular galaxy. At the stage of a galaxy where all stars are inhabited, and none are left to claim, there must be basically equilibrium systems where all matter (minus the photons that escape into the space beyond) is recycled, and very few new living objects can be made...it may be the same old crew of living objects for millions and millions of years unless they happen to die. I can see a gruesome view of possibly purposely ending the lives of some everliving humans to make new humans. Perhaps making new humans will be outlawed (although sex may still be acceptable), and only those ever living humans will exist around the earth star for century after century. It's a totally different evolution, for example now, the current cycle of aging to death has it's advantage because if there is a bad tradition, those who started it may die and the bad tradition may stop, but in the same way, a good tradition may be lost and forgotten. With the same organisms ever-living, living all the time without aging, the movie freezes, and the star system is stuck with the values of those people, never to change, or only to change very slowly. Still, I doubt things would be dull, because of the distance and time involved in moving between stars. There have to be major differences that evolve between people separated by the great distance between stars. If ever an ever-living human got bored, they could just spend a few decades moving to a different star, where they would find billions and billions of people they only knew from images, an entirely new set of people, although no doubt the engineering challanges for life of each star would be very similar: basically building single family ships, recycling matter, importing and exporting matter, moving the star into a more desirable position, converting planets, etc. This greatly increases the population of humans and the rate at which the population increases. Before this the population was doubling every 40 years, now the population doubles every 5 years. This makes all later estimates unclear because this so greatly changes the number of humans and greatly increases the rate (by necessity) of expansion of humans to the other stars. current rate= x^40=3e9 40lnx=ln3e9 x=1.72555 1960 = 3e9 2000 = 6e9 x^40=2 40lnx=ln2, x=1.0175 3000 = 3e9 2e246 x^1040 = 68,516,412x3e9 = 205e15 205 quadrillion ppl 2550 +humans live under and on the surface of Venus (in supercooled buildings?) 2570 +first asteroid purposely moved by life. Multiple ships are used to create a mass large enough to change the motion of an asteroid using gravity. 2600 +first asteroid moved using propulsion engine (either built into the asteroid, or on a ship or ships connected to the asteroid by cables to pull the asteroid). 2650 +First asteroid, that has its velocity and direction completely under human control +humans synthesize atoms from light particles. This may have already happened and was kept secret. This process involved focusing light particles to form protons, which are Hydrogen ions. The hydrogen can then be collided together to form larger atoms. Building atoms may require extreme precision and timing of how to make pieces of matter group together without dividing the accumulated cluster of matter into smaller pieces. At first this will probably be more of a theoretical and scientific achievement and not practical, the more practical process being separating larger atoms into smaller more useful atoms - like converting Iron and Silicon into Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. 2700 +humans land on a moon of Saturn. +humans live in orbit of Saturn. 2750 +Ships with walking robots arrive at and orbit Proxima Centauri, 4 light years away (36 trillion km/22 trillion miles). Walking robots land ships and walk around on the surface of a planet of Proxima Centauri. This is perhaps 300 years after setting out from the star of Earth. The ship must travel with a velocity greater than 2% the speed of light to reach Centauri within 300 years. The robots send back close up images of the planets and moons orbiting Proxima Centauri. The robots then land ships on the planets, build builds, perform chemical analysis, sending all information back to the humans of Earth. Some of the ships will then move onto to Alpha Centauri A and B .1 light year away. This will take approximately 10 years. perhaps the robots find that there is life on at least one planet, but that it is the equivalent of bacteria of earth. This may provide proof that nucleic acids molecules like DNA and RNA, and even more evolved cells like bacteria and viruses are common throughout the universe, found on most planets of every star. Or perhaps the robots will find that the only life on the planets of other stars is bacteria that has arrived from earth. 2760 +Walking robots reach the stars of Alpha Centauri A and B. The robots send back close up images of the planets around those stars. The robots land smaller probe ships on all the planets and moons, capture and transmit images, and take chemical samples. 2800 +humans have total control over the content of air on Earth. How much O2, N2, CO2, etc is under complete control by humans. +A ship containing humans leaves for the stars of Alpha Centauri and will arrive successfully, perhaps 300 years later. +A ship containing walking robots leaves for Barnard's star, 6 light years away and will arrive successfully, perhaps 350 years later. +asteroid held in position relative to the star - the asteroid orbit is stopped, and the asteroid is held stationary in a fixed position relative to the star. +humans land on a moon of Uranus and live permanently in orbit around planet Uranus. +First planet whose motion is purposely changed by humans. The motion of Earth and the moon of earth are purposely changed by orbiting ships. The large quantity of ships in orbit causes the motion of earth to be carefully monitored and periodically changed using mass organized ship movements. 2900 +Human anatomical changes start to become apparent as a result from low gravity, and living off of planet Earth. For humans who live their lives in low gravity, they may start to look more like ocean organisms - most of which do not walk on a surface but instead move themselves around in by water propulsion - for humans this being air propulsion. Humans may also develop more genitals and sex-related organs, and more accentuated sex organs, larger breasts, penises and scrotums, rounder buttocks, etc. Humans may start to have both sets of genitals, and converge to a single gender, which both gametes, like many plants. +humans land on Triton, moon of Neptune and live permanently in orbit of Neptune. +humans penetrate the surface of Jupiter. Humans find that the size of Jupiter is about 6 times the diameter of planet earth (verify), and is officially the second largest terrestrial body of this star system after the Sun. The surface of Jupiter is found to be molten liquid metal, mostly iron, silicon and the other most abundant atoms. +A ship containing walking robots leaves for the stars of Sirius, 8 light years away and will arrive successfully, perhaps 450 years later. 2950 +humans penetrate surface of Saturn. As expected, the diameter of Saturn is 4 times that of Earth (verify) and is molten metal like Jupiter. 3000 +Planet mercury is purposely moved by life. This motion is very small and the original motion is restored after a single orbit. Multiple ships are used to create a mass large enough to change the motion of planet Mercury. The masses of ships sent from earth, affect the motion of the planets they visit, but by such a small quantity that this mass can be ignored, however, when there are many ships focused into a dense mass, the motion of a larger mass can be changed. Many humans fear tampering with the motions of the planets, and this experiment, reduces some of that worry as none of the motions of the other planets appear to be effected by this test. +humans penetrate surface of Uranus. The diameter is found to be around 3 times that of earth (verify) and is molten metal. +humans penetrate surface of Neptune. Like uranus, the diameter is found to be around 3 times that of earth (verify) and is molten metal. 3100 +humans orbit a different star, Proxima Centauri. Humans can now claim to be a two star system civilization. This doubles the chances of the human species surviving and not going extinct. This brings the humans of earth one step closer to forming a globular cluster which would greatly increase their chance of survival long into the future. Track population of humans around Proxima Cetauri. Humans will reproduce at a regular rate around Centauri, and in addition more humans will arrive from the star of Earth. 3150 +The ship containing walking robots arrives at Barnard's star, 6 light years away, 350 years after leaving the star system of Earth. The robots send back close up images of the planets and moons orbiting Barnard's star. The robots then land ships on the planets, build builds, perform chemical analysis, sending all information back to the humans of Earth. Humans now have ships orbiting 3 different stars. 3200 +motion of Mercury under complete control by orbiting ships that move and thrust to change the motion of Mercury. 3350 +Ships from earth reach the stars of Sirius. Humans now have ships orbiting 5 different stars. 3400 +motion of Venus purposely controlled by orbiting ships. 3500 +Humans may evolve to be larger, because this will create a larger brain. Or perhaps brain density will vastly increase to store much more information giving a living body an advantage in survival. For many centuries there will be two clear lines of evolution, those that live on a planet and those that live in ships. Those on planets may grow to be as tall as redwood trees, but ultimately probably most if not all living objects will live in ships and will take on shapes more like those in the ocean, perhaps more spherical, there may be only radial symetry, bilateral symmetry may evolve out. 3600 +motion of planet Mars and moons of Mars purposely controlled by orbiting ships. 3700 +Converting the atmosphere of Jupiter to Nitrogen and Oxygen is started. Atoms of the atmosphere are also used and converted into fuel, food, building materials, etc. This reduces the total mass of Jupiter (estimate by how much), will reveal the surface features, and cool the surface of planet Jupiter. Many humans fear unpredictable unknown physical occurances, like Jupiter somehow exploding because of the sudden change in mass and temperature. However, it seems unlikely that reducing the mass and temperature of Jupiter by consuming the clouds will cause destruction of the planet. This mass is replaced by the added orbiting ships in which humans live. The massive Venus atmopshere processing project has already served as proof that changing the atmosphere of a planet has little effect on the overall mass and motion of a planet. This project will take 600 years to complete. Possibly this will not be done for a much longer time. This is a balance between the reality of more and more mass in the form of humans and their ships changing the motion of Jupiter, and the feeling of security of having life safely growing around other stars. It may be safe to presume that humans will strongly reject any absolutely unnecessary changes to any planets or moons. I don't know for sure, but I think, it seems inevitable that humans will start to chip away at the clouds of Jupiter, and it will probably be difficult to stop. This slow process will become routine, and accepted. From here, it is just a matter of this chipping away going all the way down to the surface (and then of course, beyond into the surface). Probably by this time there will be numerous, very detailed models. But probably they will not be precise enough to know for sure what may happen to Jupiter as its mass rapidly decreases. Clearly, humans will examine worst case scenarios, like Jupiter completely exploding. In such an event, first it seems very unlikely that life of other planets of this star would go extinct or even serious suffer any loses. It seems clear that most of the exploded mass of Jupiter would not collide with the other planets and moons. Clearly most of those humans around Jupiter would be destroyed by the massive release of the compressed particles inside Jupiter. But Jupiter might only split into a few large pieces and so damage might be somewhat small compared to complete separation. 3800 +motion of Jupiter controlled by orbiting ships. +Humans now have ships orbiting 10 different stars. 3900 +motion of Saturn controlled by orbiting ships. 4000 +motion of Uranus controlled by orbiting ships. 4100 +motion of Neptune controlled by orbiting ships. +consuming and converting atmosphere of Saturn project initiated. This project will be completed 500 years later. The atmosphere of Saturn will be replaced with a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. 4200 +Rings of Saturn completely consumed by humans living there. +first planet held in stationary position relative to the star. The motion of planet Mercury is stopped, and the planet is held in a fixed position relative to the Sun. Holding a planet in stationary position uses more fuel, but the advantage is that there is less risk of collision, and the destination location for many ships does not constantly change making travel calculations more simple. +Project to consume atmosphere of Uranus started. Atmosphere of Uranus will be completely converted to a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. This will take 400 years to complete. +Humans now have ships orbiting 20 different stars. 4300 +humans live on the surface of Jupiter - requires supercooled station? The clouds of Jupiter are completely converted into a nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere. This project is completed 600 years after its start in 3700. The colder temperatures of Jupiter and the 3 other largest planets would cause oxygen and nitrogen to be liquid, however, the surface of Jupiter produces some heat, and human-made heat-producing machines can be distributed throughout the planet surface where humans settle to keep the gases warm enough to stay in gas form. +project to consume atmosphere of Neptune started. 4400 +All asteroids in between Mars and Jupiter have been converted into matter for fuel and food. 4500 +humans live on surface of Saturn. +humans live on surface of Uranus. +planet Mars held in stationary position +All planets of Earth star under complete control of humans. 4600 +clouds of Saturn completely converted, nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere completed. +clouds of Uranus completely converted, nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere completed. +humans live on surface of Neptune. 4700 +More humans live on ships than live in and on the surface of planets, moons or asteroids +clouds of Neptune completely converted, nitrogen and oxygen atmosphere completed. +Humans now have ships orbiting 50 different stars. 4800 +Jupiter is the most populated planet of the Earth star system, overtaking earth in number of humans living on and around it. 4900 5000 +humans completely control the translational movement of the earth star 5100 +humans translate/decode/capture an image created by a living object that evolved around a different star. This is the first time humans see images of living objects that evolved around a different star (presuming the images contain images of light reflected off the species that transmitted the image in light particles). It seems unlikely to me that a stream of particles that either form an image, or encode and image, could be sent very far without intending to send the particles to be received at very far distances, for example around other stars. For example, the light we see of the nearest stars, represents only a tiny fraction of the light emitted from the star. This shows that a transmitter of particles, would have to be very large to be received from living objects orbiting a distant star. Because of the value of the potential information gained, clearly trying to intercept every particle entering this star system will be and already is an important activity. This searching for intelligently coded particle beams from living obejcts of other stars, is all part of an information gathering process that all advanced life must participate in. This also involves sending probe ships to all nearby stars, not only to prospect for potential future homes, but also to see if any life has evolved around the star, life which may be a potential friend or enemy. Life of other stars may be looked at with some amount of curiosity and interest in learning what natural chemical and other scientific secrets have been unlocked, but also life of other stars will be looked at as an obvious expense to the finite resources available, even at a galactic scale. 5200 +The matter of planet Mercury is completely used as fuel and food by life of the earth star. +Life of earth occupies and grows around 10 stars in total. The human population is now: x. Humans now have ships orbiting 100 different stars. 5500 +Humans around the stars of Centauri control enough mass to start moving the three stars and orbiting matter closer to the star of Earth. At the same time the humans orbiting the Earth star, move the position of that star and orbiting matter closer to the stars of Centauri. This will make travel, communication and trading of matter between the two stars faster. The initial goal may be to have all 4 stars under 1 light year apart from each other. 6000 +Humans touch living objects that evolved around a different star. 6500 +Humans now control a globular cluster of 4 stars, the star of Earth, and the 3 stars of Centauri, all within 1 light year apart from each other. Humans occupy around 50 stars. In addition humans have ships orbiting 500 different stars. 8000 +Life of earth occupies and controls a globular cluster of 10 stars, and inhabits around 100 other stars. Humans have ships orbiting 1000 different stars. Human population is now: presuming 500 years for each star, and an exponential rate of growth, for 200 billion stars, 200e9=500t^2 t=20,000 200e9=2^n ln200e9=nln2 26=n.69 n=37.6 200e9*500=100e12 100 trillion years 10,000 +All planets of the Earth star have been used as fuel and food, all that remains are ships that orbit the Sun and capture the particles the Sun emits to use for fuel, food, building material, etc. The inside matter of planets is utilized because otherwise, it is precious matter that is going unused. Most of this extracting of matter occurs on the earth surface. Massive holes are dug into the Earth that extend deep into the inner Earth. Two-leg robots (and perhaps some humans) populate and work deep inside the earth and the other planets moving inner material to the surface. Life of earth occupies and controls a globular cluster of 100 stars, inhabits around 1000 other stars, and has ships orbiting about 5000 other stars. Human population is now: 11,000 +Genetic engineering may produce humans that do not need to eat but get starch from photosynthesis like plants. 12,000 +Genetic engineering may remove the requirement of humans to urinate and deficate. 13,000 +Genetic engineering may produce humans that may not need oxygen. Perhaps particles from stars produce the necessary chemicals and reactions, like oxygen, hydrogen, etc. 14,000 +By this time our descendants may look extremely different from humans on earth now. For example, our descendants may be intelligent spherical blobs with various extensions (like arms and hands sex/pleasure organs), or perhaps they will retain a rigid, muscular form, but vastly different in shape and size. (Note: it seems likely that this change might not happen this quickly - clearly primates have evolved over millions of years - and those features are very similar - but it could be this fast because the change in surroundings is so different.) 15,000 Life of earth occupies and controls a globular cluster of 1,000 stars, inhabits 10,000 other stars, and has ships orbiting around 100,000 stars. The human population is now: 20,000 50,000 100,000 1 million years 100 million years It seems safe to presume that by 100 million years from now, all stars in the Milky Way Galaxy will belong to a globular cluster. 1 billion years +the Milky Way Galaxy is now a globular galaxy. No blue dust clouds remain, and all stars are inhabited yellow stars. It may be that the life of the Milky Way, then will position itself around each star to harvest every last light particle. If true, the external appearance of the Milky way would then appear to be a large radio source, blocking all light behind it. It seems very unlikely to me that all light particles could be held in some volume of space. Globular clusters start to pull in to center of galaxy. (show evidence for this in images of galaxies). -estimate time: 4 billion years for advanced life, 1000 years more for each star to form a globular cluster. number of stars in galaxy=100e9, so from start to finish may take 1000 years/star which would be 100e12 100 trillion years which is 100,000 billions years - 25,000 times the extence of the star of Earth. Perhaps 1/10 of the stars are currently in globular clusters. Presuming 4 billion years that means 9/10 more time would be 36 billion more years. It seems likely that the stars in globular clusters are perhaps even older than our star - kept alive by feeding them with matter. Perhaps an in between estimate if 1 trillion years for a galaxy to change from nebula to spiral to globular. +Humans may chose to feed the Earth star, or use its mass completely for food, fuel, building materials, etc. The globular clusters must feed their stars, using the matter of large blue stars to reduce their size to yellow stars, and then consistently feeding the star to keep it's mass constant. It seems more likely that it would take much less effort to simply consume stars completely. New stars would then need to be acquired. But yet, the fact remains that there are no red stars in globular clusters (verify), so this implies that stars are fed and kept at a constant mass. But to feed a star, mass needs to be acquired, and probably more mass than is emitted from surrounding stars, although light particles from allt he stars in a globular cluster must slow the loss of mass of the stars of the cluster. 1.5 billion years +The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the Magellanic Cloud Galaxies becoming about twice as large as the original size of the Milky Way globular galaxy. 4.5 billion years The Andromeda Galaxy and Milky Way collide and start the process of joining together to form a single galaxy which is twice the size of the original Milky Way globular galaxy. 1 trillion years +The Milky Way Galaxy, controlling it's own motion relative to other galaxies, arrives at another galaxy and starts integrating the matter of the less evolved galaxy. All free matter is used for food and fuel, and any living objects are integrated into the globular galaxy. Globular galaxies need a constant supply of new matter, because they are constantly losing matter in the form of light particles emitted away from them. 2 trillion years HISTORY EVENTS ============== 1) pharaohs PUBLISHING ========== 1) refer to previous papers relating to the topic - try to appear in line with those experiments and works as a continuation of the line of questioning revious published scientists were working on. a) example of corpucles reflecting off sides, priestley history, and all later references EXPERIMENTS =========== 1) collision experiments a) show that velocity is conserved in collisions (perhaps A can be released from a spring, pendulum, electric motor geared for linear motion - easy to make twice speed, ) Use video to measure velocity at 0.333 second intervals. Possible objects to use: billiard balls, ping pong balls, marbles, cubes. On surfaces and in air if possible. 1) object A with velocity v gives v to object B with relative v=0 (same mass) 2) object A with twice velocity gives 2v to object B (same mass) 3) object A with v and half mass of object B gives 1/2v to B 4) Is the transfered velocity instantaneously transfered? or does object B accelerate? 5) In empty space, does the law of inertia hold true for a body with acceleration too? in other words, does a body with an acceleration continue to accelerate until something slows or stops it? If an object is made of photons that have a finite highest velocity (perhaps because of a finite distance two photons can get to each other), what limits does that put on the acceleration of a body made of photons? 2) EXPER: Does gravity have any affect on light refraction in transparent liquids (since it clearly has an affect on larger pieces of matter)? Are there measurable effects on high speed larger matter projectiles?[t] 3) Is there a method of spinning some object (mirror or toothed wheel) fast enough to change the frequency of a beam of light by removing/reflecting every other photon, or some frequency of photons? to create a spectral line perhaps. (probably low frequency light would be easiest, and halving it would be easiest). This effect for visible light would be very spectacular to see, but I don't think anything could be made to rotate that quickly, but perhaps an object with tiny holes very close together be able to pass one photon and reflect the next. This is a very good test of the particle theory of photon interval as opposed to wavelength. 4) Speed of light: Foucault showed that speed of light is proportional to index of refraction, but is speed of light also slowed by thickness of material? I think the answer is probably yes, but the change of direction of light clearly happens at the transistion - are there more delays after the initial transistion? If yes, somehow direction of light is not changed as a result until exiting more or less refractive material. SECRET TECHNOLOGY SECRET INVENTIONS ============== 1) handheld video camera that can record (or see) in wide range of individual frequencies of light (and perhaps even can see other particles besides photons) 2) handheld laser that can cut through person in milliseconds OPPOSED INACCURATE THEORIES BUT DID NOT WIN CONTEMPORARY POPULARITY =============================== Aether medium for light 1) 1881 Michelson - "there is no aether" Light is an electromagnetic wave (Maxwell) 1) Kelvin - I would accept it if I could understand it Space Dilation (FitzGerald): 1) ~1920s Michelson: seems "artificial" Time Dilation (Lorentz) Relativity: 1) Rutherford: "But no Anglo-Saxon can understand relativity." Wilhelm Wien says at a dinner in 1910, teasing Ernest Rutherford, who replied, 'No, they have too much sense.' Quoted in Richard Reeves, A Force of Nature: The Frontier Genius of Ernest Rutherford (2007), 66 Andrade oral history also quotes: http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4488.html 2) Charles lane Poor 3) Herbert Dingle 4) Henry Pickering "Shall We Accept Relativity?" Expanding Universe/calcium line shift is a Doppler Shift/Big Bang Theory/Background radiation from origin of universe theory: EVIDENCE OF NEURON READING AND WRITING ========== 1) On Helmholtz electrical oscillation: "The determination of the oscillation frequency is required to make it possible to set up exact experiments in proof of the above facts." Hermann Von Helmholtz By Leo Koenigsberger, Frances Alice Welby [t notice "make it possible" and the above facts. possibly "taf" is "to and from" as in sarisammtafb. Notice that by 1906 they are already "mip"ing. Still it could just be reporting that pupin is actively getting some kind of initial results at seeing thoughts before a growing audience of watchers. 2) Faraday uses "tenable" in 1800s refereeing paper of joule's almost as if potentially saying "in light of what we know from the secret network (ala ten)" which may refer to some invention of 1810 (not 1910). 3) 1909 Perrin - dust, thoughtful scientists, in famous paper 4) 1887 William Crookes x-ray could be used for telepathy - to penetrate the brain ======PLANETARY SCIENCE TOUR IDEAS =planetary science tour (Alexandria, Greece, Rome, Pergamum, Native american special solstice markers, southern spain arabic to Latin translation centers, [bagdad translation center], China center of paper making, printing invention center, India origin of zero and Indian numeral center, famous university laboratories, museums, great engineering feats) to wear a good and safe path for mainstream science and learning touristing and vacationing. To promote the history of science, learning, invention, engineering and education. -russia, st petersberg, mendeleev museum, academy of sciences Sample return capsules from Luna 16, 20, and 24 on display at the NPO Lavochkin Museum. , Tyuratam (Baikonur Cosmodrome) (Kazakstan) -germany - "Deutsches Zweirad- und NSU-Museum" otto, daimler engines -frankfort Reis first public telephone demonstration - (built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf) -fraunhofer, bunsen&kirchhoff, hertz's equipment - museum in munich -usa - albany parkes plastic company/museum if one exists - moved to Newark, NJ menlo park, nj - edison home rochester - eastman house - george washington carver museum -wright brothers' museum - kill devil hills, north carolina, dayton ohio -italy - first woman phd (Helena Piscopia), first woman professor, galileo, galvani (Can have muscles moved maybe), volta, pliny, marconi-bologna Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science · Piazza dei Giudici 1 · 50122 Florence · ITALY -many roman science places egypt: Tel el-Amarna - amenhotep IV (ankenaton) artifacts - painted road, paintings -north africa - medeterranean - carthage, alexandria, pergammom Some of Lippmann's colour photographs, (the first publicly known color photographs) specially mounted for viewing at an angle, are preserved in museums, the finest collection being at the Preus Museum at Horten, Norway russia ======== Tsiolkovsky Museum first consumer electric nuclear reactor France ======== Curies Sorbonne U of Paris Louvre, Paris. - Stone statues from Lagash, Mesopotamia England A few of Aston’s original instruments are displayed in various museums; a quartz microbalance. 1913 (Science Museum. London); fragments from the neon diffusion apparatus, 1913 (Cavendish Laboratory Museum. Cambridge); the first mass spectrograph, 1919 (Science Museum, London); the third mass spectrograph, 1935 (Cavendish Laboratory Museum). The mass spectrograpof 1927 appears to have been broken up. Royal Society - Royal Institution Oxford -British museum of natural history, london (archaeoptyrx fossil, egyptian harp from 1500bc) -newton/faraday house US Dayton/Kitty Hawk wright brothers museums Clark university, worchester, mass - goddard idaho first experimental electricity producing reactor science museums NY Metropolitan museum of art - ancient artifacts Boston Musem of Fine Arts - ancient artifacts Spain ====== Cantigas de Santa María, compiled by King Alfonso X the Wise of Castile and Leon in the second half of the century and preserved in three manuscript copies at the library of El Escorial, northwest of Madrid, the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, and the Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence. China ======== Hong Kong Science Museum- bird fossils Shaanxi History Museum, Xi'an (Chang'an) - earliest paper shang terra cotta warriors Japan ===== Skelton of Indricotherium transouralicum in National Science Museum, Tokyo. Czech Republic =============== Dolní Věstonice Museum - earliest fired clay, nearly earliest evidence of weaving all in one object ==============END SCIENCE TOUR POSSIBLE PLACES TO PUBLISH MY PAPERS: http://arxiv.org (open) elselvier (open) NEED TO TRANSLATE: Need to translate: Latin to English: ------------------ Francesco Grimaldi Ismael Bullialdus thomson - De Caloris distributione in Terra Corpus 1846 translate from Italian to English ------------------- [3] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, "Tentativo di una Teoria Dei Raggi β", La Ricerca Scientifica, 2, No. 12, p491; 1933. {Fermi_Enrico_neutrino_1933xxxx.pdf} Reprinted in Enrico Fermi, "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers", v1, 1962, p559. -weak interaction (force) + neutrino ***somewhat important to have translated - as possible popular inaccurate theory [12] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, ' Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452 (1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934).| -neutron bombardment causes artificial radiation translate from French to English -------------------------------- *Coulomb's 7 memoirs in particular 1-5 *Savary 1821 - electrical oscillation *Ampere - 1823 (1827) paper: "memoire sur la theorie mathematique des phenomenes electrodynamiques uniquement deduite de l'experience." Foucault's works in particular 1849 spectral absorption, 1850 speed of light, 1852? gyroscope Fizeau's works Becquerel Edmond=1839 (photovoltaic) J. Chappuis, "Sur Le Spectre d'absorption de l'ozone", Comptes Rendus, 1880, p.985-986. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30485 (VAN BENEDEN 1883 and 1887 works [1] VAN BENEDEN. E. (1883). "Recherches sur la maturation de l'oeuf et la fecondation Ascaris megalocephala.", Arch. Biol, 4: 265-640. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aPYYAAAAYAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA49&dq=Van+Beneden+E&ots=PoCu8l1ocy&sig=sqi0uQBs3vPZFhYrlImgh6HSdeE#v=onepage&q=Van%20Beneden%20E&f=false| [2] VAN BENEDEN. E. and NEYT.A. (1887a). "Nouvelles recherches sur la fecondation et la division cellulaire karyokinetique chez l'Ascaris du cheval. Moniteur beige. 20 aout 1887. num 232. 2497-2498. | [3] VAN BENEDEN. E. and NEYT.A. (1887b). Nouvelles recherches sur la fecondation et la division mitotique chez l'Ascaride megalocephale. Bull. Acad. Royale Belgique 14 3eme serie: 215-295. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8sBOAAAAMAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=van+beneden+1887+neyt&ots=qpa9uJxeGj&sig=wns_3Mx8olYmner_P3F4KL2TLfU#v=onepage&q=&f=false *Pictet's 2 1877 papers http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?O=30000000030431 claims to have liquefied and solidified hydrogen a few years before Dewar. partial translation is at: http://books.google.com/books?id=eLk3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Liquid+Air+and+the+Liquefaction+of+Gases&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=pictet&f=false xxx Scott, "Inscription automatique des sons de l'air, au moyen d'une oreille artificielle", Comptes Rendus, vol53, 1861, p108. xxx {Scott_Leon_telautograph_1861.pdf} - earliest sound recording device xxx - this is done see: http://www.firstsounds.org/features/scott.php M Duhamel, "Vibrations d'une corde flexible, chargee d'un curseur", Comptes Rendus, v11, 1840, p15-19. in English "Vibration of a flexible cord, carrying a cursor". http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=30000000029706&M=chemindefer H. Moissan (1886). "Sur la décomposition de l'acide fluorhydrique par un courant électrique". Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 103: 202. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3059r/f204.table. -isolation of fluorine gas All of Henri Becquerel's works on radioactivity - in particular: Henri Becquerel, "Contribution à l’étude du rayonnement du radium", Comptes Rendus, 130 (1900), 206–211. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3086n.image.f206.langFR where charge and mass ratio is measured. Svante Arrhenius, "Recherches sur la conductibilité galvanique des électrolytes", 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=oao6AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Recherches+sur+la+conductibilit%C3%A9+galvanique+des+electrolytes&hl=en&ei=qU30S_DiLMK88gaXrOyrDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false -theory of ions, ionic dissociation - kind of surprising there is no readily available translation in English. Über die Dissociation der in Wasser gelösten Stoffe (1887; On the Dissociation of Substances in Water). -shows dissociation responsible for unexpected osmosis differences Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Développement, par pression, de l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 91 (1880), 294. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3048&M=tdm -piezoelectricity [9] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur l’électricité polaire dans les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 383. | [10] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Lois du dégagement de l’électricité par pression dans la tourmaline", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 92 (1881), 186.| [11] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Sur les phénomènes électriques de la tourmaline et des cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 350. | [12] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Les cristaux héemièdres à faces inclinées, comme sources constantes d’électricitè", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 93 (1881), 204.| [13] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Contractions et dilatations produites par des tensions électriques dan les cristaux hémièdres à faces inclinées", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 1137. | [14] Pierre Curie,Jacques Curie, "Déformations électriques du quartz", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académie des sciences, 95 (1882), 914. -inverse piezoelectricity - electricity causes expansion and contraction. Marie Curie, "Rayons émis par les composés de l'uranium et du thorium" ("Rays emitted by compounds of uranium and thorium"). Comptes Rendus 126: 1898, 1101–1103. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=30000000030829&M=tdm -thorium is radioactive P. et M. Curie., "Sur une substance nouvelle radioactive, contenue dans la pechblende." Comptes Rendus, T.127 (1898) 175-178. {Curie_Pierre_Marie_N0030837_PDF_177_186_18980718.pdf} -Polonium [14] P. Curie, Mme. M. Curie, G Bemont, "Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende", Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 1898 (26 December), vol. 127, pp. 1215-1217. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=30000000030837&I=1298&M=chemindefer English translation: http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm {Curie_Marie_Pierre_polonium_N0030837_PDF_1217_1219_18981226.pdf} -radium [19] Henri Becquerel, "De´viation du rayonnement du radium dans un champ e´lectrique", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 809–815. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?O=30000000030860 -deflects electrons beams from radium [14] Paul Villard, "Sur la réflexion et la réfraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons déviables du radium", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 1010–1012. http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?O=30000000030860 -discovery of what will be called gamma rays [15] Paul Villard, "Sur le rayonnement du radium", Comptes rendus 130 (1900), 1178–1179.| [16] Paul Villard, "Rayonnement du radium", Se´ances de la Socie´te´ franc¸aise de physique, (1900), p. 45–46. Pierre Weiss, “L’hypothése du champ moléculaire et la propriété ferrmagnétique,” in Journal de physique, 4th ser., 6 (1907), 661–690; -magnetic field caused by atoms aligning - domains [4] M. Fievez, "De l'Influence du Magnétisme sur les Caractères des Raies spectrales", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 9, 381, 1885 | [5] M. Fievez, "Essai sur l'Origine des Raies de Fraunhofer, en rapport avec la Constitution du Soleil", Bulletin de l' Academie des Sciences de Belgique, S3, Tome 12, 30, 1886. | -pre-zeeman effect report of fievez-zeeman effect Recherches expérimentales sur le typhus exanthématique,” in Annales de l’lnstitut Pasteur. 24 (1910), 243-275 : 25 (1911), 97- 144; and 26 (1912), 250-280, 332-335. -louse as transmitter of typhus [1] J. Perrin, "Nouvelles proprietes des rayons cathodiques.",Comptes Rendus, V121, 1895, p1130. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3077p.image.f1130.langEN {Perrin_Jean_1895.pdf} English translation: "New Properties of the kathode Rays.", Minutes of proceedings, Volume 124 By Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), p552. http://books.google.com/books?id=BS_yAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552&dq=comptes+Perrin&hl=en&ei=aO5ZTK-uJo6-sQPM-OGCCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=comptes%20Perrin&f=false -cathode rays give negative charge - needs full translation - the summary is close [12] Perrin, "Grandeur des molecules et charge de l'electron.", Comptes Rendus, V147, 1908, p594-596. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31014.image.f594.langEN {Perrin_Jean_1908.pdf}| measures avogadros number [13] Perrin, Mouvement brownien et constantes moleculaires", Comptes Rendus, V149, 1909, p477-479. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3103r.image.f477.langEN {Perrin_Jean_19090906.pdf}| uses Einstein's equation for Brownian motion - really follows particle around to measure displacement? M. Chaudesaigues , "Le mouvement brownien et la formule d'Einstein", Comptes Rendus, V147, 1908. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31014.image.f1044.langEN {Chaudesaigues_1908.pdf} -brownian motion Chaudesaigues measures average displacement of grain. Grignard, "Sur quelques nouvelles combinaions organométatliques du magnésium et leur application è des synthéses d’alcools et d’hydrocarbures", Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences, 126 (1898), 1322. -grignard reagents P. Langevin, “Magnétisme et théeorie des électrons” in Annales de chimie et de physique, 5 (1905), 70-127; -electron theory of diamagnetism and paramagnetism. A Debierne, "Sur une nouvelle matière radioactive", Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l' ..., 1899 http://books.google.com/books?id=aFgDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Sur+une+nouvelle+mati%C3%A8re+radioactive&hl=en&ei=ZxjCTLzPPIa2sAO75pijDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false -identifcation of actinium [12] Debierne, "Sur l'emanation de l'actinium", 138, 411-4 (Feb. 15, 1904) http://books.google.com/books?id=6V4DAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:PSKMcj3w4dkC&hl=en&ei=wx_CTOWPD4n6sAOP_dzkCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false -helium emitted from actinium - mentions helium? Egas Moniz, "Tentatives operatoires dans le traitement de certaines psychoses" origin of lobotomy and psychosurgery [16] L. Dunoyer, "Sur la théorie cinétique des gaz et la réalisation d'un rayonnement matériel d'origine", Comptes Rendus, 1911. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/24/24/64/PDF/ajp-radium_1911_8_4_142_1.pdf "On the kinetic theory of gases and the production of a radiation source material" -molecular beams L. Dunoyer, Comptes Rendus, 152 (1911), 592–595; 153 (1911). 333–336; 154 (1912), 815–818, 1344–1346; 155 (1912), 144–147, 270–273; 157 (1913), 1068–1070; 158 (1914), 1068–1071, 1265–1267, written with R. W. Wood; Bulletin de la Société française de physique, four memoirs between 1912 and 1914; Journal de physique et radium, 185 (1913); Collection de mémoirs relatifs à la physique (1912); Radium, seven memoirs between 1910 and 1914. aluminized mirrors: See CR, 202 (1936), 474–476; 220 (1945), 520–522, 686–688, 816–817, 907–909; 221 (1945), 97–99; 230 (1950), 57–58; 232 (1951), 1080–1082; 233 (1951), 125, 919–921. L. De Broglie, "Matière et lumière" ("Matter and Light"), 1937. [3] Louis De Broglie, " Ondes et quanta", Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 177 (1923) pp.507. {Broglie_Louis_De_19230910.pdf} {09/10/1923} | De Broglie, "Rayonnement noir et quanta de lumière", Journal de Physique et le Radium, S6, V3, N11, 11/1922, p422. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.php?option=com_toc&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/1922/11/contents/contents.html {Broglie_Louis_De_ajp-jphysrad_1922_3_11_422_0_19220126.pdf} Irène Curie and P. Mercier, "Sur la distribution de longueur des rayons α du radium C et du radium A", Journal de physique et le radium, 7, 1926, 289. {Curie_Irene_19260617.pdf} | -lengths of alpha rays [2] "Sur l’excitation des rayons gamma nucléaires du bore par les particules alpha. Energie quantique du rayonnement gamma du polonium", Comptes rendus . . . des sciences, 193 (1931), p1415. {Joliot-Curie_Frederic_Irene_19311228.pdf} | -gamma emitted from alpha bombarding of boron Mme Irene Curie, M. F. Joliot, "Sur l’origine des électrons positifs" ("On the Origin of the positive electrons"), Comptes Rendus, 196 (1933), 1581. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d/f1581.image {Curie_Irene_Joliot_Frederic_19330522.pdf} -positive electron detection F. Joliot, “Contribution à l’étude des Électrons positifs,” Comptes Rendus, 196 (1933), 1105; http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d/f1105.image {Joliot_Frederic_19330410.pdf} -gamma -> positive and negative electrons [5] I. Curie, F. Joliot, "Un nouveau type de radioactivé", Comptes rendus, V198 (1934), p254. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31506/f254.image {Curie_Irene_Joliot_Frederic_19340115.pdf} -artificial radioactivity [2] F. Joliot, "I. PRODUCTION ARTIFICIELLE D’ÉLÉMENTS RADIOACTIFS II. PREUVE CHIMIQUE DE LA TRANSMUTATION DES ÉLÉMENTS", Journal de physique, 5 (1934), 153. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00233216/ {Joliot_Frederic_Curie_Irene_19340320.pdf} | [3] F. Joliot, "Les nouveaux radioéléments. Preuves chimiques des transmutations", Journal de chimie physique, 31 (1934), 611. {Joliot_Frederic_19341114.pdf} [2] Frederic Joliot, “Preuve expérimentale de la rupture explosive des noyaux d’uranium et de thorium sous l’action des neutrons”, Comptes rendus, 208 (1939), p341. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3160g/f323.image | [5] Alfred Kastler, "Quelques suggestions concernant la production optique et la détection optique d'une inégalité de population des niveaux de quantifigation spatiale des atomes. Application à l'expérience de Stern et Gerlach et à la résonance magnétique", J. Phys. Radium 11, 6 (1950) 255-265. http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00234250/ English: "Some Suggestions for the Optical Production and Optical Detection of an Inequality of Population of Levels of Quantification space of Atoms. Application of The Experiment of Stern and Gerlach and Magnetic Resonance." -early maser and laser article [4] LWOFF, A. 1951 "Conditions de l'efficacité inductrice du rayonnement ultra-violet chez une bactérie lysogène." Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 81, 370-388. -uv light causes virus to become lethal and reproduce, virus dna is coded in bacteria DNA [6] R. Burgus, T. F. Dunn, D. Desiderio, R. Guillemin, "Structure moleculaire du facteur hypothalamique hypophysiotrope TRF d'origine ovine: mise en evidence par spectrometrie de masse de la sequence PCA-His-Pro-NH2. ", Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences. D, Sciences naturelles, Paris 269, 1870 (1969). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k480284m/f2125.image {Guillemin_Roger_19691029.pdf} English: "molecular structure of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic TRF factor of ovine origin: evidence from mass spectrometry sequence of PCA-His-Pro-NH2."| -neuron reading and writing -evidence of how hypothallamus part of brain controls glands Dutch to English ----------------- Christian Doppler: "Über das farbige Licht der Doppelsterne" (1842, "Concerning the Colored Light of Double Stars"), (What mistake does Doppler make about doppler shift for light? that Fizeau corrects?) (van der waals, "Over de continuiteit van den gas-en vloeistoftoestand" ("On the Continuity of the Liquid and Gaseous States") (Leiden, 1873). - a later German translation is translated to English at: http://books.google.com/books?id=8lxMAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Physical+Memoirs+of+the+London+Physical+Society&as_brr=1&ei=DtBZSZekDovKlQTejPysDw#PPA332-IA9,M1 Actually: just verify if chapters 1-11 are identical to 1873 paper - and then translate 1880 paper. see: http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=5Iuxbxvg7l0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=van+der+waals+1881&ots=8ocAoNWNBe&sig=4VH4n-D2ZoUrlum26hLdRju_ufo too for possible translation) [13] Bakker, CJ, and van de Hulst, HC, 1945. "Radiogolven uit de wereldruimte.", Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde, 11 , 201-221. {Hulst_Hendrik_Christoffell_Van_de_194506xx.pdf} -theory behind 21cm hydrogen emission line, comological statement at end, is 2.1cm a typo? translate from German to English, --------------------------------- *Fraunhofer 1821 paper (all works) Helmholtz, 1851 ophthalmoscope, *electrical oscillations, (all works) Clausius 1850,1865 entropy papers (actually have them already) Bunsen, 1861, cesium, rubidium (all works) Kirchhoff, spectral, all works Riemann (1851 paper) Kekule (1857,1858 papers on chemical structure-unusual that 1858 paper not translated) Arthur Korn, initial 1902?/4? work "Elektrische Fernphotographie und Aehnliches." ("Electrical Transmission of pictures and Script") *W. Weber and R. Kohlrausch, "Ueber die Elektricitätsmenge, welche bei galvanische Strömen durch den Querschnitt der Kette fliesst," Ann. Phys. 99, 10–25 (1856). - finding that either: 1) speed of light is speed at which no force between two electric particles or 2) ratio of static to dynamic electric force constant. and "Elektrodynamische Maasbestimmungen: über ein allgemeines Grundgesetz der elektrischen Wirkung" ("Determinations of Electrodynamic Measure, Concerning a Universal Law of Electrical Action", 1846) - defines theory of speed of particle changes force, speed of light=no electrical force J. Stefan, "Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur", Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe Abteilung, 2 79 (1879) 391–428. (temp=exp4 heat law) Kuehne W (1859) Untersuchungen über Bewegungen und Veränderungen der contractilen Substanzen. Archiv für Anatomie. Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin Jahrgang 1859:748–835 http://books.google.com/books?id=dwUBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA748&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+Bewegungen+und+Ver%C3%A4nderungen+der+contractilen+Substanzen+date:1859-1859&lr=&as_brr=1&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=NMlYSb61FoyEkQT39_E0 muscle stimulation chemically and electrically E Mach, P Salcher, "Photographische Fixierung der durch Projectile in der Luft eingeleiteten Vorgänge", Annalen Der Physik, vol. 268, Issue 10, 1881, pp.277-291. http://books.google.com/books?id=STY4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA277&dq=Photographische+Fixirung+der+durch+Projectile+in+der+Luft+eingeleiteten+Vorg%C3%A4nge+date:1887-1887&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=x25bScjkMYOClQTHreGvBw#PPA277,M1 English translation: Photographic fixation by Projectile launched into the air operations H. Vogel, "Ueber die Spectra der Blitze", Annalen der Physik, vol. 219, Issue 8, 1871, pp.653-654. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112494935/PDFSTART English translation H. Vogel, "On the Spectra of Lightning" an interesting paper. Hermann C. Vogel, "Resultate spectralanalytischer Beobachtungen, angestellt auf der Sternwarte zu Bothkamp.", Astronomische Nachrichten, 78, 16, 1872, p250. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112526975/PDFSTART http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112579623/issue {Vogel_Hermann_Doppler_Sun_Rotation_1871.pdf} Explains how rotation of sun can be determined from doppler shift Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789, p1045-1046. http://books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1081&dq=intitle:Sitzungsberichte+intitle:preussischen+date:1889-1889&lr=&ei=heBjSYaAN4H4lQTejf2ECw#PPA1045,M1 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) Flemming, W. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. 16:302-436 (1878) and 18:151-289 (1880). Reprinted in: J. Cell Biol. 25:581-589 (1965) - first description of chromosomes Walther Flemming, "Zell-substanz, Kern und Zelltheilung" (1882; "Cell-Substance, Nucleus, and Cell-Division").[2][7] (Boltzmann - in interest of popular inaccurate theories - entropy, energy, but also examination of maxwell-kinetic theory of gas relation 1866 thesis, 1868- maxwell kinetic theory of gases, 1872-h function..., 1884 - both: stefan 4th power radiation law - "Über eine von Hrn. Bartoli entdecke Beziehung der Wärmestrahlung zum zweiten Hauptsatze" ("") and "Ableitung des Stefan'schen Gesetzes, betreffend die Abhängigkeit der Wärmestrahlung von der Temperatur aus der electromagnetischen Lichttheorie" ) roentgen (1888,1890 - moving dielectric= magnetic field) (Liquid Crystals: [12] O. Lehmann, "Ueber physikalische Isomerie", Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie, Volume 20, 1877, p97-131,p120. http://books.google.com/books?id=IaMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=O.+lehmann+date:1877-1877&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=O.%20lehmann&f=false | [13] O. Lehmann, "Ueber das Wachsthum der Krystalle.", Zeitschrift für Krystallographie und Mineralogie, Volume 20, 1877, p453-496,p492. http://books.google.com/books?id=IaMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA97&dq=O.+lehmann+date:1877-1877&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=O.%20lehmann&f=false | ) http://books.google.com/books?id=OfZaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT12&dq=inauthor:lehmann+date:1904-1904&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Das erste genügende Resultat von Jacobi's Arbeiten (in Galvano-plastic), 10/17/1837, Akad d. Wissensch. in Petersburg, Martin and Pogg i. 1177, and "Ueber die Entwickelung der Galvanoplastik" (ib., 1843); St. Petersb. Acad. Sci. Bull. (finds radium - what techniques used? - was Rutherford first?) E. Dorn, "Die von radioaktiven Substanzen ausgesandte Emanation", Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (Halle), 1900, 23, 3-15. summary: http://books.google.com/books?id=D5IEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR72&dq=Die+von+radioaktiven+Substanzen+ausgesandte+Emanation+date:1900-1900&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Die%20von%20radioaktiven%20Substanzen%20ausgesandte%20Emanation%20date%3A1900-1900&f=false (evidence of diatomic theory - more info about nature of diatomic molecules) (shows that iodine and bromine divide into two atoms when heated) E. Ador, Victor Meyer, "Ueberführung der Brombenzoësäure in Isophtalsäure", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, Volume 4 Issue 1, p259-262. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112334028/abstract -how is euclidean geometry reduced by projection? Felix Klein, "Über die sogenannte Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie", Mathematische Annalen, vol 4, 1871, p573. http://books.google.com/books?id=6UPWAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false also: Klein, F., 1871b. "Über die sogenannte Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie",(Erster Aufsatz), GMA, vol. 1, pp. 254–305. English translation Felix Klein, "On the so-called Non-Euclidean Geometry" and Felix Klein, "Zur Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie", Mathematische Annalen, Bd. 37, S. 544. | and Klein, F., 1872a. "Über die sogenannte Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie", (Zweiter Aufsatz), GMA, vol. 1, pp. 311–343. -first crystal diode Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber die galvanische Leitungsfähigkeit geschmolzener Salze.", Berlin, Chem. Ges. Ber., 7,1874, pp. 958-962; Annal. Phys. Chem., http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1875AnP...230..161B and http://books.google.com/books?id=4w04AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=Ueber+die+galvanische+Leitungsf%C3%A4higkeit+geschmolzener+Salze&source=bl&ots=BVk7avlu2b&sig=zfGwwqpObGC92VZqX_DEfd2ExDQ&hl=en&ei=TYPKStaNNYv-tQPe2oSiBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=Ueber%20die%20galvanische%20Leitungsf%C3%A4higkeit%20geschmolzener%20Salze&f=false Goldstein, "Über eine noch nicht untersuchte Strahlungsform an der Kathode inducirter Entladungeń", in Sitzungsberichie der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,39 (1886), 691. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUsVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA457&dq=%C3%9Cber+eine+noch+nicht+untersuchte+Strahlungsform+an+der+Kathode+inducirter+Entladunge%C5%84#v=onepage&q=&f=false -first detection of protons (canal rays) - you would think an english translation would be avilable. Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann, "Über die Zahl π,” in Mathematische Annalen, 25 (1882). http://books.google.com/books?id=7rEKAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Mathematische+intitle:Annalen+date:1882-1882&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=lindemann&f=false -explain logic behind proof of pi as transcendental - cannot be represented by any ratio of real numbers. Elster and Geital, "Über gefarbte Hydride der Alkalimetalle und ihre photoelektrische Empfindlichkeit", in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 11 (1910), 257; "Über den lichempfindlichen Effekt im Infrarot und einige Anwendungen hochempfindlicher Kaliumzellen", in Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12 (1911), 758. - infrared photosensitive hydrogenized potassium. {Elster_and_Geitel_Effekt_im_Ultrarot_1911.pdf} Shibasaburo Kitasato - use of h2 to culture anaerobic bacteria, find that blood serum can cure disease “Über den Rauschbrandnadbacillus und sein Culturfahren,” in Zeitschrift für Hygience und Infektionskrankheiten, 6 (1889), 105-116; “Über dem Tetanusbacillus,” ibid., 7 (1889), 225-234; “Über das Zustandekommen der Diptherie-Immunität und der Tatanus-immunität bei Thieren,” in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 16 (1890), 1113-1114, [31] Willem Einthoven, “Die galvanometrische Registrierung des menschlichen Elektrokardiogramms, zugleich eine Beurteilung der Anwendung des Capillarelektrometers in der Physiologie”, in Pflügers Archiv für die gesamte physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 99 (1903), 472–480. -first report of string galvanometer used to make ecg? [32] Willem Einthoven, “Die Konstruktion des Saitengalvanometers”, Pflugers Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tierre, 130 (1909), 287–321; -description of string galvanometer? [5] Dr. Hans Goldschmidt and Claude Vautin, "Aluminium as a heating and reducing agent," The Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, vol.6, no. 17, pages 543-545 (30 June 1898) [Available on-line at: http://www.pyrobin.com/files/thermit(e)%20journal.pdf ]; [6] Goldschmidt, H., "Über ein neues Verfahren zur Erzeugung von hohen Temperaturen und zur Darstellung von schwer schmelzbaren kohlefreien Metallen" (On a new method for the production of high temperatures and for the preparation of refractory carbon-free metals), Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, vol. 4, pages 494-499 (1898) ; http://books.google.com/books?id=Df0tAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:annalen+intitle:chemie+date:1898-1898&cd=3#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112324980/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | [7] Goldschmidt, H., "Verfahren zur Erzeugung hoher Temperaturen" (Method for the production of high temperatures), Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, vol. 6, pages 53-57 (1899). | Thermite - can be used for propulsion or electricity production? Philipp Lenard: 1) (paper describing tin-foil window CRT - cant find) 2) [8] P. Lenard, "Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung", Annalen der Physik, Volume 313, Issue 5, Date: 1902, Pages: 149-198 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485664/PDFSTART {Lenard_Philipp_photoelectric_1902.pdf} (presumably - talks about photoelectric effect - but there could be other earlier papers too) 3) P. Lenard, "Ueber die Elektricitätsleitung in Flammen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 314, Issue 11, Date: 1902, Pages: 642-650. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485501/PDFSTART Lenard_Philipp_flame_electricity_1902.pdf flames and electricity 4) [9] Philipp Lenard, "Ueber die Electricität der Wasserfälle", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 282, Issue 8, Date: 1892, Pages: 584-636 {Lenard_Philipp_waterfall_electrifies_air_190205xx.pdf}| jet of air negatively electrifies air [19] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 310, Issue 6, Date: 1901, Pages: 421-435. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485884/PDFSTART| [20] W. Wien, "Untersuchungen über die elektrische Entladung in verdünnten Gasen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 313, Issue 6, Date: 1902, Pages: 244-266. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485582/PDFSTART| [21] W. Wien, "Ueber die Natur der positiven Elektronen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 314, Issue 11, Date: 1902, Pages: 660-664. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112485776/PDFSTART -kanalstrahlen are positive and their velocity Herman Minkowski (1908) "Raum und Zeit", (Wikisource Germany). http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Raum_und_Zeit_(Minkowski) -creation of space-time geometry Hartmann, Johannes, "Untersuchungen uber das 80 cm-Objektiv des Potsdamer Refraktors", Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck = Nr. 46; Publicationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam ; 15. Bd., 2. Stuck., Potsdam : Astrophysikalisches Observatorium zu Potsdam : In, 106 p., 6 leaves of plates : ill. ; 29 cm. -spectral proof of unmoving interstellar matter 1) Runge and Paschen. “Über das Spectrum des Heliums,” in Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1895), 593, 639–643, presented 20 June 1895: “Über die Bestandtheile des Cleveit-Gases,” ibid., 749, 759–763. presented 11 July 1895; Runge to Kayser, 15 May 1895 and 13 July 1895.| 2) Runge and Paschen, “Über die Serienspectra der Elemente. Saue toff. Schwefel und Selen.” in Annalen der Physik, 61 (1697), 641–686. -spectrum of terrestrial heliu 3) Paschen, “Zur Kenntnis ultraroter Linienspektra. I. (Normalwellenlängen bis 27000 Å.-E),” in Annalen der Physik, 27 (1908), 537–570, received 12 Aug. 1908; W. Ritz, Gesammelte Werke, Pierre Weiss, ed. (Paris, 1911), 521–525. =paschen series of hydrogen and helium A. Wassermann, A. Neisser and C. Bruck, "Eine serodiagnostische Reaktion bei Syphilis", Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift. 32 (1906), 745–746. -test for syphilis V. Ipatiew and N. Wittorf, "Zur Constitution von Isopren", Journal für Praktische Chemie, 27, 55, 1, 1897. and V. Ipatiew, "Ueber die Constitution und Synthese von Isopren " Journal für Praktische Chemie, 27, 55, 4, 1897. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109799093/issue -isoprene - monomer of rubber [8] A. Sommerfeld, Zur Quantentheorie der Spektrallinien, Annalen der Physik, Volume 356 Issue 17, Pages 1 - 94. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112486272/abstract -elliptical orbits for electron O. Loewi und E. Navratil, Über humorale Übertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 189 (1921), pp. 239–242. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x01314653605h385/ {Loewi_Otto_1921.pdf} -discovery of neurotransmitters Eric Tigerstedt German Patent #309535, 1914 -first sound and images syncronously recorded on photographic film using variations in light. Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429–422.| Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 5 (1907), p86–107. -relates star color to brightness (but not to size?) Ejnar Hertzsprung, “Über die Vervendung photographischer effektiver Wellenlängen zur Bestimmung von Farbenäquivalenten”, Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam, 22 (1911), 1–40. -first chart of color versus magnetude of stars Hertzsprung, E., "Über die räumliche Verteilung der Veränderlichen vom δ Cephei-Typus", Astronomische Nachrichten, volume 196, p.201, Bibliographic Code: 1913AN....196..201H http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913AN....196..201H -first use of Cepheid variables to measure distances to stars [10] Stark, "über die Lichtemission der Kanalstrahlen in Wasserstoff", Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., 21 (1906), 401–456. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19063261302/pdf| [11] "Stark, Johannes." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 613-616. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904121&v=2.1&u=univca20&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w -dopplar shift from positive cathode rays J. Stark, "Beobachtungen über den Effekt des elektrischen Feldes auf Spektrallinien. I-VI", Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., 43 (1914), 965-1047, and 48 (1915), 193–235. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19143480702/abstract -Fievez-Zeeman effect for static electric field on Hydrogen and Helium emission lines (also absorption lines as is for Fievez-Zeeman effect?] Soddy, “Radioactivity,” in Annual Report, 7 (1910), 286.Strikingly similar views regarding mixtures of similar elements of different atomic weight were expressed by D. Strömholm and T. Svedberg in Zeitschrift für Anorganische chemie, 63 (1909), 206. [9] Otto Hahn, "Über ein neues radioaktives Zerfallsprodukt im Uran", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 9, Number 5, 84, DOI: 10.1007/BF01491321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/uhukv60t536j7486/ -nuclear isomers Barium in products of uranium fission: . Hahn, O., and Strassmann, F., Naturwiss., 26, 756 (1938). 5. Hahn, O., and Strassmann, F., Naturwiss., 27, 11 (1939). Hahn, O., and Strassmann, F., "Über die Entstehung von Radiumisotopen aus Uran durch Bestrahlen mit schnellen und verlangsamten Neutronen", Naturwiss., V26, N46, 1938, p755-756. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j34450856612q3h2/ written: 11/08/1938 {On the Origin of radium isotopes from uranium by irradiation with fast and slow neutrons} {Hahn_Otto_1938xxxx.pdf} | -could be first identification of neptunium and plutonium before 1940 and 1941 [13] L. Meitner, O. Hahn and F. Strassmann, " Über die Umwandlungsreihen des Urans, die durch Neutronenbestrahlung erzeugt werden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 3-4, 249-270, DOI: 10.1007/BF01340321 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r861050u50u85l00/ {Hahn_Otto_19370514.pdf} English: "On the conversion of the uranium series, produced by neutron irradiation" -identification of elements 93-96 - McMillan and Seaborg most likely wrongly credited with discovery of neptunium, plutnium, ... americum, curium Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, “Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.”, Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/recl.19230420815/abstract -acids and bases redefined as simply hydrogen ion donors or accepters [7] M. Laue, "Die Mitführung des Lichtes durch bewegte Körper nach dem Relativitätsprinzip", Annalen der Physik, Volume 328, Issue 10, pages 989–990, 1907. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19073281015/abstract "The carrying of light through moving bodies according to the principle of relativity" {Laue_Max_1907.pdf} | [8] W. Friedrich, P. Knipping, M. Laue, "Interferenzerscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 346, Issue 10, pages 971–988, 1913. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19133461004/abstract| "Interference effects in X-rays" H Barkhausen, "Rauschen der Ferromagnetischen Materialen", Phys. Zeitschrift, 1919 "Noise of ferromagnetic materials" J. Franck and G. Hertz, "Ueber Zusammenstoesse zwischen Elektronen und den Molekuelen des Quecksilberdampfes und die Ionisierungsspannung desselben", Verhandlungen der Physiologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 16 (1914), 512. "About The collisions between electrons and the molecules of mercury vapor and the ionization of the same" H Geiger, "A method of counting alpha and beta rays", Deutsch Phys Ges, 1913 [10] Max Born, "Über Quantenmechanik", Zeitschrift für Physik (1924) V26, N1, 12/1924, p379-395. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p8j137uwq1l32555/fulltext.pdf {Born_Max_19240618.pdf} -first use of phrase quantum mechanics M. Born, P. Jordan, "Zur Quantentheorie aperiodischer Vorgänge", Zeitschrift für Physik, v33, N1, 12/1925, p479-505. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4372167116t6133/fulltext.pdf {Born_Max_19250611.pdf} -matrix form of quantum mechanics [12] Max Born, "Eine neue Formulierung der Quantengesetze für periodische und nicht periodische Vorgänge", Zeitschrift fur Physik, Volume 36, Number 3, 1926, p174-187. http://www.springerlink.com/content/v728627336t79458/ English: "A new formulation of the laws of quantization of periodic and aperiodic phenomena", Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1926 {Born_Max_19260105.pdf} | [13] Max Born, "Quantenmechanik der Stossvorgänge", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 37, Number 12, 1925, p863-867 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h06w8465t710u328/ {Born_Max_19260625.pdf} "Quantum mechanics of collision processes"| This is the first paper on the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics. [9] P. Debye, "Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen", Annalen der Physik, Volume 351, Issue 6, pages 809–823, 1915 "Scattering of X-rays"| [10] P. Debye, "Interferenzen an regellos orientierten Teilchen im Röntgenlicht", Ann. Phys.(Leipzig), 1915 "Interference of irregularly oriented particles in Rontgen-light" | [11] P. Debye, "Interferentz von Rontgenstrahlen und Warmebewegun", Ann. Phys.(Leipzig), 1915 Interference of x-rays and heat movement E. Schrodinger, Ann. der Physik V79, p361, p489, p734; V80, p437 V81, p109 (1926); Die Naturwissenschaften V14, p664 (1926). first paper: E. Schrödinger, "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem", p361–376. ("Quantization as an eigenvalue problem") {Schrodinger_Erwin_19260127.pdf} [5] O. Stern, "Eine direkte Messung der thermischen Molekulargeschwindigkeit", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 2, Number 1, 49-56. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u5507246w2x0k887/ {Stern_Otto_19200427.pdf} "A direct measurement of the thermal molecular velocity" W. Gerlach and O. Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis des magnetischen Moments des Silberatoms", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 8, Number 1, 110-111. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g635402018413p6g/ {Stern_Otto_19211118.pdf} Walther Gerlach and Otto Stern, "Der experimentelle Nachweis der Richtungsquantelung im Magnetfeld", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 9, Number 1, 349-352. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p72218361287275g/ {Stern_Otto_19220301.pdf} "The experimental proof of the direction of quantization in the magnetic field" "The experimental proof of the magnetic moment of the silver atom" I. Estermann and O. Stern, "Beugung von Molekularstrahlen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1930, Volume 61, Numbers 1-2, 95-125. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u60q0jn868011015/ {Stern_Otto_19291214.pdf} "Diffraction of molecular beams" [3] A. Friendmann, "Uber die Krümmung des Raumes", Z. Phys, 1922 "About the curvature of space" - beginning of expanding universe theory W Bothe, H Geiger, "Ein Weg zur experimentellen Nachprüfung der Theorie von Bohr, Kramers, und Slater", Zeitschrift für Physik, 26 (1924). http://www.springerlink.com/index/U432385Q72826470.pdf {Bothe_Walther_19240607.pdf} - photon interactions converve momentum and energy W Bothe, "Die Streuabsorption der Elektronenstrahlen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1929 - Springer http://www.springerlink.com/content/w6547570xm23t365/ [14] W Bothe, W. Kolhörster, “Das Wesen der Hoehenstrahlung,” in Zeitschrift für Physik, 56 (1929), 75–77. - is this particle versus wave battle? "The absorption of the scattered electron" - conservation W Bothe, "Zur Vereinfachung von Koinzidenzzählungen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, 1930 "For simplicity of coincidence counts" http://www.springerlink.com/index/h8177uhn1n471273.pdf - more about value of not well explained coincidence counting W Bothe, W. KOLHÖRSTER, "Eine Kern-γ-Strahlung bei leichten Elementen", Naturwissenschaften, 1930 http://www.springerlink.com/index/u7g05k4310132743.pdf - first finding of neutrons? Bothe, “Kunstliche Erregung von Kern-γ-Strahlen”, Zertschrift für Physik, 66 (1930), 289–306 "Artificial excitation of nuclear γ-rays" http://www.springerlink.com/index/r3g8x8558826u77j.pdf {Bothe_Walther_19301023.pdf} - first finding of neutrons? (according to concise) - probably most important of papers to translate of Bothe Gerhard Domagk, "Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der bakteriellen Infektionen" ("A contribution to the chemotherapy of bacterial infections"), Dtsch med Wochenschr 1935; 61(7): 250-253. https://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/abstract/dmw/doi/10.1055/s-0028-1129486 sulfa drugs - against bacteria [9] F. Hund, "Zur Deutung einiger Erscheinungen in den Molekelspektren" (To explain some phenomena in the Molekelspektren.), Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 9-10, 657-67. http://www.springerlink.com/content/pg425m73j6k1vp3r/ -possible origin of molecular orbital theory - electrons orbit entire molecule H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920). -cascade voltage doubler usually credited to Cockcroft-Walton Georg v. Békésy, "Zur Theorie des Hörens bei der Schallaufnahme durch Knochenleitung", ("On the theory of hearing in a sound recording by bone conduction"), Annalen der Physik, Volume 405, Issue 1, pages 111–136, 1932. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19324050109/abstract {Bekesy_Georg_von_19311214.pdf} -phone company researcher creates new model of hearing [5] W. Heitler and F. London, "Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik", ("Interaction of neutral atoms and homopolar bond, according to quantum mechanics"), Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 44, Numbers 6-7, 455-472. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j434g68810rj5315/ {London_Fritz_19270630.pdf}| -wave mechanic model of molecular bonding - now how in the hell do they explain that - a wave bonding with another wave - that seems realistic - ok this is sarcasm. [9] J Chadwick, "Intensitätsverteilung im magnetischen Spektrum der ß-Strahlen von Radium B+ C", "Distribution in intensity in the magnetic spectrum of the β-rays of Radium B and C", Druck von Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, 1914 English: J. Chadwick, "Distribution in Intensity in the Magnetic Spectrum of the β rays of Radium (B + C)", Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (1914) 16, pp. 383-391. {Chadwick_James_19140402.pdf} -experiment that leads to theory of neutrino [3] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers 1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom and its application to the theory of the periodic table of elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/ {Fermi_Enrico_19280223.pdf} -statistical model of atom early Fermi paper [29] W Heisenberg, "Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen.", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 33, Number 1, 879-893. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w22847j178u03029/ {Heisenberg_Werner_19250729.pdf} English: "Quantum-theoretical re-interpretation of kinematic and mechanical relations" http://fisica.ciens.ucv.ve/~svincenz/SQM261.pdf {Heisenberg_Werner_English_19250729.pdf} -Heisenberg first paper on quantum mechanics talks about basis of views being based on observable quantities. [30] M. Born, W. Heisenberg and P. Jordan, "Zur Quantenmechanik. II.", " Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 35, Numbers 8-9, 557-615.". http://www.springerlink.com/content/r46w151t550pl624/ {Heisenberg_Werner_19251116.pdf}| -complete development of matrix mechanics [33] W. Heisenberg, "Über den Bau der Atomkerne. I", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei", 1932, Volume 77, Numbers 1-2, 1-11. http://www.springerlink.com/content/gt251k5258372318/ English: "On the construction of atomic nuclei. I" {Heisenberg_Werner_19320607.pdf} -invention of strong force, neutron and proton exchange electron ***somewhat important to translate- as possibly popular inaccurate theory id5286 [6] E. Wigner, "Einige Folgerungen aus der Schrödingerschen Theorie für die Termstrukturen", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 43, Numbers 9-10, 1927, 624-652. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w781433358348155/ {Wigner_Eugene_19270505.pdf} -introduction of concept of parity [3] A. Butenandt, "Über "Progynon" ein krystallisiertes weibliches Sexualhormon", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 17, Number 45, 879. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g503613433t28ql3/ {Butenandt_Adolf_19291114.pdf} -isolation of estrone - what does Butenandt write about Doisy's earlier announcement of isolation of estrone? ansrosterone: [9] Dr. A. Butenandt Priv.-Doz., "Über die chemische Untersuchung der Sexualhormone", Angewandte Chemie, Volume 44, Issue 46, pages 905–908, 14. November 1931 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ange.19310444602/abstract {Butenandt_Adolf_19311013.pdf} | progesterone: [12] Adolf Butenandt, Ulrich Westphal, "Zur Isolierung und Charakterisierung des Corpus-luteum-Hormons", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), Volume 67, Issue 8, pages 1440–1442, 8. August 1934. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cber.19340670831/abstract {Butenandt_Adolf_19340724.pdf} English: "On the isolation and characterization of the corpus luteum hormone" | [13] Adolf Butenandt, Josef Schmidt, "Überführung des Pregnandiols in Corpus-luteum-Hormon", Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series), Volume 67, Issue 11, pages 1901–1904, 7. November 1934. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cber.19340671126/abstract {Butenandt_Adolf_19341026.pdf} English: "Transfer of pregnanediol in corpus luteum hormone". G. Gamow, "Zur quantentheorie des atomkernes", European physical journal. A, Hadrons and nuclei,(1928) volume: 51 issue: 3-4 page: 204. http://www.springerlink.com/content/mw52h8867mr4x185/ {Gamow_George_19280802.pdf} -tunneling alpha particle theory W. Heitler and G. Herzberg, "Gehorchen die Stickstoffkerne der Boseschen Statistik?", Naturwissenschaften, Volume 17, Number 34, 673-674. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j0102q63006p7527/ {Herzberg_Gerhard_19290728.pdf} English: "Do nitrogen nuclei obey Bose statistics?" -nitrogen has even number of protons, somehow nitrogen spectra appears to be an anomaly [3] Kurt Gödel, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", Monatshefte für Mathematik, 1930, Volume 38, Number 1, 173-198, DOI: 10.1007/BF01700692 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p03501kn35215860/ {Godel_Kurt_19300617.pdf} -famous proof that no system can ever be complete and consistent Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am 10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html {Ruska_Ernst_work1_19290510.pdf} -electron lens/microscope| [3] M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI: 10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Ruska_Ernst_19320616.pdf} | -electron lens/microscope [1] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am 10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Ruska_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} -first electron microscope report - apparently [1] E. Ruska, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen Elektronenmikroskops.", Z. Phys. 87 (1934) 580-602. eingegangen am 12.12.1933. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q013/q013.html {Ruska_Ernst_q013_19331212.pdf} English: "On progress in construction and performance of the magnetic electron microscope." -first electron microscope that magnifies more than light microscope [28] B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938) 921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_Ernst_19380622.pdf} -first image of virus [13] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16: 467–475 -first SEM scanning electron microscope [2] W. Kaufmann, "Die elektromagnetische Masse des Elektrons ", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1902, 4 (1b): 54-57. http://wikilivres.info/wiki/Die_elektromagnetische_Masse_des_Elektrons and http://books.google.com/books?id=4VdMAAAAMAAJ&q=kaufmann#v=snippet&q=kaufmann&f=false | -claim that electron mass varies with velocity (other papers too see [1] "Walter Kaufmann (physicist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(physicist)) [2] Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Muller_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode"| -field-emission electron microscope [5] EW Müller, "Die Sichtbarmachung einzelner Atome und Moleküle im Feldelektronenemikroskop", Zeitschrift Naturforschung Teil A, 1950. | [6] EW Müller, "Das Feldionenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 131, Number 1, 1951, p136-142. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g1047036xth03316/ {Mueller_Erwin_W_19510827.pdf}| -field-ion electron microscope [21] C.F. von Weizsäcker (1937) "Über Elementumwandlungen im Innern der Sterne. I" (On transformations of elements in the interiors of stars. I), Physikalische Zeitschrift (Physics Journal), vol. 38, pages 176-191. | [22] C.F. von Weizsäcker (1938) "Über Elementumwandlungen im Innern der Sterne. II" (On transformations of elements in the interiors of stars. II), Physikalische Zeitschrift, vol. 39, pages 633-646.| -similar to Bethe view of carbon acting as catalyst for hydrogen to helium fusion in stars? H Klostermeyer, D Brandenburg, T Okuda, H Zahn "Synthese der Insulinketten und ihre Kombination zu insulinaktiven Präparaten", Z. Naturforsch, 1963. English: "Synthesis of insulin chains and their combination with insulin-active preparations" -first synthesis of insulin (independently of Katsoyannis) [5] Rudolf L. Mössbauer, "Kernresonanzfluoreszenz von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 151, Number 2, 124-143 http://www.springerlink.com/content/p4335870w53k7834/ {Mossbauer_Rudolf_Ludwig_19580109.pdf} | [6] Rudolf L. Mössbauer and Werner H. Wiedemann, "Kernresonanzabsorption nicht Doppler-verbreiterter Gammastrahlung in Re187", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei Volume 159, Number 1, 33-48. http://www.springerlink.com/content/p405hj776261p63v/ {Mossbauer_Rudolf_Ludwig_19600226.pdf} | [4] Mössbauer, Rudolf L., "Kernresonanzabsorption von Gammastrahlung in Ir191", Naturwissenschaften, 1958-01-01, V45, I22, p538. http://www.springerlink.com/content/ph36815q8k930060/ {Mossbauer_Rudolf_Ludwig_19580813.pdf} | =Mossbauer effect - which led to Pound-Rebka experiment [13] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Rontgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" ==artificial muscles in 1880, is there change in shape? What kind of rubber - natural probably. Czech? to English ----------------- Evangelista Purkinje 1837 - neuron Russian to English: ------------------- 1) D. I. Mendeleev, "Sootnoshenie svoistv s atomnym vesom elementov" (The Relation of the Properties to the Atomic Weights of the Elements), Zhurnal Russkoe Fiziko-Khimicheskoe Obshchestvo 1, 60-77 (1869) (Journal of the Russian Chemical Society); abstracted as "Uber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente," in Zeitschrift für Chemie 12, 405-406 (1869); Note: I know of no translation to English of the original Mendeleev paper. abstract translated and annotated here: http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/ea/MENDELEEVann.HTML 2) Tsiolokovsky's works 3) p. Lebedev, “Opytnoe issledovanie svetovogo davlenia" ("An Experimental Investigation of the Pressure of Light"), Zhurnal Russkago fiziko-khimicheskago obshchestva, 1901, t33 vyp 7 otf and Annalen der Physik, 1901 bd 6 s 433-458 -first measurement of pressure of light + 1909 paper -measurement of mechanical motion of light on gas molecules 4) explanation of cherenkov radiation as electrons moving faster than light in medium. I Tamm, “Kogerentnoe izluchenie bystrogo elektrona v srede” (“Coherent Radiation of Fast Electrons Passing Through Matter”), Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 14, no. 3 (1937), 107 – 112. | I Tamm, I. M. Frank and P. A. Cherenkov, “Svechenie chistykh zhidkostey pod deystviem bystrykh elektronov” (“Luminenscence of Pure Liquids Under the Influence of Fast Electrons”), Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seria fiz. (1938), nos. 1 – 2, 29. | 5) PA Cherenkov, "The visible glow of pure liquids under the action of gamma-rays", Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, Sov. Phys. Dokl., V2, p451, 1934. -Cherekov's paper on the Cherenkov phenomenon [4] V. Veksler, Comptes Rendus (Doklady), Acad Sci U.S.S.R., 43, N8, p444 (1944) (communicated April 25, 1944) | [5] V. Veksler, Comptes Rendus (Doklady), Acad. Sci. U.S.S.R., 44, N9, p393 (1944) (communicated July 19, 1944). | [6] V. Veksler, J. Phys. (U.S.S.R.) 9, N3, 153 (1945) (received March 1, 1945). | -syncrotron **[65] N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). English: **[66] N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: [67] N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). -maser [2] Shklovsky, I.S., "O prirode svecheniia Krabovidnoi tumannosti = On the nature of the radiation from the Crab Nebula", (1953) Dokl. Akad. nauk SSSR 90: 983-986. | -syncrotron radiation theory of stars and supernovi - high speed particles emit radio Italian to English: ------------------- (Galvani, Volta, Melloni, Secchi) Camillo Golgi, 1873 work, works relevant to ULSF, all works (cannot be ILL'd - lost to all library borrowers) Augusto Righi, "L’ottica delle oscillazioni elettriche", Bologna, 1897. http://books.google.com/books?id=mFOpQAAACAAJ&dq=L%E2%80%99ottica+delle+oscillazioni+elettriche - focuses 2cm radio particle beams to focus? - is strong evidence of light having no amplitude. **Somewhat absurd to have not been translated into English yet. but second to grimaldi's untranslated work which created the myth of diffraction. END TO TRANSLATE ================== TO COLLECT INTO "WORKS OF": David Brewster ================ advice on good practices to encyclopedias: 1) cite all sources (in particular important original sources of scientific finds) 2) state dates of inventions with sentence of invention 3) tell the story chronologically Examples of possible beyond coincidence use of secret technology in parallel same year finds ============================================================================================= *wave theory of light - grimaldi and hooke in same year, hooke probably read grimaldi before going to print *1883 - Thomas and Leuckart, liver fluke potential early death whistle blower murders: =============== Maxwell (40s), Hertz (40s) possible murdered: Paul Bert (EB2008: "short tenure") Philip Reiss - inventor of telephone, microphone, speaker, dies at age 40, Slyvanus Thompson writes "executed by galvanoplastization" skipped, did not include Asimov Scientists excluded because of lack of scientific contributions: ============================= 1) Charles Jackson (somewhat included on Morton record) 2) can't remember 3) Robert Fitzroy FiTSrOE [357] English mineralogist 1805-1865 (1828 Fitzroy is in charge of the “Beagle” in surveying South America. ) (1831 On a second voyage the young Charles Darwin is his scientific aide.) (Fitzroy is the first to issue weather forecasts using his own made barometers.) 4) Arnold Henry Guyot (included in one Agassiz record) 5) William Shanks [378] English mathematician (Shanks spends years to calculate pi to 707 places but makes a mistake at the 528th decimal place.) 6) Frederick Winslow Taylor [558] US engineer 1856-1915 (Taylor applies the rules of engineering to humans employed for companies, for example how to maximize efficiency.) [t soon robots are going to replace all humans in any and all manual labor tasks, with the exception of sex although eventually perhaps even robots will be lifelike enough to provide better sex than a human.] 7) Karl Pearson [565] English mathematician 8) Giuseppe Peano (PaonO) [574-575] Italian mathematician 1858-1932 (Peano develops the system of symbolic logic of Boole.) (1903 Peano tries to create an international language called “Interlingua” which makes use of Latin stems without inflections [t define inflection] adding in some German and English words. ) 9) David Hilbert [590] German mathematician 1862-1943 (1899 Hilbert publishes “Foundations of Geometry” in which the first axioms for geometry are described. (An axiom is not a self-evident truth, but only a self-consistent starting point, from which mathematical structure can be developed. ) Hilbert begins with points, lines, and planes as undefined concepts, and merely describes certain required properties of these objects. In addition, Hilbert does not define “between”, “parallel” and “continuous”. Asimov states that hilbert completed Euclid's work, changing the foundation of geometry from intuition to logic.) [t potentially this is valuable simply for the organization of a geometry textbook for people to learn from, perhaps categorized under “education”] -1925 Hilbert has anemia [t what is the cause?], Minot finds the appropriate treatment for anemia, thought to be incurable, and Hilbert is cured. 10) Allvar Gullstrand (GuLSTroND) [590-591] Swedish physician 1862-1930 (Gullstrand's studies on astigmatism made it possible [t MIP] to design corrections more efficiently. ) Gullstrand designs lenses to improve the vision of eyes from which lens were removed because of cataract. Gullstrand designs devices for locating foreign bodies in the eye. [t maybe Gullstrand helped to develop the Swedish thought seeing network equipment?] -1911 Nobel prize for medicine and physiology [no, this probably should have gone to Pupin if not the 1910 prize, and it is probably no coincidence that a Swedish ophthalmologist is chosen, perhaps symbolically, but clearly unfairly.] 11) Augustus Edward Hough Love [594] English geophysicist 1863-1940 Love shows that earthquakes create a set of waves in the earth's crust (now called “Love waves”) which reveal that the crust is much thicker under the continents than under the ocean. [t are there really distinct different waves produced from earthquakes? at different depths?] currently: I am in too much of a hurry to finish and get to video - maybe go back later and include. 12) Jesse William Lazear (luZER) [610] US physician 1866-1900 (Lazear allows a mosquito to bite him and was dead of yellow fever within a week. Asimov describes Lazear as a medical martyr.) 13) John Fillmore Hayford [620] US engineer 1868-1925 (Hayford establishes the principle of isostacy, that the elevated parts of the earth's crust (mountains) are less dense than the lower parts, and float on the denser deeper layers.) 14) Robert Falcon Scott [620] English explorer 1868-1912 (01/17/1912 Scott and his party reach the South pole and find Amundsen's marker already there. After Peary reached the North Pole the race is on to reach the South Pole. ) -Scott and his party die on the way back. 15) Alfred Adler [629] Austrian psychiatrist 1870-1937 -Adler studies under Freud as is the first to secede due to Freud's basing everything on sexual impulse. Adler replaces this with power, where power, not sex, is the main source of action. -Adler views sex as two people trying to gain power over each other. 16) Forest Ray Moulton (MOLTuN) [639-640] US astronomer 1872-1952 (Moulton with Chamberlin advances the planetesimal theory of the origin of the solar system.) (Moulton suggests the two newly identified small moons of Jupiter might be captured asteroids, which is now widely accepted.) 17) Carl Gustav Jung (YUNG) [655-656] Swiss psychiatrist 1875-1961 (1906 Jung creates word association test which by forcing a quick response are supposed to reveal the subconscious mind [a before the conscious mind can put up a protective wall]. ) -1912 Jung thinks Freud's explanations in terms of infantile sexuality are adequate for neuroses like hysteria, but inadequate for more serious disorders such as schizophrenia which Jung is particularly interested in at this time. [t to me this is kind of ridiculous because, “neuroses” as a class of disease is highly abstract...I seriously doubt neurosis applies to anything real or serious..for example hysteria...still all legal behavior what ever it is, and when a person looks at the specifics they probably find that a person yelled once and was shackled with this label. And the same is true for schizophrenia, which is another disease that in my opinion is so abstract that it can be applied to anybody...it is a pretend disease with no specific diagnostic symptoms I am aware of.] -Jung popularizes the concept of introvert and extrovert. -Asimov comments that there was suspicions of Jung being pro-Nazi. -N 18) Robert Bárány (BoroNYu) [658] Austrian physician 1876-1936 (Bárány studied the inner ear. [t needs more info]) -1915 Nobel Prize in medicine while as a Russian prisoner of World War I. [I don't see this being deserved, needs more specific info] 19) Robert Mearns Yerkes (YURKEZ) [658] US psychologist 1876-1956 (1929 Yerkes establishs an experimental stations in Florida for the study of primates. Yerkes and his wife publish “The Great Apes”, which will be a standard text on the Apes for some time. [t this seems to be to be more like ape behavior...perhaps psychology is the study of behavior which is an abstract word for what a living object does, how a living object moves. Still the negative connotation of “psychology” will last for a long time in my mind because of unconsensual treatments, but after unconsensual treatment is stopped from being practiced around the earth, the word “psychology” will probably be viewed as light-weight science, or perhaps experimental abstract science. Anatomy, physiology are real sciences clearly, and understanding what a living body does, and why is also an actual science too (the key change I want to see is treatment with consent only, no drugging without consent, no operations without clear consent, no imprisonment without consent, no physical restraints without consent.] ) -In World War I, Yerkes is in charge of psychological testing of army personal and administers tests to 1,726,000 men. [t the theories of psychology, and such tests are nearly useless. What do people hope to find: if a person is violent? some info can be gained from an interview or test, but I don't understand what people want to find, except people who are randomly labeled with false diseases such as psychosis, neurosis, schizophrenia, and manic depression I can see possibly over-paranoid (but then...how did they stay legal until now?), delusional (thinks Jesus rose from dead, etc.)...but then somehow they all have remained law abiding, so how bad could any problem be?] -n He developed the Army Alpha Testing Program. This mental screening device, used on 1.7 million recruits, Yerkes's books that resulted from this work, Army Mental Tests (1920) and Psychological Examining in the U.S. Army (1921), were models for the further expansion of intelligence testing as a field in psychology and are still in use today. (from Oxford dictionary of scientists) 20) John Broadus Watson [668] US psychologist 1878-1958 (1913 Watson publishes an article that founds the behaviorist school of psychology. Watson suggests that animal, including human, behavior can be explained in terms of conditioned responses. Animals react according to nerve-path wiring created from experience, [t and not as the Freud school implied from sexual impulse]). -s 21) Arnold Lucius Gesell (GeZeL) [680] US psychologist 1880-1961 Gesell shows that mind development in children closely follows physical development of the nervous system, and that the mind seems to be an aspect of the body than a thing of its own. Gesell takes motion pictures of more than twelve thousand children [t to understand their development]. Gesell's books describing his findings are popular with parent trying to judge the progress of their children. 22) (Sir) Cyril Lodowic Burt [690-691] English psychologist 1883-1971 -Burt fabricates intelligence comparisons based by gender and race to support the elitist view that upper-income English men are the smartest over all women and other races of people. [t why asimov cites Burt is a mystery, perhaps to set the record straight about those believing his theories to be scientific and accurate. ] 23) Hermann Rorschach (roURsoK) [698-699] Swiss psychiatrist 1884-1922 (Rorschach creates the Rorschach test, which uses ten symmetrical inkblots which a person is supposed to interpret, and from the interpretations, a person is supposedly supposed to understand a large amount about the person, and this is used in diagnosis [t the abstract disease with no specific diagnostic test or symptoms] a psychopathological condition. ) [t In my opinion the Rorschach test is certainly no clear guide to understand a person, in particular because people matching ink blot shapes to objects in their memory does not seem in my mind to get at anything other than object matching, as opposed to what is thought to be revealing a negative or positive side of a person, what is revealed is object matching with objects from their past memories. Of course, using Rorschach tests is well within the bounds of nonviolent consensual activity. ] 24) Richard Evelyn Byrd [717] US explorer 1888-1957 (1926 Byrd is the first to fly over the North Pole in an airplane.) (1928 Byrd flies over the South Pole in an airplane, and maps much of the 5 million square miles of the uninhabited continent Antarctica. (age 12 makes a trip around the earth unattended. [t by plane?]) 25) (Sir) Ronald Aylmer Fisher [725] English biologist 1890-1962 (nothing significant enough) 26) William Parry Murphy [732] US physician 1892- (Murphy works with Minot on developing the liver treatment for pernicious anemia). -shares Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology with Minot and Whipple. 27) John Augustus Larson [737] Canadian-US psychiatrist 1892- (Larson invents the polygraph, a machine that simultaneously records the pulse rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and perspiration secretion. Larson theorizes that changes in those indicators will be greater if a person is lying. [t But the process of lying, in my view, is an abstract process, seeing thoughts and using video is the best method, and the polygraph is so unreliable that it is useless, in my opinion. What is worse, is that people actually believe the Polygraph, the honesty of the person interpreting the test is many times a source of corruption too. Even if the polygraph data is made public, still I reject there being any proven relationship, and certainly people that can lie without detection must exist. I can't understand why people have not openly, publicly and conclusively proven the polygraph completely useless. The best “lie detector” is seeing and hearing thought, and even that is not perfect, because of images and sounds that can beamed onto brains, false beliefs, and the ability to suppress honest memories.] 28) Ernst Julius Öpik [742] Russian astronomer 1893- (1920s Öpik works on the effect of atmospheric resistance and heating on meteor's falling through atmosphere. This work is used to predict the effect on rockets and missiles entering atmosphere.) 29) Norbert Weiner (WEnR) [745-746] US mathematician 1894-1964 (Weiner spends the later portion of his life trying to alert people about the problems of the coming age of automation. [t this seems realistic, because clearly robots are going to quickly replace humans in low-skill level jobs and government food and rooms are going to be needed for those huge numbers of people without jobs. All drivers, food preparers and servers, agricultural labor, janitorial, etc will be done by walking two leg robots. Happily this will reduce the amount of physical labor humans need to do. Clearly many humans will curse the robots but many will appreciate their unending low-cost labor.]) -(1948 Weiner publishes “Cybernetics”, which describes the mathematical basis of the communication of information.) -Weiner enters Tufts University at the age of 11. -Weiner earns doctorate in mathematics at Harvard at 18. 30) Georg Friedrich Karl Wittig [756] German chemist 1897- (Wittig works on phosphorus [a organic] atoms containing a negatively charged carbon atom, a carbanion [t is this still used?] just as H. C. Brown works with boron-containing carbon [a organic] atoms with a positive charge (called “carbonium atoms”).) [t more detail, how is this worth a Nobel Prize?] -1979 Nobel prize for chemistry shared between Wittig and H. C. Brown. [t without more data sounds like no real achievement.] =possibly add later 31) Otto Struve (STrUV) [758] Russian-US astronomer 1897-1963 Struve theorizes that stars that rotate slowly (like the sun) rotate slowly because they have lost angular momentum to planets, while stars that rotate faster probably have no planets. [t How does Struve recognize the rotation of any stars other than variable stars? I think that the acceleration of a star may be slowed by planets, because of the gravitational force that works against the velocity of the star around its own axis. But still, could it be possible that some stars simple rotate faster than others from initial conditions?] So in contrast to Jeans, Struve thinks planets around stars is more likely. (Struve discovers intersteller matter, the thin gas that spreads between the stars, first recognizing the calcium spectral lines then the hydrogen lines [t absorption lines? Somebody else did this too, was this before? or independently found?]) -Struve's great-grandfather F. G. W. von Struve was the first to measure the parallax of a star. -Struve fought for the whites (a describes as counter-revolutionary, but they were Czarist/monarchists) --couldnt confirm, -perhaps go back later: -hydrogen absorption line in interstellar space -stars with slower rotation have lost momentum to planets, faster have no planets - couldnt find 32) Trofim Denisovich Lysenko (lESYeNKO) [764-765] Russian biologist 1898-1976 -Lysenko rejects the theory of inherited characteristics of genetics and believes that acquired characteristics can be inherited, and because Stalin supports Lysenko, this view holds back Russian science until the 1950s. [t It shows how a stupid dictator can hold back scientific progress for millions of people in a nation for decades. It is one of the reasons monarchies tend to lose to nations with less rigid government structure.] At a gathering of agricultural scientists, Lysenko's views with the powerful support of Stalin are accepted, and those who disagreed, in particular Vavilov are forced to disagree in silence. -l (could be left out, possibly Russia and China were the last to figure out how to see and hear thought. Still it seems relatively clear that most major nations through spying would find this invention quickly.) 33) John Hasbrouck Van Vleck [767] US physicist 1899-1980 1930s Van Vleck evolves a theory that accounts for the influence on each electron [t from][a of] neighboring electrons. [t more specifics.] Van Vleck's main research involves magnetic properties of individual atoms based on the quantum mechanic [t interpretation][a consideration] of the electronic distribution within the atom. -1977 Nobel Prize for physics. [t I have a large amount of doubt without more specifics. ] [t possibly add later if time] 34) Hyman George Rickover [770-771] Polish-US naval officer 1900- (Rickover is the driving force behind the first nuclear submarine.) -engine was built by Westinghouse - too many people involved to credit just one supervisor. 35) Donald Howard Menzel [778] US astronomer 1901-1976 (Menzel and Mrs. Lyle Gifford Boyd prove wrong many claims of flying saucers and UFOs.) [t debunking religious claims, claims of ufos, fraudulent money scams, its all good, and perhaps it is the science of tautology or simply science of truth, science of honesty.] 36) Oskar Morgenstern [786] German-US economist 1902-1977 (Morgenstern formulates what will be called game theory.) (1944 Morgenstern publishes “Theory of Games and Economic Behavior” with von Neumann.) -1938 Morgenstern leaves Nazi Austria (Germany) and moves to the USA. 37) Konrad Lorenz (lOreNTS) [795-796] Austrian zoologist 1903- 1935 Lorenz describes “imprinting”, the way that at a certain point after hatching, young birds learn to follow a parent, a foster parent, even a human or inanimate object. Once this imprinting takes place, this [t memory/instinct] will affect their behavior to some extent for all of their life. (Lorenz is considered the founder of ethology, the study of animal behavior in natural environments.) (Lorenz studies the inheritance of instincts and this leads to the study of the evolution of behavioral patterns.) -1973 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. [t seems a small contribution] - imprinting is first described by Heinroth in 1911. -actually first reported by Douglas Spalding but not followed up at the time. 38) Lars Onsager [796] Norwegian-US chemist 1903-1976 Onsager works out the theoretical basis for the gaseous-diffusion method of separating uranium-235 from the more common uranium-238, a step necessary to the development of nuclear bombs and nuclear power. [t describe process] -1968 Nobel Prize in chemistry -looking at other sources - they don't mention the above asimov story, which is theoretical only. other sources cite 2 contributions: In 1926 he showed the need to modify the equation established by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in 1923 which described the behavior of ions in a solution, by taking Brownian motion into consideration. Onsager's main work, however, was in the foundation of the study of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Here an attempt is made to apply the normal laws of thermodynamics to systems that are not in equilibrium – where there are temperature, pressure, or potential differences of some kind. For his work in this field Onsager was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1968. from: http://www.answers.com/topic/lars-onsager#ixzz1EIgYeYlt -first contribution- doesnt brownian motion cover it all? -second contribution - thermodynamic theory is generally, in my mind, a codeword for pseudoscience dominated by abstract math usually dealing with integrals and differentials-although clearly the first law I can accept that heat goes to cold as a subset of matter goes to empty space, or perhaps matter can only find empty space, .... 39) (Sir) Nevill Francis Mott [807] English physicist 1905- (Mott works on the theory of scattering beams of particles by atomic nuclei. [t more specific if anything.]) (Mott [t does research/works on] the transition of certain substances between states in which an electrical current is conducted and not conducted. [t In an effort to find another electrical switch?]) (Mott and his assistant P. W. Anderson work on the semiconducting properties of amorphous, glassy substances, a potentially cheaper and more convenient raw material for solid-state devices than ultra-pure metals and semi-metals [t which are the semi-metals?].) -1977 Mott and Anderson share the Nobel Prize for physics with Van Vleck. [t For what specific finding? Perhaps secret?] =>It's not clear what Mott did - much and perhaps all of Mott's work appears to be on the theoretical, mathematical side. The glass electrical devices and the transition between insulator and conductor is interesting - perhaps if time, look more into it - is it strictly math theory - what practical science contributions came out of Mott's work. As head of Cavindish for apparently from 1954 to 1971, it would seem logical that there would be many contributinos - in particular of a nature where neuron technology is being dribbled out to the poor excluded public. But it appears possible that either this was a bad choice, or a choice made purposely to silence the scientists at Cavindish. 40) Nikolaas Tinbergen [823] Dutch zoologist 1907- 1936? Tinbergen describes how animals when fighting members of the same species, stop aggression when the other animal adopts a posture indicating surrender. So quarrels over food and mates rarely lead to death or serious injury. Tinbergen suspects that [t for this reason] the use of long-range weapons separates those fighting and lowers the possibility of surrender. -1973 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine with Lorenz and Karl von Frisch. [t this seems a very small contribution.] -possibly add: the study of instincts as important study of animal behavior - 1951 41) Lev Davidovich Landau [826-827] Soviet physicist 1908-1968 1935 Landau [t creates] a mathematical treatment of magnetic domains, [t a theory in which] small regions in substances such as iron, where all the atomic magnets [t magnetic fields?] are lines up in a given direction. It is this phenomenon [t that is thought to ] give rise to ferromagnetism, the strongest variety of magnetism [t what about ceramic magnets, are they stronger? Are they more or less dense than iron? What explains their effect? Why is iron and not other more dense atoms such as platinum the strongest magnet?] 1941 Landau creates a theory of the properties of helium II in terms of quantum mechanics, which he will modify in 1947, and is the most popular now. [t verify, show math]. (1950s Landau predicts startling properties for helium-3 at low temperatures, a rare isotope of helium. These properties are still trying to be verified. [t check. With these claims at low temperatures I have many doubts, and advise people to keep an open mind and do many verifications pubicly and in full view.]) -1938 Landau is arrested as a German spy by a repressive Stalin regime, and is released only by personal intervention by Kapitza. -1962 Nobel Prize in physics for low temperature work. [t seems small] -01/07/1962 Landau is in an automobile accident that will eventually lead to his death in 1964 at age 60. =>Maybe revisit - seems too theoretical- thru the 1800s there are thousands of theoretical mathematical claims - I simply don't think it's important enough to mention most of them. Probably the Nobel is more for political reasons than for scientific reasons - or perhaps for secret work that only those in the neuron know about. - Basically Asimov went through Nobel prize winners, but the Nobel is probably 60-70% removed from real science - in particular because of the neuron secret. 42) Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén [827] Swedish astrophysicist 1908- 1939 Alfvén publishes a theory of magnetic storms and the aurora, in which he calculates the motions of particles along magnetic lines of force, which can be used to describe with some aspects of sunspots and cosmic [t particles/beams][a rays]. [t It seems likely that plasma is probably simply equivalent to gas form – that is – like a cathode ray tube filled with a gas – or heated material – it made of unconnected atoms. The Oxford dictionary says it well: “plasmas; i.e. ionized gases containing positive and negative particles”] Alfvén contributes work on magnetohydrodynamics (the movement of plasma in magnetic fields). Plasma is matter that is hot enough for the atoms to break down into charged fragments. [t I have doubts about this. The neutrons and protons of the nucleus actually separate? That I doubt. How are these different from ions? What kind of charged fragments? Give examples. ] This work is fundamental to the attempts of the last [t fifty][a thirty] years to confine plasma at ultra-high temperatures and generate controlled fusion reactions. [t the most recent attempt in Europe is the largest and more recent effort. Check and see the progress. Again, I can't believe there are not other nuclear reactions that cannot produce heat without radioactivity, or where radioactivity can easily be controlled and contained in a (small) space.] According to Asimov, magnetohydrodynamics explains how the major portion of the angular momentum of the solar system can be concentrated in the small total mass of the planets, which solves the problem that cast doubt on Laplace's nebular hypothesis [t of star system origin]. [t I don't understand this. Is Asimov saying that the planets should be rotating at the same rate as the sun? In other words, even Neptune, whizzing around in 7 days or something. I don't understand this claim. The farther away, the less gravity, but beyond this, it seems like the mechanics of gravity and the system of mass. It has to do also with the initial velocity of the collapsing matter. One thing I found that is interesting on this issue of star system origin, is that the initial collapse of matter, may be the actual result of planetary velocity. Gravity pulls the particles in to the center, where they pick up velocity. Those that do not collide, circle back and fall in orbit retaining that initial velocity they fell into the center with. Those that do collide either ultimately adhere to a central large mass, or bounce back with a similar velocity. ] [t show math.] [t Oxford dictionary: In his later years Alfvén argued against the current orthodoxy of the big-bang theory of the origin of the universe. Space, he argued, is full of immensely long plasma filaments. The electromagnetic forces produced have caused the plasma to condense into galaxies. As for the expansion of the universe, he attributed this to the energy released by the collision of matter and antimatter. See: Hubble expansion in a Euclidean framework See: Observations and hypotheses in cosmology ] -1970 Nobel Prize in physics with Néel. =>science contributions not important enough 43) Nikolai Alexandrovich Kozyrev (KOZEreV) [827] Soviet astronomer 1908- Kozyrev observes the formation of a cloud or mist in the crater Alphonsus, and a spectrum taken of the area at that time, makes it appear that a cloud of carbon particles had been emitted. [t more specific. what elements does the spectra show specifically.] This is the first observation of something like volcanic activity on the moon. [t find more info. It seems likely that the inside of the moon is molten rock/metal like the earth, but there is no visible evidence of this yet.] -1937 imprisoned for some reason and no released until 1948. => seems too speculative 44) Victor Amazapovich Ambartzumian (oMBoRTSUmEoN) [828] Soviet astronomer 1908- (1955 Ambartzumian suggests that explosions within the cores of galaxies, analogous to supernovas, are the source of the numerous extragalactic radio sources. Before this Baade and Minkowski first identified the radio source in Cygnus as originating from two closely connected galaxies and people thought that colliding galaxies might be the source of extragalactic radio sources. [t Are these radio signals now known to be from pulsars? Galaxies that appear to be exploding such as M-82 [t lent evidence to this theory].) 45) Lev Andreevich Artsimovich [830] Soviet physicist 1909-1973 (Artsimovich's work on controlled [t hydrogen] fusion, is instrumental in the development of the Tokamak, which is now the favored instrument for the confinement of ultra-high temperature plasma.) 46) Jesse Leonard Greenstein [830-831] US astronomer 1909- ([t Greenstein] theorizes that the differences in the compositions of different stars must result from differences in the composition of the original clouds the stars are formed from, or differences in their later histories.) =>not important or specific enough contributions 47) Paul John Flory [835] US chemist 1910- (With Carothers Flory helped develop nylon and the artificial rubber neoprene.) -1974 Nobel Prize for chemistry. =>couldn't find a specific non-theoretical advance, nobel has general statement - no specific advance, perhaps visit later 48) Julius Axelrod [843] US biochemist and pharmacologist 1912 (Axelrod works with the effect of drugs and hormones in the chemistry of the transmission of nerve impulses. [t more specific]) -1970 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine with Katz. =>possibly revisit if more time 49) Lyman Spitzer Jr. [849-850] US astronomer and physicist 1914- Spitzer is one of the first to suggest that a magnetic field might be used to contain hydrogen plasma which being raised to temperatures of 100 million degrees cannot be contained in a solid container. [t Asimov say a material container, but it is not clear how a magnetic field works, and if photons or some other particle is the matter that is responsible for the observed effect of an electric/magnetic field.] Spitzer designs a figure-eight-shaped design called a “stellarator” for such a field. (1947 Spitzer speculates on the use of human-made satellites on which telescopes and other astronomical instruments might be connected. =>not important enough - possibly idea about orbiting telescope - but seems that was probably common, the magnetic field to contain plasma - to create fusion seems pointless because low cost particle accelerators already can do that, and probably in bulk. an electromagnetic field seems unlikely to be able to hold too much matter - possibly this is the evolution of particle accelerators that accelerate larger quantities of material. - glanced at 1950s papers on ionized gas - is all mathematical theory 50) Christian Boehmer Anfinsen [858] US biochemist 1916- (1959 Anfinsen writes an influential book, “The Molecular Basis of Evolution”.) -1959 a share of Nobel Prize for chemistry. [t find specific contribution if any] =>possibly a record for: . Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Stein for his work on the enzyme ribonuclease, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) into smaller components. He is credited with illuminating the connection between the molecular structure of the ribonuclease molecule and the biological function of this enzyme. Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/christian-b-anfinsen#ixzz1JAMUUB8t 51) Claude Elwood Shannon [858-859] US mathematician 1916- (1949 Shannon publishes a paper that shows how the quantification of information (into digital 1's and 0's), can by analyzed by mathematical methods, in order to measure the probability of information being lost, or changed, etc. This involves issues of redundancy [t duplicating some information to verify accuracy], noise [t interference from other photons and electrical sources], and entropy [t this I doubt]. This branch of mathematics is called information theory, (and is useful in circuit design, computer design and communications technology.)) -1941 Bell Laboratories. [t one amazing rarely mentioned fact is that for any wire, copper telephone or network wire, there can only ever be one voltage at any given instant of time. Each bit, 5v or 0v is transmitted on a single wire. How large amounts of data are transmitted is because this voltage may only exist on any long distance wire for a nanosecond (10-9), and eventually probably a picosecond (10e-12), femtosecond (10e-15), and so on.] => possibly his 1950 robot mouse, or coining the word "bit" 52) Robert Henry Dicke [859] US physicist 1916- (Dicke creates the scalar-tensor field theory, which is an alternative to Einstein's theory of general relativity.) (Dicke carries further Gamow's suggestion of a radio-wave residue of the initial big bang, and is instrumental in establishing the importance of the observations of Penzias and R. W. Wilson as strong evidence that the big bang had taken place. [t To hear that somebody supports a big-bang to me indicates that they might be duped/fooled (or incorrect) in other areas, because it seems simple to understand that there must be light sources so far away we can't see.]) ==>1964 revives Gamow theory that big bang would leave background, seems like a solid helper of insider corruption and dishonesty, interesting that the u of rochester hosted some physics - perhaps an interest of eastman 53) Ilya Prigogine [863] Russian-Belgian physical chemist 1917- (Prigogine produces mathematical models to show how life maintains order within the requirements of the second law of thermodynamics first described in full form by Clausius nearly 100 years before. [t I think the evidence is showing that the second law of thermodynamics is simply not true. In particular as applies to order, simply states, order is a human-made belief. In a universe of infinite or finite space and matter, there simply is no chaos, nothing that is “disordered”. Anything that is called chaos is simply unpleasant of unorganized to humans of earth and this is a simple point. The more complicated issue is the temperature heat relation which claims that heat is always dissipated...or something like that, and here this is not true in my opinion because of the initial mistake in thinking heat and temperature are different things (heat and temperature being only measured over a volume of space). In an infinite (and even a finite universe which is doubtful) universe matter simply constantly moves around, and there is no law except “move forward” for photons as far as I can see, and many times other photons may stop this from happening. As time continues I think the second law of thermodynamics will fall to the past as simply inaccurate. ] -1977 Nobel Prize for chemistry [t to me this is undeserved, and then it appears the only person to receive it. v] =>This award is a pretty clear example that the Nobel prize can be sometimes completely about 99% meaningless, or perhaps just the power of a mistaken belief. 54) Freeman John Dyson [879] English-US physicist 1923- (Dyson does important work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics.) Dyson theorizes that advanced life might form a [t a globular] sphere around a star to catch all the light, [t leaving only infrared light emitting away from the star], so that a star emitting only infrared light [t might] indicate the presence of advanced life. -This reminds us that no person before now has ever stated publicly that a globular cluster might be the collection of stars made by advanced living objects. =>just no publicly known scientific contributions large enough to record 55) Gerald Stanley Hawkins [887] English-US astronomer 1928 (1965 Hawkins suggests that Stonehenge is a prehistorical observatory used to track the movements of the sun and moon, making it possible to sight and predict solstices and lunar eclipses. [t more evidence].) =>not important enough 56) Stephen William Hawking [898-899] English physicist 1942- (Hawking seeks to combine both general relativity and quantum theory in theories of black holes, theoretical objects that are thought to involve complete gravitational collapse [t leaving a hole in the space-time geometry.]) (Hawking theorizes that black holes of any mass range can have been produced at the time of the big bang and that small “mini black holes” might exist in space. [t So is clearly like most a believer in a big-bang expanding universe.]) (Using quantum mechanics Hawking has shown that black holes can “evaporate” with rate that increase the less massive they are, so for ordinary black holes evaporation cannot balance the [t absorption] of incoming matter, but for small black holes evaporation is a factor and black holes that are small enough may evaporate so quickly as to explode leaving behind gamma [t beams][a radiation]. [t I reject the theory of black holes, because I think time is the same throughout the universe. The theory of relativity was adapted from FitzGerald's and Lorentz's attempts to save the ether theory, and so has an inaccurate origin. The red-shift of light from galaxies can be explained as stretching apart of photons, which are matter, from gravity. The big-bang theory requires the continuous creation of new space which is unlikely in my opinion. The universe ending at the end of the visible universe would be highly coincidental, and the idea that there are galaxies too far for photons to be going in our direction seems very likely to me. I think the entire relativity, big-bang/expanding universe paradigm is going to lose popularity eventually because it is most likely wrong. With much less certainty, quantum mechanics may survive in some form, but in a form that describes beams of photons and other particles. In addition, I think that Newton's theory of gravity, including photons as matter, may continue to be the more accurate of all physics theories currently and into the future.] =>No significant science contributions in my view 57) Not in Asimov but decided to skip for now: Halton Arp 1927 -paper(s) showing evidence that some linked galaxies and/or quasars have greatly different doppler shifts. (add comment about idea that at least one useful theory is to presume that all galaxies are the same exact size, draw a map strictly based on that theory, in addition, produce a comparison to doppler shift, produce comparison to how dense each region is which might cause gravitational red shift. Note theory that red shift is due to gravitational stretching of light particle beams – show 3D evidence.] =>it seems this might be a person that argues for gravitational red shift, and one who openly doubts the big bang expanding universe theory - which is something to credit - but it's not clear how many people that openly doubt the big bang and expanding universe there are - for example - there is the author of "hello big bang, goodbye reality". SCIENTISTS WITH MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS ASIMOV MISSED 1) Augustus Desire Waller (CE 1856-1922) measures the electric potentials of the heart muscle, finds them to coincide with each heart muscle contraction, and publishes the first electrocardiograph images.[id4369] 2) Dr. John A McWilliam used electricity to restart a heart beating id211 3) Almon Strowger- telephone exchange id6255 4) William Friese-Greene (CE 1855-1921) the first movie projector and plastic film id4021 5) William Herbert Rollins (1852-1929[2]) kills guinea pigs with x-rays. id6342 6) Paul Cornu (CE 1881-1944) first helicopter id354 7) Eric Magnus Campbell Tigerstedt id4792 sound on film 8) William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan id6199 electronic read and write memory 9) Charles Francis Jenkins (CE 1867-1934[2])- first moving images sent with photons- wirelessly id3613 10) Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (CE 1882-1963) - transistor - first solid state electronic switch and amplifier - id5292 11) Walter Kaufmann (CE 1871-1947) id5510 - mass of electron changes with velocity, instead of added motion of particle collision is reduced as a particle's velocity increases. In 1985, Richard E. Smalley, Robert Curl, and Harold W. Kroto, in the course of laboratory experiments designed to mimic carbon clusters, or stardust, discovered 'fullerenes,' or 'buckminsterfullerenes' or 'buckyballs,' molecules of 60 carbon atoms by firing an intense pulse of laser light at a carbon surface in the presence of helium and then cooling the gaseous carbon to near absolute zero. In 1991, J. C. Hall, Charalambos P. Kyriacou, Rosbash, and colleagues cloned the period gene of Drosophila simulans, injected it into the egg of a Drosophila melanogaster, with the result that the rhythmic 'song' behavior of simulans was performed by melanogaster. In 1991, Sumio Iijima observed nanoscopic threads, now known as 'nanotubes.' These are hollow cylinders made of pure carbon lattices, as regular and symmetric as crystals, and reminiscent of buckyballs. Bertram N. Brockhouse "for the development of neutron spectroscopy" Clifford G. Shull "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" nano-meter motor, wireless tx/rx Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone" -chlorofluorocarbons Kurt Wüthrich "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" -more info Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'" Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP" -bio-luminescent markers - determine who was first other timelines: http://www.corp.att.com/attlabs/reputation/timeline/69internet.html Estimated Times for Secret Inventions: ======================= 1) Nanometer sized wireless camera - 1850 2) Nanometer sized wireless microphone - 1840 3) Nanometer size wireless neuron writer - 1860 secret technology to place: =========================== 1) radio camera 2) electronic camera - records image in electronic format 3) micrometer wireless camera transmitter/receiver 4) micrometer wireless microphone transmitter/receiver 5) Overrated overvalued scientists -------------------------------- spinnoza - few contributions for many bio pages immanuel kant - only nebular hypothesis for pages of bio William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) - many pages of biography for only a few science contributions. mainly the kelvin temperature scale. - rejects evolution as being "on the side of the angels" - although thomson did leak "electric image", and electrical oscillation theory, had math and mechanical engineering skills. george fitzgerald-lorentz - developers of time dilation save-the-ether theory einstein-photoelectric -brownian equation, relativity inaccurate because of obvious time dilation mistake Josef Breuer - finds success with talking about bad memories, inspires Freud and the beginngin of psychoanalysis - just pages and pages of info on this person, but a paragraph on somebody like Hermann Vogel who has numerous real science achievements. Granville Stanley Hall - first to graduate with phd in psychology in america, starts psychology journal. ,first psychology lab in america reimann-concise dedicates nealy a page to reimann Percival Lowell - predicted Pluto Sigmund Freud - asimov dedicates 3 pages, but actual science contributions of freud are hard to identify. EB2010 has 13 pages on Freud. Carl Jung - EB2010 dedicates a large page, but actual science contributions are minimal and abstract. Konrad Zacharias Lorenz - developed theory of imprinting - won Nobel - wealthy Underrated undervalued scientists ---------------------------------- Ismaël Bullialdus - inverse distance attraction of gravity Girolamo Fracastoro - germ theory seeing thought - 1810 - Wollaston 1910 - Pupin? (joe henry - self inductance, earlier than morse telegraph, 2nd to describe electrical oscillation) In 1829 Francesco Zantedeschi (CE 1797-1873) publishes the first account of a permanent magnet producing a current. Hermann Carl Vogel - determines rotation of sun from doppler, first spectral star catalog, first measurement of doppler shift of stellar spectra, uses doppler to find binary stars that are otherwise undetectable. philip reis-inventor of first publicly known microphone Charles Grafton Page - first published finding that oscillating electric current cause an electromagnet to vibrate causing sounds that are in proportion to the electric current. - no concise, no eb2009 Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville - earliest sound recording device- no concise, no eb2009 Ferdinand Braun - invents first public known crt (first public electronic image display -to my knowledge), a sparkless antenna circuit that uses induction to link transmitter power to the antenna circuit to increase distance. This invention greatly increased the broadcasting range of a transmitter and has been applied to radar, radio, and television., crystal diode Charles Frederick Cross (CE 1855-1935) - invented viscose (rayon, results in cellophane) Alexander Smith Russell - first to describe that beta decay results in an element moving up the periodic table by one - Soddy mentions Louis Dunoyer (CE 1880 - 1963)-goes public with molecular/neutral particle beam, aluminum plating in vacuum Heinrich Greinacher - apparent inventor of voltage doubling circuit usually credited to Cockcroft-Walton Julius Edgar Lilienfeld (CE 1882-1963) -inventor of first publicly known non-vacuum electric switch and amplifier -not in Gale's complete dictionary of scientific biography - probably most shocking missing scientist, not in EB, not in Oxford, not in Columbia, only in Wikipedia, Google patents, inventorabout ernst ruska- first electron microscope, first image of virus (Max Knoll - first scanning electron microscope) Lawrence bragg jr - first to publicly give particle definition show how diffraction can be explained as a particle phenomenon and gives a simple mathematical relationship 2lambda=Dsin theta where lamba is wavelength, D is atomic spacing, theta is angle of incidence of particle beam. Robert Burns Woodward - many finds in teams, but synthesized many molecules. mistaken science credits mistakenly credited scientists ======================== joule-thomson effect - joule and or thomson with cooling of gas on expansion - George William Richman 1747 is earliest record but many others observed this including dalton - joule himself recognizes William Cullen (CE 1710-1790) and Dalton. faraday - permanent magnet current production - zantedeschi 1829 hooke haley or newton to inverse distance gravitation - bullialdus (although newton is first to multiply in masses and constant) kirchhoff - first to observe reversal of spectral line - is Foucault kirchhoff invents spectroscope - is Frauhofer James Maxwell produced the first color photograph in 1861. Maxwell produced 3 glass plates that were projected with 3 colored lights to form a projected color image - not a permanent color image - the first being Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patented in 1868. Later was the autochrome, in 1907 by Lumiere in France. Perhaps some might think the 3 plates are color photographs, but I think people tend to think of a photograph as being on paper or glass - the autochrome is only on glass so far as I know. Hertz discovers photoelectric effect (EB2010, Asimov) - Willoby Smith observed decrease in resistance of selenium in 1873 - neuron net and no science history gives people shady memories. Heinrich Greinacher - apparent inventor of voltage doubling circuit usually credited to Cockcroft-Walton Shockley - field effect transistor - Lilienfeld invented first, Shockley improved on with use of doped semiconductors (and generally Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen win a Nobel prize for the transistor - apparently don't mention Lilienfeld who actually patented publicly the first transistor). example of scientific advances in commercial progress outside of universities ============================================================================= fraunhofer swan - practical electric light bulb otto - gas engine edison bell RAGS TO RICHES/ POOR TO RICH PEOPLE BECAUSE OF THEIR SCIENTIFIC ADVANCE ====================== Charles Martin Hall - low cost aluminum process UNSAVORY SCIENTISTS =================== -Nobel - eugenic murder for those who stole -Nobel - Leucotomy/lobotomy -Nobel - Luis Alvarez accessorized for the single-bullet-theory 1976 01/26 id5513 OVERVALUED SCIENTISTS ===================== UNDERVALUED SCIENTISTS ====================== DIED AS A RESULT OF THEIR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ============================================= Richman -search for first name-electrocuted Howard Taylor Ricketts died from Typhus while studying it search for name--let mosquito bite him MONEY MAKING POSSIBLE INVENTIONS ========================= walking robot/smart walking robot wireless flying nanocamera practical bulk transmutation of common atoms to useful atoms compact electricity source for houses thought-hearing machine thought-image seeing machine thought-sound writing machine thought-image writing machine TEXTBOOKS ARE WRONG ====================== First atomic fusion is Irene Curie and Frederic Joliet a few months before Rutherford in 1934 First fission is Rutherford in 1920 not Fermi in 1934 POPULAR PUBLIC MISTAKEN BELIEFS NO DOUBT FED BY SECRECY ================ that all radioactive atoms last for millions of years- truth: in fact most of the light elements have half-lives that last only a few minutes- (verify) MAJOR DISAGREEMENTS ON POINTS OF SCIENCE BETWEEN ME AND MAJORITY: ================ 1) belief in second law of thermo - in sense of lost heat 2) Maxwell proves that light is an electromagnetic wave -I support being light is a particle, and particles moving in electricity simply emits photons -I credit Maxwell with understanding that electricity can be used to generate different frequencies of light. - but did he know this for sure? In addition, that light is the particle that conveys electric induction. Did Maxwell recognize this? Otherwise the contribution is simply that Maxwell understood that light is emitted from electricity - where nobody else did. 3) conservation of energy - I accept, however I view as more accurately stated as conservation of matter and consevation of velocity (with no exchange between mass and velocity). PUBLICISING ULSF VIDEOS ======================= 1) tedhuntington.com, video.google.com, youtube.com, dailymotion.com, etc 2) Film festivals 3) DVDs sent directly to people? 4) Small book format? - sort of counter-religion/counter-bible to bring people up to speed on evolution and history of science - pass out at airports as opposed to religious books 5) public access (OC, LA) 6) radio, television, cable 7) movie studios 8) direct to brain, perhaps as public concent-only voluntary "beam-direct" promo video. guiding principles: 1) reach as many people as possible as fast as possible 2) free to copy - at least one version with no restriction on copying 3) no money receiving from free versions (except donations). Money receiving ok for collaborative consulting, etc, on closed-source versions which do not violate GNU/CC, etc. 4) Recognizing that a movie on the history of evolution, science and the future is too important to ever give up on, or to allow the majority of people to be unaware of. It's the greatest and more important story ever told, and it needs to be told and heard. TODO: ===== 1) Link citations/footnotes to/from each other 2) see if there exists or request a way to sort google book searches by date, search editions with other keywords 3) Verify and replace, and/or remove all wikipedia citations from footnotes and into more info. ILL ===== * huggins - get images/plates from nebula paper, find “I looked into the spectroscope. No spectrum such as I expected! A single bright line only! … The riddle of the nebula was solved … Not an aggregation of stars, but a luminous gas.” = cant find quote +electrical world 1893 - looked at affect of pressure on spectral lines? first to do this? HINTS ABOUT SEEING, HEARING, SENDING THOUGHT ???? Faraday often uses word "tenable", apparently to allude to some secret finding that must add to the proof of his argument, as if to say "this is true, particiularly in light of what has been found through the invention of 1810" 1876 Charles Wheatstone Obituary, ends with "tenement", which implies 1810 is first seeing thought. 1903 Huggins "has already thrown many suggestive beams of light on the constitution of matter" Chopped off records - with lost text: blob limit 65536 (2^16)- changed now to 2^24 16e6 3280 - foucault two lines - repair final kirchhoff 1860 comment - possibly but appears no - too short - perhaps just not finished text TODO: possibly go through all text1,2,3,4,5 and report any with strlen>65000 MOVIE IDEAS ============== 1) FUTURES (Various scenarios - good and bad) a) GOOD b) BAD 1) massive lava explosions 2) earth falls out of regular orbit 3) moon falls out of regular orbit 4) asteroid impact 5) Jupiter, other planet falls out of orbit, results in changed orbits for other planets. 6) virus without human immunity (or bacteria) 7) nuclear war/radiation poisoning 8) global warming from CO2 (overheat, flooding) 9) radical change in Sun - Sun explodes, Sun goes cold, part of Sun flies off, large flare engulfs earth. EVIDENCE OF RELIGION/RELIGIOUS AS ANTISCIENCE/ANTILOGIC/ANTITRUTH (ANTIPLEASURE) 1) Violence/Death Penalty/Torture against those in science based on religion a) Inquisition (Bruno, Galileo, clearly top of science) b) Anaxagoras c) Socrates 2) language set against science a) luces - lucifer - somehow associating light with evil 1) origin in Jesus followers or earlier? b) hell - Hellas - Greek tradition of science and pleasure viewed as evil c) geek - greek - somehow interest in science is bad 3) Antipleasure a) pleasure-based nonviolent crimes usually receive more jail time than non-pleasure related violent crimes. b) sin relates to sex - sex viewed as big sin, violence is viewed as lesser evil. EVIDENCE AGAINST 1) in polythe‫ism Muses are gods of science 2) PROPLEASURE a) fallus publicly displayed b) nude statues publicly displayed TODO: 1) mendeleev book with original paper - mendeleev papers? Mendeleev on the Periodic Law (2002), Mendeleyev, Dmitry Ivanovich; Jensen, William B. (2005). Mendeleev on the Periodic Law: Selected Writings, 1869 - 1905. Mineola, NY: Dover. ISBN 0-486-44571-2. -quote translated text 2) Pietro Corsi, "The Enchanted Loom: Chapters in the History of Neuroscience", Oxford University Press, 1990. WL 11.1 E56 1991 id3766 German physiologists[1], Julius Eduard Hitzig (HiTSiK) (CE 1838-1907) and Gustav Fritsch (CE 1838-1927)[2] show that the cerebral cortex has different compartments for different functions, and study the brain by electrical stimulation[3]. 3) (Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge A NOTE ON BERKELEY AS PRECURSOR OF MACH AND EINSTEIN LL BD241 .P6) TO READ WHEN MORE TIME: ================== Maxwell's papers - in particular on electromagnetism with the goal in mind of understanding what is there, and how this differs from my view. (on faraday's lines of force, on the physical lines of force) Look through papers more if ever time: Francis Aston: velocity of positive ions in Crookes dark space atoms and x-rays atoms and their packing fractions - photons? SODDY: 1927 The wrecking of a scientific age. 1947 The evil genius of the modern world. obituary A comprehensive statement of his general view regarding the monetary system preventing modern Western civilization from distributing its scientific and technological abundance by peaceful means appears in an address, February 1950. partially republished in the 24-page Commemoration to Professor Frederick Soddy (London, 1958). Frustration in Science, Henry Norris Russell: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1929ApJ....70...11R&letter=0&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=11&epage=11&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf -explanation of star spectrum and physics of stars. Einstein english translations - in particular of first 2 relativity works, and light quantum work. - intermediate works - 1907 work -worked under JJ Thomson Owen Willans Richardson, "The emission of electricity from hot bodies", (London, 1916; 2nd ed., 1921). http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=WHVCAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Owen+Willans+Richardson&ots=WUB-IX3aPg&sig=qeHIlXxqqgjycLajvU8afZ5Y1kk#v=onepage&q&f=false| [8] Owen Richardson, "The Electron Theory of Matter" (Cambridge, 1914; 2nd ed., 1916). http://books.google.com/books?id=RpdDAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Electron+Theory+of+Matter&hl=en&ei=P3IYTenmN4v2tgOHxuWtAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | [9] Owen Richardson, "The Emission of Electricity From Hot Bodies and Molecular Hydrogen and Its Spectrum" (New Haven, 1934). http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ie50210a009 langmuir atomic hydrogen torch Davisson electron diffraction http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/davisson-lecture.pdf high pressure chamber design http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025490 Eddington Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation (1918),-first report of relativity in english The Mathematical Theory of Relativity (1923)—the latter considered by Einstein the finest presentation of the subject in any language Report on the Relativity Theory of Gravitation - learn more about the first english explanation D. COSTER & G. HEVESY, "On the new element hafnium", Nature, 111, 79-79 (20 January 1923). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v111/n2777/abs/111079a0.html {Hevesy_Georg_19020102.pdf} xray spectrum talked about Arthur Jeffrey Dempster - mass spectrogram works E Schrödinger, "An undulatory theory of the mechanics of atoms and molecules", Physical Review, vol. 28, Issue 6, pp. 1049-1070. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1926PhRv...28.1049S {Schrodinger_Erwin_19260903.pdf} Paneth, F. A. , et al, Z. Electrochem, V34, 645, 1928. Nature V125, N3152, p490, 1930. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v125/n3152/pdf/125490c0.pdf -determine dates of meteors - determine method how can they be sure method is accurate? [1] R. J. Strutt, "On the Accumulation of Helium in Geological Time.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, V81, N547, 09/11/1908. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93092 {Strutt_R_J_19080728.pdf} -first use of helium to determine age from accumulation by radioactivity -i might be a true believer after reading this [9] I. Estermann, O. C. Simpson, and O. Stern , "The Magnetic Moment of the Proton", Phys. Rev. 52, 535–545 (1937). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v52/i6/p535_1 {Stern_Otto_19370709.pdf} P. Debye and F. W. Sears, "On the Scattering of Light by Supersonic Waves", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1932 June; 18(6): 409–414. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1076242/ {Debye_Peter_19320423.pdf} Edgar Douglas Adrian - The mechanism of nervous action: electrical studies of the neurone, 1934 The action of light on the eye, 1927 The Berger rhythm: potential changes from the occipital lobes in man 1934 Edwin Armstrongs patents and circuits- for simple radio receiving Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae. Authors: Humason, M. L., Mayall, N. U., & Sandage, A. R. Journal: Astron. J., 61, 97-162 (1956) http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1956AJ.....61...97H/0000101.000.html has photos of red shifts and http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1931ApJ....74...35H/0000035.000.html earlier - right at time of scam - search for more Hubble Humason papers for famous photo from Cosmos showing calcium absorption lines shifted for various galaxies. Chadwick's work - insights into all matter made of light particles, is neutron actually hydrogen? [2] J. Chadwick, "The Existence of a Neutron", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 136, No. 830 (Jun. 1, 1932), pp. 692-708. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95816 {Chadwick_James_19320510.pdf} | [3] J. Chadwick and M. Goldhaber, "The Nuclear Photoelectric Effect", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 151, No. 873 (Sep. 2, 1935), pp. 479-493. http://www.jstor.org/stable/96561 {Chadwick_James_19350802.pdf}| [4] J Chadwick, M. Goldhaber, "Disintegration by slow neutrons", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, (1935), 31: 612-616. http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0305004100013621 {Chadwick_James_19350828.pdf}| [5] J Chadwick, "The Scattering of α-Particles in Helium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 128, No. 807 (Jul. 1, 1930), pp. 114-122. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95449 {Chadwick_James_19300408.pdf} | [6] J. Chadwick, P. M. S. Blackett and G. P. S. Occhialini, "Some Experiments on the Production of positive Electrons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 144, No. 851 (Mar. 1, 1934), pp. 235-249 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935587 {Chadwick_James_19340210.pdf}| [7] J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746.| [8] Chadwick, J., Russell, A. S., "The Excitation of γ -Rays by the α -Rays of Ionium and Radiothorium", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Volume 88, Issue 602, pp. 217-229. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93322 {Chadwick_James_19130125.pdf} [13] J Chadwick, "An attempt to detect a neutral particle of small mass", Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1934), 30: 59-61. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1735460 {Chadwick_James_19331120.pdf} [14] J Chadwick, M Goldhaber, "A Nuclear Photo-effect: Disintegration of the Diplon by γ-Rays", Volume 134 Number 3381 p237. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v134/n3381/pdf/134237a0.pdf -suggests that atoms are disintegrated HC Urey, "Atoms, molecules and quanta", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 37 (1931), 506-507. http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1931-37-07/S0002-9904-1931-05170-3/home.html -discovered deuterium - how is hydrogen and neutron different? Urey, The planets: Their origin and development, http://link.aip.org/link/abstract/PHTOAD/v5/i8/p12/s1 urey, Organic compound synthesis on the primitive Earth, http://www.physics.nmt.edu/~mce/Miller_Urey_1959.pdf Urey, The planets, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961sis..book..199U bose: http://master-mc.u-strasbg.fr/IMG/pdf/Bose_statistique.pdf paper Einstein thought had value - source of Boson Fermion distinction? bose in cdosb gives explanation Lemaitre's big bang theory: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1931MNRAS..91..483L&letter=0&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=483&epage=483&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf [4] Edward Milne, "World Structure and the Expansion of the Universe", Nature 130, 9-10 (02 July 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v130/n3270/pdf/130009a0.pdf {Milne_Edward_19320702.pdf}| euclidean expanding universe - no time and space dilash or contrach? # Claridge, George C. (1937). "Coronium". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 31: 337–346. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1937JRASC..31..337C&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=45dc5ac9f629234. -how ions give different spectral lines [4] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4GH&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a {Barton_Henry_193001xx.pdf} | -possibly earliest proton accelerator collision experiment [14] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February 1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html {Cockcroft_John_19320202.pdf} | [15] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html | [16] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cockcroft_John_19320416.pdf}| [17] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/830/619.full.pdf+html {Cockcroft_John_19320223.pdf}| [18] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. II. The Disintegration of Elements by High Velocity Protons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A July 1, 1932 137:229-242; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0133 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/137/831/229.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19320615.pdf} | [19] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. III. The Disintegration of Lithium, Boron, and Carbon by Heavy Hydrogen Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A May 1, 1934 144:704-720; doi:10.1098/rspa.1934.0078 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/144/853/704.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19340404.pdf} | [20] J. D. Cockcroft, C. W. Gilbert, and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. IV. The Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons and Diplons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A January 1, 1935 148:225-240; doi:10.1098/rspa.1935.0015 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/148/863/225.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19340926.pdf} | [21] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. V. Further Experiments on the Disintegration of Boron", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:246-261; doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0049 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/881/246.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_19351223.pdf}| [22] J. D. Cockcroft and W. B. Lewis, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. VI. The Disintegration of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen by Deuterons", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A March 2, 1936 154:261-279; doi:10.1098/rspa.1936.0050 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/154/881/261.full.pdf+html?sid=e2be827d-e445-4270-a941-c4c2aaa2a385 {Cockcroft_John_paper6_19351223.pdf} =development of proton linear accelerators ] A Theory of the Combustion of Hydrocarbons [PDF] from jstor.org UC-eLinksRGW Norrish - Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, …, 1935 - JSTOR -mentions light particles as part of combustion? Patrick Blackett's works - early particle collision cloud chamber [t There are about 3 or 4 papers with the title "Transmutation of Elements" in Nature around 1926-1929, that involve transmutation of lead.] - mention gold? what is produced? [2] L. Szilárd, "Improvements in or relating to the transmutation of chemical elements," British patent number: GB630726 (filed: 28 June 1934; published: 30 March 1936).http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument;jsessionid=8B286F84EEDA7D654C9A04127F25CBA9.espacenet_levelx_prod_5?CC=GB&NR=630726A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19360330&DB=&locale= {Szilard_Leo_19340628.pdf} -szilard talks about transmutation and fission - first fission chain reaction [8] Linus. Pauling, "THE NATURE OF THE CHEMICAL BOND. APPLICATION OF RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE QUANTUM MECHANICS AND FROM A THEORY OF PARAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1931, 53 (4), pp 1367–1400. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01355a027 {Pauling_Linus_19310217.pdf} | -quantum view of molecular bonding, eigen functions, transistion from Lewis electron pairs to modern view. EO Lawrence papers - early cyclotron explanations Fermi's work on neutron bombardment - examine the many neutron equations. Robert Jemison Van De Graaff , "Electrostatic Generator", Patent number: 1991236, Filing date: Dec 16, 1931, Issue date: Feb 12, 1935 http://www.google.com/patents?id=iNN5AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false PD works of BERNHARD KATZ - stimulating neurons [4] Gerhard Herzberg, "Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure" (1937) | [5] Gerhard Herzberg, "Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure" (4 vols. 1939–79). -learn which spectral lines go with which atoms, how spectra of atoms and molecules differs. Carl Anderson's papers - to learn more about particles in between proton and electron mass - and how it is determined that these particles exist. - is there a continuous spectrum of particles of many different masses? Bell Labs employees papers: John Robinson Pierce http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4065686&tag=1 -first paper on the value of satellites http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4051596 -microwave/radio devices Grote Reber's papers on radio astronomy and his first radio dish - doubts about relativity Nobel lectures, in particular: Katz, Eccles, Hodgkin - the neuron people Charles Townes - particle beam people Felix Bloch, E. M. Purcell - nuclear moment many times Nobel lecture is told in basic terms, and many times because the audience is so large, many secrets are hinted at. Chen Ning Yang (CE 1922-), and Tsung-Dao Lee (CE 1926-) show that "parity", the symmetry between physical phenomena occurring in right-handed and left-handed coordinate systems, is violated when certain elementary particles decay. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/yang-lecture.html# -determine simple way of explaining all phenomena involved http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/ -must be massive neuron fraud - CPT symmetry violation claim ====Cormack and Hounsfield The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 was awarded jointly to Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield "for the development of computer assisted tomography" - 3D imaging of brain - can individual neurons be read - to record sounds heard and/or images seen? theodore maimon ruby laser patent http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&source=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Ramsay electron as element with symbol "E" (many neuron hints and apparently criticism of rising relativity views): [10] W. Ramsay, "The electron as an element", Journal of Chemical Education 1953 30 (1), 2 http://pubs.acs.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1021%2Fed030p2.2 | [11] Ramsay, William, "Presidential address. Elements and electrons", Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions, 1909, V95, 624-637 http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/CT9099500624 and http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1909/ct/ct9099500624 {Ramsay_William_19080326.pdf} TO RESEARCH WHEN MORE TIME/QUESTIONS NOT ANSWERED FULLY ENOUGH YET =================================================================== **Have to 1) "Xray": full examination of early proofs/experiments: to determine speed, penetrative power, particle versus wave debate, - any supporters of "X particle"? Is x-particle used to do remote galvanization since no other particles may be able to penetrate skin to nerve - possibly photons can. Is x-particle photon or somehow different? smaller perhaps? - go through "Nature" for all occurances of Roentgen rays and make records for noteable findings. Show how xrays as light is proven and accepted and who rejects this explanation. 2) interesting article on ESP in science from 1880: http://books.google.com/books?id=XE8vAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=Gabriel+Lippmann+date:1875-1880&lr=&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Gabriel%20Lippmann%20date%3A1875-1880&f=false 3) See videos on Alexander Graham Bell: ILL: Alexander Graham Bell voice of invention 2005, a&e 2005, the astonishing telephone 2007, greatest canadian 4) end of slavery 5) story of women equality and integration into science 6) story of non-white equality and integration into science 7) Fessenden's patents - wireless technology, John Stone Stone, etc. 8) transmutation experiments - transmutation by electron bombardment, alpha bombardment, etc. - any efforts - basic history in published reports - focus on any systematic and/or commercial efforts. Fermi's work, Chadwick 9) Direct neuron reading and writing: -Granit and all the electric nerve and eye research - there are many firsts, and records here that need to be made it seems likely that because of secrecy they have been excluded or toned down by historians and encyclopedias. Granit gives very good histories in his paper - with numerous citations of who was first to do what. -BERNHARD KATZ - stimulating neurons of various species 1800s: Biedermann http://books.google.com/books? hl=en&lr=&id=okKYdASyhlUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=biedermann&ots=RFAXl93wGG&sig=_b8JGDzTFHf1sBgcTtNMFOCPhjQ#v=onepage&q&f=false -determine who is the first to determine strength of current, or frequency relates to intensity of muscle contraction -who is the first to measure intensity of light relates to intensity of current in light sensor neurons, -intensity of heat is proportional to heat sensor neuron current -pain nococeptor - current is proportional to pressure or loss of some chemical equilibrium? 10) computers/robot - there is a lot of history that is glossed over - clearly there is the secret development and the public development - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware **11) Spaceflight firsts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_space_exploration http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp **12) famous musical compositions music timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era 13) Underwater buildings http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitat 14) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=okKYdASyhlUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=biedermann&ots=RFAXl93wGG&sig=_b8JGDzTFHf1sBgcTtNMFOCPhjQ#v=onepage&q&f=false 1800s muscle contraction experiments 15) particle physics - all the new particles tau, k mesons - are mesons just various non-unique collision fragments or are they fundamental grouping of light particles that are the only stable combinations possible? 16) rest of transuranium elements: rutherfordium, dubnium, bohrium, hassium, meitnerium, darmstadtium, Roentgenium, Copernicium, 17) history/timeline of musical instruments 18) history of particle beams -first report of feeling a particle beam -visible particle communication -invisible particle communication 19) development of each system- skeletal, nervous, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, reproductive, 20) time of each mountain range, history of plate movement on earth. 21) democracy (ancient greece) 22) more about development of solar cells, make records for later developments -the silicon solar cell by Russell Ohl in 1941, see EB photovoltaic cell 23) common health rememdies- a) antacid- goes back perhaps the ancient Egypt 24) make a record for the first (chemically and or mechanically) etched electronic circuits ulsf06 25) earliest cnc machine NEURON READING AND WRITING LEADS ================================= (Luigi Galvani) (Duchenne) Gabrial Lippmann - precursor to waller Augustus waller - measured heart voltages - precursor to einthoven Willem Einthoven - inventor of electrocardiograph Ragnar Arthur Granit - wrote alot about retina, and optic nerve, measured electrical signals of single nerves in retina - first to fire single neuron directly?-also motor neurons SONNY BONO ACT: <1923 PD 1923-1977 PD if no copyright notice 1923-1963 PD if copyright notice but not renewed 1923-1963 95 if copyright and renewed=95 years after publication (currently 1914 - wont have effect until 2018, maurois book 1937=2032) before 1978=95 years from publication (2009-95= ============ ILL =========== To ILL When budget is better: 1) Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. Flemming, W. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. 16:302-436 (1878) and 18:151-289 (1880). Reprinted in: J. Cell Biol. 25:581-589 (1965) Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie http://books.google.com/books?id=jc4VAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:archiv++intitle:anatomie+date:1879-1879&ei=oqWDSeCMIYS6lATNmOWxBg#PPA302,M1 Only need tables Q: Did Flemming name chromatids and mitosis in 1879? or later in 1882? 2) Opera omnia, Golgi, Camillo, 1843-1926. -original 1873 paper images -generally to get images and verify times of discoveries, although in Italian. 3) The photographic news [microform]. a) 1874 Vogel infrared solar spectrum lines photograph? *4) May 1919, Electrical Experimenter, The Thought Recorder Front Cover+Page 12 "The Thought Recorder - NO. 2 FUTURE INVENTIONS" by Hugo Gernsback. 5) November 1922, Science and Invention, Thought wave recorder 6) The Aetiology of Tuberculosis, get images koch's 1882 paper on tuberculosis 7) (Boltzmann 1868 "Studien ueber das Gleichgewicht der lebendigen Kraft zwischen bewegten materiellen Punkte." - to see Boltzmann factor equation) 8) Western Electrician - Blondlot November 21, 1902 see http://books.google.com/books?id=jwbOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA791&dq=november+21+1902+blondlot#v=onepage&q=&f=false for more works by Blondlot 9) Modern Electrics, vol4, 1911 a) April 1911 starts Ralph story a) *June 1911 "Ralph 124C 41+", "Modern Electrics" (part about menograph and hypnobioscope)- possibly earliest clear public description of hearing and writing to thoughts. 21970004571062 (Lectures on gas theory. QC175 .B72 1964 checked out - has boltzmann 1872 paper and 1877 paper - both?)- has H function - but is summary of kinetic gas theory using probability by boltzmann. actually: "Further Studies on the Thermal Equilibrium of Gas Molecules". In Brush, S. G., Kinetic theory, vol 2. Oxford a.o., 1966, 88-175. has 1872 paper +received +requested 10) Crystals that flow: classic papers from the history of liquid crystals QD923 .C77 2004 (more about priority battle, and possible hints about early LCD, Mauguin's papers) Popular Astronomy: vol 18 420-421 vol 30, march 1922 june-july 1922 12/10/2009 cannot fill (+requested 09/23/09- get original images of isles of langerhans) Beiträge zur mikroskopischen Anatomie der Bauchspeicheldrüse : Inaugural-Dissertaton, zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde in der Medicin und Chirurgie vorgelegt der Medicinischen Facultät der Heaviside book - where postulates electric charge gains mass with velocity - read quote -cannot be filled +requested, Photographic map of the normal solar spectrum, made with the concave grating by Prof. H. A. Rowland, Johns Hopkins university, 1889. got-formation of the alphabet 11/25/09 requested 01/08/2010 1) Onnes, H. K. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures. Communications from the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the University of Leiden No. B 120, 3 (1911) ORIGINAL FAMOUS PAPERS TO GET A COPY OF: JOURNAL LINKS: =============== Comptes Rendus archive: http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343481087/date http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb343780820/date.r=.langEN annales de chimie 1816-1913 popular astronomy http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ads_browse.html http://adsabs.harvard.edu/bib_abs.html OTHER SCIENTISTS TO PROFILE ============================= ---Neuron reading and writing--- Nemminski Caton Caton had measured electrical potentials on the exposed cortex of experimental animals in 1875, but he was not able to record these phenomena graphically. Nemminski recorded the first electrocerebrogram on dogs with the skull intact by means of the Einthoven string galvanometer in 1913. K. Fajans - first to identify element Protactinium ============ Neuron reading and writing/secret technology keywords: "render" 1899 Guglielmo Marconi: G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of electrical engineers, v28, 1899, p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proceedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzIDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=false 1908 William Barrett http://books.google.com/books?id=WpzWAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=On+the+Threshold+of+a+New+World+of+Thought&hl=en&ei=R9G8TPetIoOC8gaA0fzLDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false order ILL: Barkla paper - names a+b (k+l) * F. W. Aston, "A positive ray spectrograph", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 38, Issue 228, 1919, Pages 707 – 714 -mass spectrograph named - adapts jj thomson';s device - uses static electric field? -show diagram *Aston, isotope *Frederick Soddy, "The Radio-elements and the Periodic Law", Chemical News 107, 97-9 (1913) http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/soddycn.html for diagrams * [1] Alexander Smith Russell, Chemical News, 1913, 107, p49. -first beta emission results in atom moving up on periodic table X-rays and electrons an outline of recent X-ray theory, -first use of word photon? * Dingle - science at a crossroads -more into "adding velocities", all matter as made of light, light as constant velocity The collected papers of Albert Einstein. Vol.2, The Swiss years: writings, 1900-1909 translation of 1907 paper +vol 4 and 1912-1914 -Grossman 1913 paper id4932 for location and date in english vol 6. berlin - 1915,1916 general relativity papers in english * the biology of mind - walter hess - any helpful info about neuron reading and writing * goddards rockets - A method of reaching extreme altitudes *[3] Manne Siegbahn, Einar Friman, "On an X-ray vacuum spectrograph", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 32, Issue 191, 1916, Pages 494 – 496.| *Manne Siegbahn, "Precision-measurements in the X-ray spectra.", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 37, Issue 222, 1919, Pages 601 – 612| -get images of - read for info about x-ray spectra *E Bäcklin, M Siegbahn, “Semi-optical” lines in the X-ray spectra, Philosophical Magazine Series 6, 1941-5990, Volume 49, Issue 292, 1925, Pages 752 – 753. - how far from ultraviolet? M Siegbahn, "La réflexion et la réfraction des rayons X", Journal de Physique et le Radium, 1925. http://jphysrad.journaldephysique.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/jphysrad/abs/1925/07/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0/jphysrad_1925__6_7_228_0.html -is a prism used, is total refraction or partial? * H Moseley, "The high-frequency spectra of the elements", Phil. Mag, V26, p1024-1034, 1913 *Hubble, Publications of the American Astronomical Society V5, 1925, p261. +The differential analyzer: A new machine for solving differential equations, Vannavar Bush - uses electricity? * J Chadwick, "The charge on the atomic nucleus and the law of force", Philosophical Magazine Series 6, V40 (1920), 734-746. * rutherford The Wavelength of the Soft Gamma Rays from Radium B. Philosophical Magazine 27:854–868; * g thomson, the foreseeable future Albert Szent-Györgyi, "Chemistry of muscular contraction", Academic Press, 1947, 1951. *could not fill, exists in Germany - H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, 1920. * I. Curie, F. Joliot, "Les nouveaux radioéléments. Preuves chimiques des transmutations", Journal de chimie physique, 31 (1934), 611. *[9] J Chadwick, "Intensitätsverteilung im magnetischen Spektrum der ß-Strahlen von Radium B+ C", "Distribution in intensity in the magnetic spectrum of the β-rays of Radium B and C", Druck von Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, 1914 English: J. Chadwick, "Distribution in Intensity in the Magnetic Spectrum of the β rays of Radium (B + C)", Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft (1914) 16, pp. 383-391. *CANCELED-cant find E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933. neutrino+weak interaction +Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); -get date (neutron induced radioactivity) **CANT FILL R Granit, "Principles and technique of the electrophysiological analysis of colour reception with the aid of microelectrodes", c. 1 45, 161-177, 1939 -citation is somehow incorrect Our holdings are: v.27(1922)-v.54(1949). There is no such article in the1939 vol, and we do not own volume 65." **CANT FILL GRANIT, R. & SvAETircmN, G. (1939). Principles and technique of the electrophysiological analysis of colour reception with the aid of micro-electrodes. Upp8ala LdlkFbren. Forh. 65, 161-177. **CANT FILL R. Granit and G. Svaetichin, Principles and technique of the electrophysiological analysis of colour reception with the aid of microelectrodes, Upsala Läkaref, Förh. 45 (1939), pp. 161–177. Is probably: "Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis." journal UCSF's collection starts at 1949 (vol 55) **NO CIRCULATING COPY Coordinates of the five outer planets, 1653-2060 +[5] PINCUS G, CHANG MC., "The effects of progesterone and related compounds on ovulation and early development in the rabbit.", Acta physiologica latino americana, 1953;3(2-3):177-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13138262 -first birth control find? [11] Pincus G, Rock J, Garcia CR, Rice-Wray E, Paniagua M, Rodgriquez I (1958). "Fertility control with oral medication". Am J Obstet Gynecol 75 (6): 1333–46. | +Cecil Powell, Giuseppe Occhialini, "Nuclear Physics in Photographs.", Clarendon Press/Oxford, 1947. ****NO SUPPLIER TO HAVE IT Gamow, Mr. Tomkins in Wonderland, 106- hardback is $14 on amazon.uk -popularizes science or neuron corrupted views? hold - the open mind - oppenheimer +George Gamow, "Structure of atomic nuclei and nuclear transformations", Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1937. +[8] G. Shearer, "The X-ray Microscope", British Journal of Radiology, (1936), 9, p30-37. http://bjr.birjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/97/30 +GP Kuiper, "The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets", Chicago University Press, 1949. -get date for id5390 +Harry Hammond Hess, "Drowned ancient islands of the Pacific Basin", American Journal of Science, Vol. 244, November 1946, P.772-791; doi:10.2475/ajs.244.11.772. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/244/11/772 -pictures of Guyots +Albert B. Sabin, M.D., "Present status of attenuated live-virus poliomyelitis vaccine", J Am Med Assoc. 1956;162(18):1589-1596. http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/162/18/1589.abstract -read about test trials - clearly consent? prisoners, self, children=true? +The Conquest of Space, Willy Ley -visions of future I may not have thought of, drawings [13] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16: 467–475 + "Daniel Bovet." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bovet-daniel -date id5456 Bovet D., Staub A., "Action protectrice des éthers phénoliques au cours de l’intoxication histaminique." C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fil. (1936), 124:547–549. English: "Protective action of phenolic ethers in histamine poisoning." -date id5457 DC Hodgkin, "The X-ray analysis of the structure of penicillin.", The Advancement of science, (1949) volume: 6 issue: 22 page: 85 -9. -location, image of molecular structure, date + Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian Title: Colour cinematography Edition: 3rd ed., rev. and enl. Publisher: Chapman & Hall/London, 1951 -first mention of 2-color process? Land patent: http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3003391&id=O6FRAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=Land+EH+two-color&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q&f=false Chandrasekhar, S Title: An introduction to the study of stellar structure, Publisher: University of Chicago Press/Chicago Ill., 1939 -mass limit for black hole -math used Average evoked potentials; methods, results, and evaluations. -paper with auditory stimulus surface electric potential topography mapping +Selected papers on the transfer of radiation, "On the equilibrium of the sun's atmosphere" -earliest known theory of radiation-gravitation-equilibrium of stars (or stellar atmosphere) +Proceedings of the 1960 annual International Conference on High Energy Physics at Rochester. -id5512 - paper on resonance, resonance particles? alvarez and/or good are responsible for theory? +Seaborg, Glenn Title: The transuranium elements research papers, -id5547 -determine if an original paper for plutonium- any mention of meitner,hahn and strassmann? +Brennen, James W. (September 1968), The Proximity Fuze Whose Brainchild?, United States Naval Institute Proceedings. -id5590 - verify wiki source exists and is accurate (first proximity?) +SALK JE.,"Studies in human subjects on active immunization against poliomyelitis. I. A preliminary report of experiments in progress.", J Am Med Assoc. 1953 Mar 28;151(13):1081-98. id5643 - determine date of vaccine creation, location +[3] E. F. Burton, J. Hillier, and A. Prebus, "A Report on the Development of the Electron Supermicroscope at Toronto", Phys. Rev. 56, 1171–1172 (1939). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v56/i11/p1171_2 {Hillier_James_19391113.pdf} -id5658 - location date - improvements to design? mag power +POPJAK, G.; CORNFORTH, J. W., "The biosynthesis of cholesterol.", Advances in Enzymology 1960 Vol. 22 pp. 281-335. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/book/10.1002/9780470122679 -need date location +A. KORNBERG, I. R. LEHMAN AND E. S. SIMMS, Federation Proc., 15 (1956) 291, -to support original 1956 paper id5688 +Bakker, CJ, and van de Hulst, HC, 1945. "Radiogolven uit de wereldruimte.", Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde, 11 , 201-221. -theory behind 21cm hydrogen line, date, location id5699 +vol 3 Albert Einstein, Ann. Physik, 35, 898 (1911) AND +vol 2 A. Einstein, Jahrb. Radioakt. u. Elektronik 4, 411 (1907). -gravitation changes frequency id5772 - and Einstein record, and pound-rebka record +Richardson, J Title: The cosmic ray conference at Bagneres de Bigorre, 6-12 July 1953. Publisher: American Embassy/London,, 1953 -find the exact mf wording of catagorizing particles by mass into hyperon, k-meson, etc. +The proceedings of the 1954 Glasgow Conference on Nuclear & Meson Physics. Conference sponsored by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. -gell-mann actual mention of strangeness in 1954? id5777 + Author: Drake, Frank Title: Intelligent life in space. Publisher: Macmillan/New York, 1962 -drake equation text there? id5787 = no +[1] SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240 http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract id5814 -location, date Schaut, Scott Title: Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today Publisher: Scott Schautt Mansfield Memorial Museum/Mansfield Ohio, 2006 -exact date for Elektro, and location Earth system history - times of each mountain building, maps of plate movement Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs- earliest fossils wild 1978, dalla vecchia 1994 - id428 Vertebrate Palaeontology, 2005- fossils, chronology 192.168.0.160 128.200.102.18 watermarke wep 9497240110 Norio Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'NanoTechnology'" 1974 Bulletin of the Japan Society of Performance Engineering (JSPE) Tokyo, 2, pp. 18-23. JSPE 2:18-23, 1974. Taniguchi N 1974 On the basic concept of nanotechnology Proc. Int. Conf. Prod. Eng. p 18 N. Taniguchi, On the basic concept of nano-technology, in: Proceeding of the International Conference on Production Engineering, 1974. Records of me: 1) Made public: Red shift of galaxies is from Bragg-Schuster (Fraunhofer) equation/effect a) distance of light source, and observer from grating, and angle of observer and light source all have an effect, not on light frequency, but spectral line position. 1) A diffraction grating can be used to measure distance of a light source. Because the angle the light makes for any specific frequency (spectral line) follows the simple nlambda=DcosB (or =DsinA) 2) Made public: All matter made of light a) earlier hints b) realization of light particles could be emitted from nucleus c) antimatter is actually matter - electrical opposite -very simple d) light is particle and material - not electromagnetic wave with medium (Maxwell) or without medium (Einstein), equivalence is mathematical only since physically light is a particle. 1) evidence of radio focus in variable positions with nothing to do with frequency, and far smaller than so-called wave-length- that wave-length is better stated as "spacial interval". 2) diffration, interference, polarization, refraction are all easily explained as particle reflection. 3) increasing number of sound sources may not increase intensity of sound, but increasing number of light sources can only increase intensity of light because a light source adds particles, while a sound source moves existing particles. 3) made public: clear possibility of remote neuron reading and writing 4) made public: idea of full and constant democracy as opposed to representative democracy (determine if first) 5) made public: idea of full free info - nobody jailed or fined for any information owned, traded or copied. (determine if first) 6) ulsf itself made public - first comprehensive history of evolution, science, and future video made public and free to see and copy (verify as best as possible) GOALS: ====== 1) Major motion picture for the large screen 2) Movie subject to include: History of Evolution 3) Movie subject to include: History of Science 4) Movie subject to include: Projection into farthest Future 5) Distribution should be planetary - 10 major languages More Details: 1) format: a) movie screen 1) real people 2) real people including celebrities 3) animated people, celebrity voice-over 4) animated people, any voice over b) television c) cable d) DVD e) web video 2) Possibly just Evolution as subject 3) Possibly just history of science as subject a) should include direct neuron reading and writing (hearing ears, seeing eyes, hearing thought audio, seeing though images, writing) b) should include remote neuron reading 1) give time estimate realistically as science secret (honest), or as future time when majority of humans know (honest), or as probable to be invented in the future (dishonest) c) include remote neuron writing d) light should be particle e) light as material particle mentioned as probability or possibility f) light particle as basis of all matter mentioned as probable or possible (including anti-matter) g) non-expanding universe mentioned as probable or possible h) expanding universe mistake described i) universe as infinite in size, scale, and time mentioned as probable or possible j) building up and down atoms using separation and ion collision, on large scale on other planets integral part of story k) particle beam weapons l) micro and nanocameras m) micro nano flying devices n) space and time dilation explained as false o) Einstein view of light as particle upheld and basis of all matter, but relativity rejected, doubted, possibly equivalent p) conservation of energy seen as technically conservation of mass and of motion separately- mass and motion not being interchangeable q) non-euclidean geometry/theory doubted as applying to universe, viewed as possible, equivalent to non-euclidean r) black holes rejected, doubted, not mentioned, possible, theoretical s) white dwarf theory doubted, possible, theoretical t) neutron star theory rejected, doubtful u) quark model doubted, possible, theoretical v) gravity viewed as action-at-a-distance force, or result of particle collision or both w) nuclear forces rejected, doubted, possible, theoretical, cumulative effect of particle collision x) unknown of living objects influence on natural laws/matter distribution of universe y) globular clusters as made by living objects, very likely, possible z) main cycle of nebula to globular galaxy 4) Possibly just projection into farthest known future as subject movie notes: 1) Possibilities: a) Steer towards majority opinion for all above decisions (content, budget, format, etc.) b) Steer towards doable movie with most progressive, most accurate, most far reaching into the future vision- with as much majority agreement as possible c) tell story strictly as history describing popular theories, models, explanations- alternatively- telling history leaning toward actual truth w/ less regard to popular belief TODO: 1) Write up proposal/vision statement stating clearly importance of showing the public history of evolution, science and future. 2) put together possible contact, funding lists, funding scheme -first muscle (nerve contracts muscle) -first gills -first lung MORE NOTES ============= -removed superphyla : 102) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Eutrochozoa (molluscs, ribbon, peanut, spoon, and segmented worms) evolves. 541,000,000 YBN 547,000,000 YBN 332) The Lophotrochozoa Superphylum Lophophorata evolves. This includes the two Phyla Phoronida (phoronids) and Brachiopoda (brachiopods {clams, oysters, muscles}). kept this one: 550,000,000 YBN 329) Platyzoa Superphylum "Gnathifera" evolves. This includes the 5 Phyla: Gnat hostomulida (gnathostomulids), Cycliophora (cycliophorans), Micrognathozoa, Rotifera (rotifers), Acanthocephala (acanthocephalans). 560,000,000 YBN 330) The two Ecdysozoa Superphyla Ashelminthes (round worms, horsehair worms, priapulids) and Pananthropoda (arthropods, onychophorans, tardigrades) separate. --------------- ================== SOUND SETTINGS/AUDIO SETTINGS: 48 khz, mono, 16-bit 256 bits/sec ID3v1 Normalized (amplified to within -2 db) - remember is being mixed with other music which raises level. Amp: Only using channel A 5 4 5 5 10(up) 5 0 10(up) Presence=5 Reverb=4 Volume=5 (according to flat surface under knob) Master=5 (according to flat surface under knob) Treble=10 (up) Middle=5 Bass=0 Gain=10 (up) Windows levels: Recording channel: Line Volume Level: 2.0 was 2.5? Master and wave at 1/2 (4) tip: should not see any level (noise) in between audio in recording audio should reach at least 2/3 to top (should be strong/loud enough) audio should not have "distorted" sound ideas: for each 4 parts reflect the feeling of: universe/interstellar space life/water/all things living science future add piano bass notes quantize synth bass -smooth, remove any unusual sounds/timings -clean kettle drum - perhaps just first -clear air - lower volume - slower muted guitar distorted guitar note little more sitar (lion) (elephant) (birds) FILE FORMAT: ulsf_aaaaaa_bb_ccc_dd.mp3 is the audio, //a=record id (000001-999999), b=ulsf version (01-06), ccc=language, dd=version (00-99) //LANGUAGE CODES= //1) zho=Chinese, 2) spa=Spanish, 3) eng=English, 4) ara=Arabic, 5) hin=Hindi, 6) ben=Bengali, 7) por=Portuguese, 8) rus=Russian, 9) jpn=Japanese, 10) deu=German, 11) jav=Javanese, 12) lah=Lahnda (Panjabi), 13) tel=Telugu, 14) vie=Vietnamese, 15) mar=Marathi, 16) fra=French, 17) kor=Korean, 18) tam=Tamil, 19) ita=Italian, 20) urd=Urdu, 21) tur=Turkish, 22) guj=Gujarati, 23) pol=Polish, 24) msa=Malay, //34) persian, 37) filipino, 39) tagalog, 44) thai //40) romanian, 42) dutch, 68) greek, 81) czech, 83) bulgarian, 88) swedish Justifications for audio settings: -use of 256 kb/s --not saving as wav so want highest quality --for 1 hour difference is small: 128kb/s=57MB 256kb/s=114MB --since listening to it probably repeatedly many times, want high quality --I have heard artifacts from mp3 compression (there is kind of flange, or phaser sounding effect), and possible missing high frequencies have effects that are difficult to recognize but yet are real. GUIDES AND HELPFUL HINTS FOR NARRATION: The thinking in the head of the speaker when recording should be: -be quick, brief, concise, but not rushed -visualize explaining to children, including your own children -soft and gentle, not harsh, but strong. Not annoyingly overly soft or overly gentle -visualize many different people listening and watching the final movie -spoken as neutrally as possible -The speaker needs to feel a standardized feeling- like they are performing some function that they routinely do - to identify a standard feeling of narration. The opposite would be approaching the sound recording with a variety of divergent techniques. -a note to the frustrated or disappointed narrator is that having to repeat much of the ULSF material over and over again, helps to learn these facts, and even those who may be remotely moving your muscles, or terrible people who reject scientific truth - cannot help but learn these ULSF statements through repeatedly hearing them over and over again. So the positive view is that we and many others may be learning from this material so having to repeat many times is not so frustrating or disappointing. -Visualize what you are saying - because you are trying to explain some truth and you need to understand it, and speak it from a perspective of understanding it at an expert and authoratative level. -We have to yield to perfectionism, in particular knowing that we may have to later change and redo much of what we've done. -Think of a narrator that you like the sound of, for me, like a British statesman, for example like Richard Dawkins, or somebody similar to Dawkins, confident, respected, wide, relaxed, soft spoken but firmly spoken, an educated authority in science. For a female, perhaps a similar female counterpart can be thought of. We are, of course, trapped with our own voice and so we need make the best use of our own voices. -It may help to use your hands to help your bodily motion and shape the air and so on to capture the sound wanted, and you should not feel embarrassed in moving your arms and hands to help you form the sound you want. -For words you are not sure how to pronounce: http://www.howjsay.com answers.com (use the phonetic spelling to determine). (bacteria: www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf) -There should be no whisles, loud sounds, unusual pauses or breaths/cadence, etc. Sometimes an "S" or "CH" will "chirp" in the microphone - and this needs to be avoided. The same for breathy syllable like "B" and "P" which should not causes a "beat" in the microphone. --One helpful technique is to slow the saying of the "sh" sound. id29 is one of many examples. -Feel free to take time to breathe noramlly between sentences, because we can edit them close together - it sounds bad if trying to say 3 or 4 sentences on one lungful of air. ================= LIST OF TOP SHOCKING IGNORANCES People are not being taught in school that: 1) all matter is made of light particles 2) that light is made of material particles 3) remote neuron reading and writing ... 5) Globular clusters are made by living objects .. 7) Our future is to build a cluster of stars ... ... 10) internal fertilization evolved in early amniotes (the first vertebrates on land) because there is no water, the male cannot deposit sperm on the eggs externally. .. 13) That even antimatter is material and made of light particles notes: 1) The theory of evolution (single common ancestor and the process of natural selection) must be excluded, because it is being taught in most schools. But does qualify on the list for those who reject it or were never taught about it. SHOCKING TRUTHS ... Many humans are going for decades without kissing (or sex) (what is the rate for other species?) ulsf2 and 3 - add: basic description of phylum/species, including anatomy, genetic and oldest fossils -add comment "Precambian explosion" and major catastrophes if ulsf1 too long -drop all phylum names from 1 -move fossil finds to 2 - move phylums to 2 - simply say phylum evolves- not infrakingdom, superphylum, etc or move those down to 2 future improvements: -------------------- get anatomical diagrams of species from encyclopedia source add downloaded wikipedia/youtube videos of species ULSF (10 minutes) - much briefer -ULSF in its current form suffers from not having a constant 3d rendered scene- that is probably the best improvement that can be done to ULSF. Secondly, ULSF needs a chronologically growing phylogenic tree for the advent of each new major organism type with image which clearly shows examples of the organism- so the various lineages can be followed through time with all past organisms showing in order to see transitions. important decisions: -------------------- 1) future: estimate each event, or simply summarize 2100,2200,etc. *rotating earth *moving land plates on earth *early meteor molten earth/planets/star system *evolution of nebula-spiral-globular *moving through universe with spirals and globulars *tree with mybn, phylum name (example common names), (images of species), *3d body geometry evolving (morphing) *3d ocean scene (floor) *3d land scene *3D other planets from distance, and from surface life (buy book on bacteria, protists, invertebrates, vertebrates -physiology, but also possibly fossil/geology) Possibly "First cell wall" should be a identified. *first animal (arthropod) lives on land- got see id402 *first flying metazoan (insect) -mouth, anus, stomach, intestine, rectum, penis, vagina, liver evolves -endothermic/exothermic warm-blooded/cold-blooded (birds are warm-blooded, did mammals evolve from a common mammal-bird warm blooded organism?] -brain, memory, eye-screen, thought-image-screen, hearing ear (insects: tympanal organ), thought-audio, touch sensors, pain sensors, heat sensors, -races -therapsids, dinosaurs (cynodonts,etc.)- clearly describe major species -(first multicellular-eats-multicellular) -biggest arthropod (3m) -first molting- to grow bigger? -first limbs- from lobefish -largest fish -egg (reptile) protects from sun, can be laid on land -reptile waterproof scales -first heart synapsids-major species -euparkeria - first reptile (because of legs+hip configuration) able to stand and walk on two legs- dinosaurs inherit (and birds? and mammals?) -live birth (no hard shell egg) (there are 1) major transitions and 2) phyla- to reduce time possibly remove listing of minor or lesser known phyla for ulsf1 and 2) -multicellularity in fungi, (in animals) -should say "ancestor" then the common veg and fruit names - or possibly use the fossil record to indicate the first occurance, of for example, bell peppers. In addition, clearly these should be broken down into the genetic tree for each major species, if that data exists. history -earliest house, bricks in Americas, earliest city -first written evidence of myth of Heaven -first written record of word "God" -first written record of word a Diety -first written evidence of belief in a Diety -first written record of myth of Underworld -first written record of word Hell -first written record of a Devil -oldest evidence of creation/existence of each major religion science -utensils:fork, knife, spoon -tools:hammer, nail, screw driver -dish washer -garbage disposal -clothes washing machine -clothes drying machine -toilet -running water to houses -electricity to houses -wired phone to houses -gas pipes to houses huygens measures ratio of star to sun- estimates distance to other stars - recognizes stars are other suns -earliest textile -earliest money -coin money -paper money -sound captured and stored electronically (electronic memory) -image captured and stored electronically -direct neuron writing -direct neuron reading -remote neuron writing -remote neuron reading -direct-to-brain windows -humans rendered/drawn/located/tracked as 3D objects in realtime -walking robot -electrical amplifier -electric switch (transistor) -electric light -gas combustion/explosion/separation/chemical motor -DNA identified as instruction of cell -reflection grating explained and equation determined -artificial genetically produced protein -organism cloned -helicopter (move up space vehicle firsts) -fission -fusion -maser -elements, periodic table -Internet -laser-written info storage/recording (cd,dvd,hard disk) -image of first star of other galaxy -electric memory -electronic image storage -Eurasia and America electrically connected/electric wires connect *-electric light -ship by humans reach each planet -ship by humans orbits each planet -ship lands on surface of each planet and/or moon of planet *-1923 electronic image-zworykin- transmitted- was done earlier -plastic tape-magnetic recording -organ transplants -planets originally observed and recognized as different from stars -data (image, sound) electric storage permanently stored/data storage -static electrity generator -(electrical voltage/current) data recorded mechanically (paper, phonograph) -data recorded photographically on plastic tape (first recorded and replayed movie) id4698 magnetic reading and writing, -data recorded (electro)magnetically (on plastic tape, vcr, on hard disk) (against bits/mm, 1e6, 1e9, etc) -data recorded by laser reflection reading and writing on disk/digitally (optical disk)(possibly just state bits/mm 1e6, 1e9, 1e12, 1e100) laser reading and writing/laser reading and recording/reflection data reading/laser reading and recording. -electronic memory, electronic writing and reading (temporary: transistors, long-term: transistor+capacitor, EPROM, EEPROM/flash - no large moving parts- moving parts are electrons- more efficient - but only electrons stored for 100 years - unlike other media) id 6194 -microscopic motor, molecular motor id 6195 nanomotor id6197 *-microscopic flying device (radio) id6198 *-flying microscopic radio camera/flying radio device/ id6192 *microscopic radio device/chip (rfid) id6196 microscopic camera in 2D sensor chip (use "microscopic" or "micrometer" or both?) id6193 microscopic camera (and microscopic wireless camera) (radio device) -microscopic laser http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100405132251.htm -camera in fabric, camera sensors integrated in plastic fibers artificial muscles artificial organs microscopic laser microscopic maser (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0030401886902373 - I think this is a maser that reaches some micrometer wavelength = not micometer in size - looking at the diagram at: http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v54/i6/p551_1 nanolaser nanomaser *-theory of all matter made of light -nerve damage/paralysis cured (stem cells) electric circuit/chip smaller 1 micrometer/microscopic/invisible electric circuit atoms visualized -particle accelerator -fullerines -carbon nanotubes -mirror -lens future -Ornithopter (flapping) microscopic flying device -humans see/reach surface of jupiter -humans live on moons of jupiter -humans consume atmosphere of jupiter (show Jupiter as molten sphere) -humans live on surface of jupiter -mars becomes earth-like -mercury becomes oxygen+nitronated (gasless jupiter, neptune - to cool, for food, fuel, etc?- planets as little food pellets) -hydrogen gas from waste and particle collision/transmutation, may be the standard combustion fuel, but possible human-made molecules designed -planets have earth-atmospheres (humans may skip and prefer indoor living- may view gas atmosphere as waste of resources - but since it doesnt go anywhere - it could always be reconverted or used as fuel - probably they will for convenience, safety, and not too much of a waste of resources- for sure they will remove the atmospheres of the other planets) -jupiter becomes earth-like- atmosphere converted to oxygen+nitrogen -saturn, uranus, neptune - all gases replaced by oxygen and nitrogen. -(asteroids matter completely converted?) -earth is hollow -terrestrials are hollow -jovian planets are hollow -planets converted to ships (surface of planets {buildings} removed intact and placed on ships? - or evacuated and used as food, fuel, big museum ship?) -conversion of matter to living objects - population of humans (living objects) from earth is 1 trillion (10^9), 1 quadrillion (10^12), 1 pentillion (10^15) 10^20 10^50 -entire surface of earth peeled off and preserved- or all inhabitants moved to ships, leaving molten surface -only ships rotate sun where humans evolved. -nanometer sized transmitter and receiver -nanometer sized wireless camera -flying wireless camera -flying wireless microphone -secret: electric camera - the drive to spy on people and other nations -secret: electric wireless camera -first particle beam felt on the skin -electric camera -artificial muscle -particle communication with device in stomach, lung, blood stream- moving device remotely in the body -bacteria infection cured- bacterium destroyed with micro and nano scale devices -virus infection cured- virus destroyed with micro or nano scale device -cancer cured- cancer cells destroyed with micro or nano scale device -humans reach center of earth-two sides of earth connect at center of earth (other planets), reach center of earth (and other planets) id6180 -first star in milkyway id6181 -first living objects that reach other star id6182 -first globular cluster of 100,000 stars (make smaller?) -microscopic particle comunicating camera -microscopic electronic particle communication device -microscopic chip/electronics device -process of using ion beam to create microscopic electronics -human-made organelle that can do particle communication, and make a neuron fire determine microscopic 500um? - .001" = 25um -living objects on planets of another star- bacteria with DNA -voice translator to other languages -particle nanodevices 1) separately/break down fat molecules, 2) actively change DNA at the cellular level - causing a cell to die. -nanodevice kills cell/bacteria/virus (kills cancer cell, unwanted growth, skin tag, wart) -nanodevice changes DNA (cuts, sews together, constructs DNA or RNA fragments) -(nanodevice builds another nanodevice) -nanodevice fixes damaged cell -2100,2200,2300,2400,2500,2600,2700,2800,2900,3000,3500,4000,5000,10000 estimates of age of galaxy based on potential for human colonization of other stars: (using equation stars inhabited= NumberOfStarsInhabited=(YAN+1200/2300)^2 slow y=((x+1200)/2300)^2 1 star|1100 years after now 10|6,000 50|15,000 100|21,800 1,000|71,480 10,000|229,000 50,000|514,000 100,000|727,000 500,000|1,626,100 1,000,000|2,300,000 100e6|23e6 10e9|230e6 300e9| 1e12|2.3e9 if galaxy=500e9 stars (707,106)^2 so with divisor of= 1000= 7million years 10000=70 million years with a very doubtful growth of Ns=(Yan)^1.1 puts 500e9 stars inhabited in 43 billion years, Ns=(Yan)^2 puts 500e9 stars inhabited in only 700,000 years, Ns=(Yan)^1.5 puts 500e9 stars inhabited in 60 million years fast y=((x-300)/800)^2 # of star inhabited|years after now 1 star|1100 years after now 10|2,828 50|6,000 100|8,000 1,000|25,580 (not 13,000) 10,000|80,000 (not 40,000) perhaps I should use: slow #=((YAN+900)/2000)^2 medium #=((YAN+400)/1500)^2 fast #=((YAN-100)/1000)^2 perhaps the growth of life is < than by a power of 2 using medium: 1|1100 10|4,340 50|10,205 100|14,600 1,000|47,000 10,000|150,000 time saving: remove "filamentous" from multicellularity for 10 minute version: 1) In terms of determining most important events: a) In the largest scheme of formation of star, planet, life on Earth, globular galaxy - the event should have a significant place - as critical to some aspect of this journey to a globular cluster. b) should at least be full telling of basic story of evolution note id275 lost imagedesc somehow- flowers start recording sound, determine which records need .jpgs storyboard future jpgs edit ulsf3 (30 minutes 20% needs to be moved down - clean out lower records somewhat now?) start recording sound determine which records need .jpgs story board future jpgs edit ulsf4 - 539 minutes - about 2/3 of text needs to go lower move as much from 4,5,6 to 7 and 8 as possible at 178 hours of material, clearly much info will not make the videos because ulsf6 will only be 8 hours- that's 170 hours that will be dropped. ulsf1-only epochal events ulsf2-only epochal events but complete ulsf3-more detailed epochal and complete, names of scientists ulsf4-major science discoveries, names, ulsf5-(4 hours) more detail of major science, names, single sentences from texts ulsf6-(8 hours) ulsf7-(16 hours) - basically holding area for 170 hours of text ulsf8- (32 hours) - holding area for trivial data ======== ulsf9- (64 hours) 2.6 days ulsf10- (128 hours) 5.3 days ulsf11- (236 hours) - this would include all current data 10 days (like what was 4.9- science but minor) need to make ULSF7- trivial material (like what was 5) ULSF cards: The complete story of the universe, evolution, science and the future: ...in ten minutes. "Universe, Life, Science, Future." See this and many other free thought-provoking videos at: tedhuntington.com and see my public access show on Cox channels 31 and 98 every Tuesday at 10:30 pm facebook.com/tedhuntington youtube.com/tedhuntington ted@tedhuntington.org ULSF1: Add: (more space achievements) space to remove: id48, Remove: cell respose to light ULSF2 first to go: all other gibbons all other monkeys (just old world, new world) rare mammals earliest fossils? To do: Add decode/mix/encode mp3 Add script1,... PutImage() Add duration of audio (if any to ULSF record display) Include keyword "END" to indicate add instruction at end of video duration, since duration may change over time (maybe "DIV2","DIV3", to divide duration by 2, 3, etc. -storyboard ulsf1 -upload storyboard ulsf1 Draw3D Render- --fix flat, Giraud, (and Phong) shading, --mirror surface --ray trace (simple shapes, reflection, refraction, shadows) --polygons as light sources or keep separate? Draw3D to FreeThought -make scenes, models, motions - (use dxf model format? can always convert) render universe: -render nebulae, galaxies to look photorealistic render earth with elevation map render future: -earth city -robots walk with people -helicopter car highways -fly-thru earth -stars accumulate to form globular cluster -globular cluster leaves plane of galaxy -Milky Way becomes globular galaxy render life: - match/map city names to lat,long and alt (chronological) phylogenic trees with image (and earliest fossil) other: decode png, gif (and animated) MUSIC OF ULSF 1 (10 minute) ================== tempo=97 (from now on - use computer for click track because electronic device is somewhere between computer's 97 and 98) -I should redo this song with a computer click track. Possibly it could be sped up by just recording one sequence of each of the 4 parts for each voice (synth, choir, piano). 97 tempo is 60/97 = 100 tempo is eactly a beat every 0.6000 ms which removes the possibility of rounding errors over a long duraction of time. Dsus4, Csus4, Asus4, Fsus4 big lead 334 choir 59 square wave 89 select id,bcady,text1,sounds,ybn from events where sounds <> "" order by ybn desc; select bcady,bcad,id,text1,script4,sounds,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script4 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn DESC,bcad,id use ulsf; show variables like "character_set_database"; show variables like "collation_database"; ALTER DATABASE databasename CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci; ALTER TABLE tablename CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci; //because of sorting so that events with no month or day appear after those that do have them, I needed to restore the bcad field to a latin_ci ALTER TABLE events MODIFY bcad VARCHAR(10) CHARACTER SET latin1 default '??/??'; ====== piggot saw Les Outils de bronze de l'Indus au Danube - earliest saw image id320 10 minute version: -possibly replace gun with: -first musical instrument notes for 30 minute version: add bach vivaldi beatles - hold hand inventions: inclined plane wedge wind musical instrument (sundial) (abacus) stringed musical instrument lever pulley spiral screw water wheel compass windmill clock mechanical clock printing (thermometer) (human flight - by balloon) ulsf 3: (anesthesia) refridgerator machoine gun (dynamite) (fiber optics) ulsf 4: (typewriter) (virtual reality) (all light particle processor) youtube description: Universe, Life, Science, Future (10 minutes, version 1.0.3) Universe, Life, Science, Future The story of the universe, the evolution of life on planet Earth, the history of science, and a projection into the future. tags: Universe Life Science Future history education biology chemistry astronomy mathematics invention robots neuron physics engineering rockets centauri globular cluster galaxies sex reproduction bacteria protists eukaryotes =========== Lascaux inconnu image of rope maps -earliest maps images - verify 2300-2201 Lagash id6229 excavations of ur - +image of dice, and earliest boardgame sun-dried brick builds - earliest sun-dried brick id6232 4000bc Stone wall constructed in Jericho. id6233 8000 bce need image of wall seaweed -chronology -earliest leaf structure fossils=c1700mybn -view of grypania -view of cyanobacteria grypania images from 1995 paper Bringing fossils to life an introduction to paleobiology -dates of earliest protist fossils -image of ciliate fossils history of insects for id5351 earliest bee wasp and ant ancestor fossil ULSF Introduction Video Movie "Science" trailer STILL IN DEBATE/NEEDS MORE FOSSIL EVIDENCE ================== 1) origin of insect wings and flight 400mybn or 350mybn? 2) folding with 360 or 320 my? STILL IN DEBATE/NEEDS MORE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ================ 1) Did Descartes identify the two main theory for light (wave/constant collision and corpuscular/rare collision)? ULSF1 that the sun is a star (no record clearly describes this- possibly Huygens) (+remote neuron writing device in body)/remote muscle contraction device in body (+/- ribosome or RNA makes first protein?) -id73 Chance of variety and mutation increased. to Chance of variety increased. redo audio for id39 - oldest "fossils" not "fossil" -id60 The nucleus may be a captured bacterium, virus, or plasmid or may grow from the cell membrane. =? The nuclear envelope may from infolding of plasma membrane. id286 Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist. - possibly volvox and other multicellular protists might have occurred before this- I'm not sure that volvox is free moving. Notes for future imporovements: (@ ulsf01_1.0.10:) 4385 image of ribosomes before actual ribosome- should just have strands- possibly closeup? End of death by aging- more research- picture may be inaccurate male gonad- better image, actual image on sponge- choanocyte chamber? add label neuron - better image- actual image on cnidarian SEM image muscle cell - actual (SEM?) image on cnidarian ovary - better image, actual cylindrical gut- better image ADD to ULSF1: -1800 my "first algae" or "Algae" earliest eukaryote fossil -electromagnet -electrical transformer -archaea (archebacteria) -200 my ice age -humans wear clothes id38 - "filamentous" multicellularity in eukaryotes` +first water ship -possibly removed too much audio from before or after last audio *STOPPED TRIMMING AUDIO at: id107 going backwards Rotation of Earth around self and Sun understood. 4688 has 1 second of silence at end. sound editing rule: at least .1s before sound ending can be exact shorten lengthen id 183 change cells make lipids to: Cells make the first lipids on Earth id4750 atomic transmutation nanocam nanoradio ULSF2 *(changed from last version) bring back if need time: 811 dolphin-whale, 519 ayeaye, 6313 bonytongue,368 rayfin bowfin,364 rayfin gars, 362 rayfin bichirs Editing: a) Remove common ancestors and taxonomical names, and just indicate occurance (genetic+fossil) of actual common species. +) better because reflects chronology of actual commonly known species +) don't need to know name of subphylum, class or family +) ULSF3 can add "ancestor of all ... " -) people lose a sense of the family relationships +) but the common ancestors would be shown in ULSF3 -) all the flowers would take a long time to trace -) would require more editing of ULSF2 OR b) remove actual and just list ancestors (with common species) +) Just gives big picture without individual species +) start to learn common ancestor and family relationships before specific details about species +) individual species and earliest fossils can be introduced in ULSF3 +) the common ancestor is more important than the individual species +) Is the current form of ULSF2- only minor editing needed c) Possibly make 2 versions- one with more basic common names, a second with common ancestor and family names leaning towards B- the video will show everything- basically common ancestors and individual common popular species. There isn't enough time to go through each ancestor and each species +major insect orders- butterflies, bees, true flys, grasshoppers/crickets, beetles, spiders +id6318 Earliest animal shell (or skeleton). Earliest evidence of animals eating other animals (predation). redo audio Cellular respiration - starts with glycolysis, includes fermentation and aerobic respiration +basic atoms like oxygen, nitrogen? +electrolysis, separation of molecules into (ions) atoms using electricity. +distinction between monocots and dicots +start of small shelly fossils +instead of "Flowers ..." have Dicots, and then asterid or rosid (and possibly rosid1,2:fabid and malvid and asterids: lamiid and campanulid) (+start of broad leaved plants) -Note: Note that each record represents the ancestor of many species- not the actual species themselves - as is the case for the ancestor of all afrotheres- which is not saying that elephants, etc evolve then- but only the ancestor that eventually develops into modern elephants.- Later ULSF movies will use the word "ancestor" and indicate the actual occurance of all major species, like the first modern elephants. The ancestor of all placental mammal "Laurasiatheres" evolves.-> remove all (and afrotheres) -STOPPED TRIMMING/EDITING AUDIO backward from end to 4698 2/17/12), ended on 898 05/21/2012) -extra time records: 898 ---- +speed of sound +speed of light +verterate internal fertilization (amniotes) +Cercozoa -Removal of Venus atmosphere is started. +First planet recognized, Venus shorten: id333,335 phoronids, entoprocts remove bryozoans - id336,335,334,333,6287 -lesser lophotrochozoa id683 removal of venus atmosphere started --517- just gonad reduce edysozoa and lophotrochozoa into 1 331,318->93 possibly some lesser protostomes-phoronids, entoprocts 6352- good enough to have ancestor 411-just insect- drop arthropod just one ray-finned fishes (360,- 361,362,364 - possibly just lesser ones 368-tuataras just one teleosts? - 369, 6313, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376 possibly just lesser ones 465- just ostrich, emu, kiwi lengthen: *id4269 Mass spectrometer, atoms separated by mass. *-add upside down anatomy between protostome and deuterostome *fungi live on land id 226 - remove most mushrooms, add names of common mushrooms- or "most common mushrooms", or "most edible mushrooms", or "ancestor of many mushrooms" id6318 "start of small shelly fossils", animal predation, correlated, id6362 - use ulsf3- "ancestor of" audio id1383- giant bird-like dinosaur *id4750 transmutation *id3936 xrays *nanocam nanoradio microradio microcam *add gymnosperm examples Gymnosperms: Pinophyta (Conifers: Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, Hemlock, Larch, Cypress[7][9]).[1][2] see id240 add larva to beetle images, and/or add holometabolous insects (beetles, bees, etc.) add flys, moquitos to 6362 add id328 Ecdysozoa Ashelminthes (worms: nematodes and priapulids).[1][2] Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer#ixzz1vfASN0Ea ULSF3 Mostly only down to Order if possible possible inaccuracies: 1) ribosome before cell (hasn't been proven) 2) rna before DNA (hasn't been proven, no evidence for) 3) rna that can copy itself (not found yet) 4) rna polymerase first copies only rna (can but mostly creates RNA from DNA- difference with RNA transcriptase and reductase?) possible changes: 1) add "possibly" 2) add "possibly" 3) add "possibly" 4) add "possibly" and/or just mention protein can copy nucleic acid (a polymerase) shorten: (* did) brachipods (361 - sturgeons) *362-ray finned bichirs *364 gars *368 bowfin id25- rna copies rna - perhaps more for ulsf5 - since none have been found yet, and it seems like they wouldn't go extinct id1764 The pendulum clock id220 Mitochondria with flattened christae.[5] id1829 remove The theory that light is made of material particles is firmly established. id98 - condense more id96- muscle cells (and closeable mouth) evolve in the ancestor of Ctenophores and Cnidarians. id225 - closable mouth evolves in the ancestor of Ctenophores id4269 - trim to just mass spectrometer, or mass spectrometer atoms separated by mass. remove bryozoans - id336,335,334,333,6287 -lesser lophotrochozoa id426 mosausaurs id424 tyran 307 brown algae - kelps remove fungi extra sentence about being heterotrophs id6414- remove last part glomero, asco, basidio *got id22 - In a star system heavier masses move closer to the center. id280- remove ash, id37 - condense one sentence away (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. id810 - last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales lengthen: soldering welding fiber optic cable Theory that the universe was created Theory that the universe has always existed The Milky Way is an elliptical (globular) galaxy. thermopile- seebeck effect voltage/electric potential of the photoelectric effect is (theorized) proven to primarily relate to frequency of light. id1622 inverse distance law of light id2727 Monotheism, theory that only one God exists.[1] id216 histones evolve, proteins that package DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus. id4096 positivity charged ions discovered.- possibly through electrolysis there were earlier- ions were id'd by faraday id2179 ultraviolet light id4939 Diffraction (or dispersion) of X-ray light by atomic planes in crystals. X-rays shown to be very high frequency light.[1] id 3440 Electrical oscillation (the basis of alternating current and particle or wireless communication[1]). id209 earliest extant plant glaucophyta add "phospholipid" to cell wall added id221 like animals, fungi are hetertrophic and cannot photosynthesize semiconductor electric switch and amplifier - transistor, micrometer scale electronic switch, nanometer scale electric switch id16 has more info about star systems being the result of the collision of big masses, introduces "photons" as material particles and basis of all matter got haplontic life cycle, organism is predominantly haploid, mitosis in diploid stage does not occur. - got right after sex- with picture. see id297 got add basidio mushrooms got 6414 fungi on land got id 2544 prout theory- all atoms made of multiples of hydrogen atoms 423 ceratopsian dinos common (red algae) algae, protists on land. - Palmer, p57, id201 *added id347 - ancestor of chordates becomes upside-down id1872 + 1876- comets observed, comets compared to planets - seneca, comets proven to be distant (non-Earth) objects-tycho 1577, path of comet correctly calculated-haley, comet is a kind of asteroid- the only difference is that it has a tail http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127524/comet light moves in a straight line (first carbohydrates - long polymer molecules made of sugar-> actually according to wikipedia: A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, ... The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide.)- possibly first polysaccharides -needs an event around 1720s 1719-1735 to include music of bach and vivaldi -needs an event around 1690s 1692-1695 to include music of Henry Purcell *id337 sound sent to brain *id337 image sent to brain radiations- *amniote diversification *dinosaur diversification *insect diversification *-rapid diversification of mammals, (and ants) *100,000 major reduction in mammal diversity *angiosperms diversify -first fully democratic nation -Most humans not religious (dont belong to any major religion) 2800 collapse of religion, end of major religions like christianity and islam/collapse of religions 2100 first fully and constantly democratic major nation - -insects evolve wings - p142 350-340 my tough decision 1942 songs: boogie woogie common man a train rodeo bluebirds night in tunesia mammal-like reptiles increase in body size ornithiscian dinosaur diversity increases, diversity of mammal-like amniotes descreases pterosaurs diversify -rodent-like mammals diversify - 170-145 my -modern birds diversify -ceratopsian dinos diversify mammals primates color vision - arthropods- reptilia? vertebrate color vision? nanocam nanoradio microradio microcam cement (and concrete) Three-dimensional objects rendered in two dimensions. (Rotation and scaling matrices understood) object moved by thought - http://news.yahoo.com/paralyzed-woman-uses-her-mind-control-robot-arm-181141007--finance.html;_ylt=AseUFWJ97nkA2EYgWQ0.M8us0NUE;_ylu=X3oDMTRibG52ZDF0BG1pdANTZWN0aW9uTGlzdCBGUCBTY2llbmNlBHBrZwNlMmZhMjIyYy05NjFjLTM2NWMtOWMwNC05N2U3OTA2ZDYxZDQEcG9zAzUEc2VjA01lZGlhU2VjdGlvbkxpc3RUZW1wBHZlcgMzNTVjYWMyMC05Zjg4LTExZTEtYmFmZi1kMmJjYmVlMzk5MmE-;_ylg=X3oDMTFlamZvM2ZlBGludGwDdXMEbGFuZwNlbi11cwRwc3RhaWQDBHBzdGNhdAMEcHQDc2VjdGlvbnM-;_ylv=3 (and http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4396387.stm) - goes back to at least train moved - the incredible machine +magnetism identified +static electricity identified ++electric current (dynamic electricity) hydrogen (gas) identified oxygen (gas) identified nitrogen (gas) identified water shown to be a compound - not element- water molecules made/synthesized/created by sparking hydrogen gas in air +earliest universities (Al Karaouine, Al-Azhar?, Bologna, Oxford, Paris) +remove names.shorten all events to just science invention +Electrolysis +Pure aluminum, magnesium and other metals produced in bulk using electrolysis. +add elements identified? -LIFE sivapithicus (earliest orangutan fossils) earliest chimp fossils +species is defined by two organisms cannot reproduce with each other. +nanometer scale device changes molecules by moving atoms +nanometer scale device fissions an atom +nanometer scale device fusions two atoms +planets identified (as different from stars) +The modern practice of dividing a circle into 360 degrees, of 60 minutes each hour, began with the Sumerians. +include major species based on dna and fossils- possibly wait until 4 famous dinosaur lines -t rex -brontesarus -triceatops -stegosaur (artificial heart) Order to remove: -atoms made from light particles (probably light creates protons but may require a high density- perhaps removing all non-light particles from a space is unrealistic) (add space by removing empty spaces in: remote neuron writing, transmutation) Other: -1 trillion humans probably will be sooner ULSF4 ===== select count(*) from events where (importance1>=4.0 and importance1<5.0) or (importance2>=4.0 and importance2<5.0) or (importance3>=4.0 and importance3<5.0) or (importance4>=4.0 and importance3<4.0) order by yan 2106 records select bcady,bcad,id,text1,script4,sounds,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script4 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn DESC,bcad,id shorten (* did) (don't forget to comment any script text)- if "force" is viewed as momentum then possibly ------- *id4327 just quantum theory- remove temperature related to frequency of light id3823 The double-wall vacuum container. The three color principle (that only three colors in different proportions are needed to see any other color). id2405 importance1>=5 - no names id1936 The first clock that can keep accurate time at sea id4320 theory that space and time are infinite id1538 Systematic computations of probability id2618 - The concept of momentum, mass times velocity.- Descartes doesn't really define momentum as mass x velocity or even describe the concept. *id554 gigantopithecus *id435 Uintatherium multituberculata *432 creodonts 524 tarsiers *518 lorisies pottos 816 ambulocetus *519 aye ayes *796 andrewsarchus largest carnivorous land mammal 443 largest land mammal paracerathermium *1490 largest flying bird 923 sarapeum is created 1364 korean university *1537 imaginary numbers *1712 - french academy - already mention forerunner - one or other 1727 jupiter day around 10 hours 1276) The first recorded political assembly. 1279) The earliest Health science text. 1283) The earliest library catalog. 1280) The earliest agricultural science text. *1077) Encyclopedia of medical plants and drugs. 1022) The Encyclopedia the "Suda". 4603) Sex in public is decriminalized. - nudity is decrim earlier lengthen (* did) -------- select id,bcad,bcady,text1 from events where importance1>=5.0 and importance1 <5.5 order by bcady,bcad *theorem- sort out and basically the idea that any signal can be expressed as the sum of sinusoidal signals) theorem is id2380 what is=id1807 *id5192 atomic transmutation and atomic fusion proved chemically Humans reach planets - more important than living probably switch humans live permanently in orbit of Venus with Humans orbit Venus- and similar for other planets. (search for other 5.5,5.6) 5639) Ship lands on an asteroid. multiple science achievements- mention name even if first time *synthetic rubber id5161 *The principle of the conservation of motion. id 2618 *The theory of storage of light - that light can be stored to explain luminescence id3680 In most developed nations humans can quit the military without being prosecuted *The first gas is liquefied, sulfur dioxide. id2259 *gun cartidge, the bullet, and powder in one container- id3225 *id6658 The speed of electrons is shown to relate to voltage (which is a function of gas pressure). *id4398 Electron velocity (and voltage) in the photoelectric effect is shown to depend only on the frequency of light *thermocouple, Electric current Two metals at different temperature Different temperature metals cause electric current- seebeck effect-thermopile- could be photoelectric effect 1707 - add to diffraction (that light bends around the sides of a hole it passes through) *1726 mars day=24 hours WW1 WW2 *More humans live around other stars than around the Sun. *theory that light is an electromagnetic transverse wave add african alphabet(s) (replace according to genetic comparison with according to molecular comparison?) need to include hagfish, heterostracans, lampreys, osteostracans, etc. see fig 9.1 of prothero, p198 and prehistoric animals ( class acanthodii) conodonts Editing for ulsf4 helpful guides: 1) 4 should only have 1 extra sentence than 3 (try to only add 1 sentence to 3, or 1 new sentence to 4) a) because the length of ulsf4 is only twice ulsf3, but many records stay the same, and new records are introduced, so simply "doubling" ulsf3 is not an accurate description other things to add/change: 1) add images of shorter molecules and then their polymers for each polymer during id18 "larger molecules form..." ULSF5 ==== shorten ------- remove names - of any scientist that are not required, of space ship names, try to remove anything more than one sentence more than ulsf04 id2117 gravitational constant id430 andes mountains form lengthen -------- 90 60% of all genera go extinct 5265 first natually occurring protein and hormone synthesized *conodonts records updated on 7/6/2013 in chronological order- because this was the last edit down for time. id1409- rotation again recognized id1821 sex organs of plants analogous to animals id5576 changes in electric potential on the skull to light and sound id3163 Duchenne- current causes muscles to contract include e=hv equation for quantum theory the formation of all major mountain ranges http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges id 4327 include the equation E=hv in ulsf05 and after. -one more sentence for first airplane In most developed nations humans can quit the military without being prosecuted -earliest known atheist -first person to openly question theory of gods ---need to go through a gather the names of those included in ulsf05 restore some famous names- eritosthenes, da vinci, gassendi, Marin Mersenne, Huygens, Robert Boyle, Giovanni Cassini, Malpighi, Gottfried Leibniz, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Denis Papin, Edmond Halley, Carolus Linnaeus, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Cavendish, John Michell, Joseph Priestley, Karl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Lavoisier, Alessandro Volta, William Herschel,Charles Coulomb,John Dalton,Johann Ritter, Thomas Young, Joseph Gay-Lussac, Humphry Davy, Avogadro, Joseph von Fraunhofer, Hans Christian Ørsted, Roemer, Michael Faraday, Joseph Niepce, Francesco Zantedeschi, Nikolay Lobachevsky, Grimaldo, Wilhelm Weber, Edmond Becquerel,Kirchhoff and Bunsen, Johann Philipp Reis, Hertz. rontgen, Antoine Henri Becquerel, dewar, curie, Wright brothers Probably important fossil finds should be raised development of gun records could be raised *did already *go back over importance1 <= 6.6 records and bring up most important ones- because many important records had to be lowered electric guitar electronic sound synthesizer Magnetic reasonance imaging --future-- Animal cells are reprogramed using proteins- a cell diffrentiates because of proteins that turn on and off operons/ and proteins that shape the cell and cells functions. Severed mammal limbs are regenerated by cell reprogramming using proteins (before DNA modification) --science-- The earliest metal weapon, arrow heads The earliest metal sword: a copper sword *globular clusters are theorized to be the product of highly adapted living objects. first welding- (where the work becomes liquid; not forge welding) probably uses a gas torch? Clean water piped to individual houses Hot water heaters installed in houses theory of "conservation of energy" clearly stated Wasps evolve (based on Grimaldi tree) Ants evolve Agnatha Subclass Conodonta p22 Agnatha Order Heterostraci- the first fish (Agnatha Order Thelodonti) Agnatha Order Osteostraci - meaning head shields Agnath Order Anaspida Cartilaguinous (Condrichthyes) Class Acanthodii Cartilaguinous (Condrichthyes) Class Placodermi -look through rest at classes and orders famous/major fossils- cooksonia, mammal, bird (archeopteryx), flower (archefructus) journals: philosophical transactions philosophical magazine, nature magazine annalen der physik comptes rendus science gas torch welding (oxy-hydrogen and oxy-acetylene torches) electric arc welding start of each religion - start of christianity, buddhism, hinduism, confuscionism, zoroastroism, judaism Slavery is outlawed in most major nations Women win the right to vote in most major nations Most nationas are representative democracies hominids lose their muzzle, a characteristic feature of most mammals WW1, WW2 add -add individual popular groups like ants, wasps, (bees- already done), whales, dolphins, etc -earliest use of tense, plural (note earliest parts of speech, nmouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, quantifiers) (robot captures human- and/or remote neuron writing used to stop an animal in an act of violence) change ------ remove pack up your troubles- too violent/racist was in the context of WW1 ULSF6 -add earliest known fossil record of popular groups PROGRAMMING TODO: ================= Bring Draw3D into Freethought and Linux Draw3D- add modeling and motion windows Add fields for subtitle script instructions or add PrintSubtitle to script1,script2, etc. Make rename audio files: id37 to id39 - goes through each ulsf01, etc folder and renames voice sound files make option for audio frame ONE_AUDIO_FRAME_EACH_IMAGE_FRAME or ONE_AUDIO_FRAME_EVERY_SECOND- might solve breaking up mp3 frames, audio skipping in movie player and seeking in mp3 video -MoveModel(model,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,duration) -MoveCamera(camera,x1,y1,z1,x2,y2,z2,duration) -ChangeFocalLength(camera,start,end,duration); todo: -move all text to be ulsf1 only in text1, ulsf2 only in text2, etc. -possibly push eukaryotes up to accomodate fossil - use Dawkins time scale -Link to fonetik pronunciation page -add Latin character replacements -make a "citation" field to add the citation overlay as an option- currently some are in the texto1 field hopeful future improvements Longer term videos: ==================== 1) flying through galaxies in beginning 2) scaling from light particle to galactic cluster 3) rotate ancient earths 4) current map of land and water on Earth constantly in upper right hand corner, or full screen in background (possibly zoom each image from location on earth map) 5) bombardment era, large randomly shaped objects collide, planets accumulate as centers of immovable mass Other problems: ================= 1) Windows Movie Maker in compressing sometimes skips images todo: -oldest fossils of major phyla, use: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html as guide and books/papers: Bringing fossils to life -make graphical tree, zoom in on image of species -add alternative "bad" futures: 1) millisecond galvanization war 2) nuclear war 3) molten surface erupts/vocanos 4) meteors 5) other more advanced life consumes a) other advanced life enslaves/restricts growth (add footnotes1,2,3,4,5,6?) important remaining issues: -algae have plastids? -split into Universe, Life, Science, and Future individual movies: ulsf1_1.0.5.wmv -ulsf1_1.0.5_universe.wmv -ulsf1_1.0.5_life.wmv -ulsf1_1.0.5_science.wmv -ulsf1_1.0.5_future.wmv Need: Some kind of statement: Unicellular and filamentous cells will exist on Earth for 3.4 billion years, only in the last 600 millions years will there be large multicellular animals. 3500 mybn For (1250 red algae and 1700 possible brown algae 850 first animal/metazoan) "Two and a half billion years will pass before the first animal evolves." stereo vision musical organ hoemocoel? oldest extant bacteria POSSIBLY MOVE DOWN/LESS IMPORTANT Heart- perhaps like saying any other muscle evolves - bicep, etc. - plus evolves apparently independently as contractile vessels in annelids, ostiate hearts in protostome arthropods, and as chambered hearts in protostome molluscs and deuterostome vertebrates. would like to include: 84- earliest fungi fossil 829-humans shape metal objects 6292- earliest mollusc fossil- note that the fossil at 560 my is older than the genetic placement at 539 (id342) PROBLEMS 1) place haplodiplontic lifestyle better 2) Which groups are Excavates needs to be determined I'm finding that there should be perhaps a more cohesive, higher level - less detailed version that tells the story as a running narrative but doesn't get sunk into details. Possibly I should try to adhere only to the fossil record (determining each prokaryote family earliest fossil would take time). Because that is the more conservative route, a fossil is a stronger piece of physical evidence than a genetic estimate, and it seems unlikely to me that the fossil record, which is somewhat continuous by now, would have missing fossils implied by the genetic trees. In addition, the supposed cyanobacteria fossils at 4.35 bybn and acritarch (if Eukaryote algal cysts) fossils at 4.2 bybn widely disagree with the genetic trees. -possibly music past 1990 should be industrial-techno- etc - the opposite argument is that it's drawn from what most people recognize/watch in addition, to my own personal preference to describe the excluded perspective whose votes aren't counted, and who don't get to see all the d2b consumers do TIMING PROBLEMS: 1) mollusc fossil before Dawkins rRNA time estimate- but Hedges tree may not include enough, and is not specific enough (6 phyla start at 1600 my) a) possibly look at timetree for other similar timed studies for missing phyla 2) Photosynthesis later with cyanobacteria according to some phylogenetic trees, but seems likely stratomlites are made by photosynthesis, Possibly photosystem 2 evolves with cyano. How can there be any BIF - as early as the fossil record 3500 mybn, without oxygen producing bacteria? PAPERS TO GET TRANSLATED ========================= 1) De Iride - Grimado 2) id3308 - the first photoelectric effect - Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi?re solaire, au moyen des courants ?lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 3) Hertzsprung, "Zur Strahlung der Sterne", Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Photographie, 3 (1905), p429-422. http://books.google.com/books?id=J8zNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA429 partial translation in: Harlow Shapley, "Source book in astronomy", 1900-1950 http://books.google.com/books?id=S9pt_DRjngUC&pg=PA248 =================== NEEDS MORE RESEARCH UNCERTAIN RECORDS AND/OR RECORDS THAT NEED MORE RESEARCH -id291 early eukaryote adds G1 phase that prokaryote binary fission doesn't have -id73 - origin of diploid cells the result of sex only? Could diploid cells have evolved asexually too? In fact diploid cells from sex are most often not identical pairs- diploid cells from binary fission or mitosis would be identical. -id73 - ecolution of sex -evolution of haplontic, haplodiplontic, and diplontic life cycles -placement of chrystophyta id4445 - George Washington Carver- determine the chronology to his science contributions. OTHER MISC EVENTS TO PLACE ======================== -the truth about 9/11 is known by the majority of humans, the jfk murder, rfk murder -the majority of people reject- the big bang theory, wave theory for light, time dilation, relativity, expanding universe theory -the majority know the truth about the origin of rnraw, d2b -remote particle murderers are seen by the majority of the public, are jailed/punished evolution of multicellularity - unicellular prokaryote-filamentous prokaryotes eukaryotes- filamentous mc in eukaryotes- colonial eukaryotes- multicellular eukaryotes (or eukaryote filamentous mc inherited from earlier multicellularity like that of volvox?) some people view colonialism as a subset of multicellularity -must answer- multicellularity is achieved by cells coming together or not separating after division http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA224 differentiation- clearly identical bacteria cells can be producing different proteins based on their environment - but where does differentiation evolve and is it inherited by all later species? grypania - eukaryote? unicellular? id1516, earliest recorded veda, difference of sanskrit language and Brahmi language ============== MOVED TO SEVEN BECAUSE CAN'T PLACE id293 - malawimonadea and jakobea - was loukozoa ============== sqlbackup ulsf20120116.sql mysqldump -uroot -p ulsf 1>ulsf20120116.sql //note /D copies only files with newer date xcopy /C /D /E /F /V /I /H /R /K /X /Y j:\ulsf_backup\ulsf L:\ulsf > j:\ulsf_backup\ulsf_backup.log 2>&1 sounds: http://localhost/ulsf_backup/ulsf/sql.php?curdb=ulsf&sqlquery=select+id%2Csounds%2Cybn%2Cbcady+from+events+where+sounds+%3C%3E+%22%22+order+by+ybn+desc%3B select bcady,id,text1,sounds,script4,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script4 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn desc; as an URL: http://localhost/ulsf/sql.php?curdb=ulsf&sqlquery=select+bcady%2Cid%2Ctext1%2Csounds%2Cscript4%2Cybn+from+events+where+sounds+%3C%3E+%22%22+or+script4+like+%22%25PlaySound%25%22+order+by+ybn+desc%3B select bcady,bcad,id,text1,sounds,script4,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script4 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn DESC,bcad,id; select bcady,bcad,id,text5,script5,sounds,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script5 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn DESC,bcad,id MOVIES TO WATCH WHEN MORE TIME ================================ The Incredible human Journey BBC 6 part story of the sapien migration out of Africa MINERALS I WOULD LIKE TO GET: ============================= Crocoite or crocolite- has chrome PbCrO4, - got $20 This specimen is from the Adelaide mine in Dundas, Tasmania, Australia Beryl- has beryllium geode Thorianite - is radioactive but is available on ebay for $10- similar to welding rods? ILL ===== stone age of mnt carmel - images and confirm earliest burial of 100,000 years need vol1 got The stone age of Mount Carmel excavations at the Wady-el-Mughara ...red ochre on body?= no mention of red ochre- but found images of earliest evidence of human deliberate burial (in es-skhul) mesopotamian- earliest roots of astrology- omans- date of enu enlil synesios - date of encomium if possible id998 The essays and hymns of the Synesius of Cyrene, including the address to the emperor arcadius and the - volume 2 has work - date appears to be around 402ce from book with letters al-zarqali book - just the picture of Mercury with oval orbit -its in various languages - but nothing that looks clearly like an oval, or even talk about an oval. There is an image with a curve - but it doesn't look clear. I recognize talk about the astrolabe clearly and 2 images of it-nothing about Mercury or ovals de luce - get actual quote of all matter made of light id1392 --got and exact translation is on Internet Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan 1936. QB1 .A7 index v.76-100 1932-44 Stroumsa, Sarah Title: Freethinkers of medieval Islam : Ibn al-Rawāndī, Abū Bakr al-Rāzī and their impact on Islamic thought Publisher: Brill/Leiden ; Boston, 1999 source of al razi quote Protozoa - reproductive cycle for prokaryotes is constant DNA synthesis? id291 arthropod- earliest myriapoda fossil p213 -A myriapod-like arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia - earliest possible myriapoda fossils A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona-better date mushroom- more info about ascomycota, basidiomycota, general glancing at. Prehistoric village archaeology in south-eastern Turkey : the eighth millenium B.C. site at Çayönü, its chipped and ground stone industries and faunal remains - image of 7000BCE native copper pieces - no images of metal objects color picuture of ear ring id829- is black and white Sounds From Silence: Recent Discoveries in Ancient Near Eastern Music - id5862 - image of tablet - more info - is earliest musical notation and composition? correct date. - couldn't fill 7/12/2012 cement and concrete- earliest ***ok got it -is online too Delougaz, Pinhas Title: The temple oval at Khafājah, Publisher: University of Chicago Press/Chicago Ill., 1940 - earliest lime kiln - for earliest known cement and/or concrete? 2500-2400 BCE? Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants - earliest green algae fossils citations and images of actual fossils ***ok got it Nicoll, Robert S.; Foster, Clinot B Late Triassic conodont and palynomorph biostratigraphy and conodont termal maturation, North West Shelf, Australia -image of fossils of earliest certain dinoflagelaate tesla book- images of thought projector done An early village site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar - images of circular hut foundation id6438 cant fill- The Oldest Dam in the World - images of dam id672 recalled: Chronologies in Old World archaeology, edited by Robert W. Ehrich - earliest gypsum mortar, lime cement - see id6415 got Author: Headrick, Daniel Title: Technology : a world history Publisher: Oxford University Press/Oxford ;;New York, 2009 -earliest adze see if I should buy id6441 bow drill, and adze 675 - nothing about bow drill, no specific dates or places for adze got - gerar - id635 - date and image for earliest smelted iron - is 1350BC, and 1300BC- not as early as Alaca Huyuk at 2500 BCE got images and dates got -Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, picture for id6463 - confirm 652bc tablet has degrees, minutes, seconds, - planets are measured in cubits (2 degrees) and fingers (1/24 cubit) which is similar to degrees and minutes, but there are no seconds. planet positions are measured relative to reference stars. also id6464- picture confirm transition from 17/18 to 12 constellation system - can't confirm- appears to be 12 months from the start in 651, but I don't know any of the 17/18 constellations that were eliminated. -got and completed 11/23/12 Zohary, Daniel Title: Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley Edition: 3rd ed. Publisher: Oxford University Press/Oxford;New York, 2000 id612- date for barley -got - yes has fixed stars on sphere, has spicycles, ^^?=all UC Lib's but UCI have this Ptolemy's Almagest confirm chapter id1087 (fixed stars are sphere 8, does contain epicycles) The Arabic version of Ptolemy's Planetary hypotheses. (epicycles in this book?) got- Kepler, Johannes, and William H. Donahue. Optics : Paralipomena to Witelo & optical part of astronomy. Santa Fe, N.M.: Green Lion Press, 2000. Print. id1622 -confirm inverse distance law for light, add Kepler explanation- is because volume increases with square of radius? got- Hutton, James Title: An investigation of the principles of knowledge and of the progress of reason, from sense to science and philosophy Publisher: Thoemmes Press/Bristol ;;Sterling Va., 1999 -id2085 confirm text got- FOERSTER, 0. (1929). Beiträge zur Pathophysiologie der Sehbahn und der Sehsphare. J. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, Leipzig. 39, 463-485. http://books.google.com/books?id=PSXlAAAAMAAJ id6500 - get any figure got- Domestication of plants in the Old World : the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin Edition: 4th ed. - id719 rice earlier? better date for id6510 oat A manual of Sumerian grammar and texts - id1261 footnote 20 got the wrong one- requested again for 2000 edition bitam appears to be the Sumerian word for house id4939 - Barkla, Charles G. "XXXIX. The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 22.129 (1911): 396-412. Barkla, Charles G. "LXXVI. Note on the energy of scattered X-radiation." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 21.125 (1911): 648-652. Barkla, C. G., and T. Ayres. "XXXI. The distribution of secondary X-rays and the electromagnetic pulse theory." The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 21.122 (1911): 270-278. got Comparative religion an introductory and historical study. - id2727- Tracing common themes : comparative courses in the study of religion "amen" at the end of prayer - relates to amon or amenhotep? scanned nothing about "amen" The collected papers of Albert Einstein vol4 and 6 id4928- there is a 1914 paper with more info Einstein, Albert. "Zur theorie der lichterzeugung und lichtabsorption." Annalen der Physik 325.6 (1906): 199-206. - I somehow got the wrong paper- this paper doesn't relate to Millikin's papers or Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.19063250613/abstract {Einstein_19060313.pdf} English translation in : A. Einstein, Editors: John Stachel et al. "The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 2, The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900-1909.", 1989. for id4928- just scan and add- Millikin cites it in his Nobel lecture with Einstein's 1905 paper got- Ancient mesopotamian materials and industries : the archaeological evidence -get images of soldered, brazed, and welded objects id664 no images, got Kramer anniversary volume : cuneiform studies in honor of Samuel Noah Kramer id1270 - image of tablet- original source Sachs 1976 got The microscope in the Dutch Republic : the shaping of discovery image of first red blood cells swammerdam id1804 got Tin and tin solder in Sumer: preliminary comments. - id664 image of soldered bowl - got image is b%w also included first soldering of stag as being lead reference. got Roberts, P. M. "Early Evolution of Brazing. Pt. 1." Welding and Metal Fabrication 42.8 (1974): 286-290. and got Roberts, P. M. "Early evolution of brazing, II Brazing techniques." Welding and Metal Fabrication 42.11 (1974): 412-416. images of bronze ax head id6560 - got is b%w got scanned 2 pages of text Tychonis Brahe Dani Opera omnia - id1616 - image of actual text J Med Biogr. 1999 May;7(2):118-21. The iconography of Girolamo Fracastoro (c. 1483-1553). Part I: woodcuts and engravings. Morton RS, Hudson MM. id3059 - images of work, confirm central theory isbn 0486676056 casper, Kepler id 1625- verify edit wiki text for dioptics Science : the definitive visual guide - read - see if should buy id1888 (and 1887-verify) http://uci.worldcat.org/title/christopher-polhem-the-father-of-swedish-technology/oclc/2115260&referer=brief_results verify claim, get location http://uci.worldcat.org/title/oeuvre-scientifique-de-gaspard-monge-these-pour-le-doctorat-es-lettres-presentee-a-la-faculte-des-lettres-de-luniversite-de-paris/oclc/468729672&referer=brief_results id2259 - get reference, capture image The history of sanitation plumbing then and now ... An illustrated résumé of some of the romantic incidents in the history -earliest municipal piped water- indoor plumbing -earliest city sewage system id6608 (sewer),id6609 (water distribution) Flushed : how the plumber saved civilization -same as above The collected papers of Peter J. W. Debye. id4995 - exact paper of powder diffraction, make scan of English translation, "X-ray Interference Patterns of Particles Oriented at Random" -rec'd, scanned figures, Table of Contents for Einstein, A.; Engel, A., trans.: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 6: The Berlin Years: Writings, 1914-1917. (English translation supplement). volume 6 both German and English supplement id4933 - make pdf of entire book, verify translation footnote and claim chronology id4934 - examine equations, capture image? chronology -scanned, but want to rescan just 2 papers with scanner The Death Ray Man. The Biography of Grindell Matthews, Inventor -id4896 just to verify- and more info - how worked? got 05/22/2013 - Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, "Einige Bemerkungen über den Begriff der Säuren und Basen.", Recueil des travaux chimiques des Pays-Bas et de la Belgique, 42 (1923), p718–728. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/recl.19230420815/abstract id4860 (and see also id4927) verify date http://uci.worldcat.org/title/electrician/oclc/6884353&referer=brief_results January 24, 1896 first 20 pages or complete if possible London, Electrician, Volume 36, January 24,1896. id3941 - arc produces x-rays http://uci.worldcat.org/title/video-recording-technology-its-impact-on-media-and-home-entertainment/oclc/18629531&referer=brief_results for id6274 image of Bing crosby fig 6.1 p119 Vertebrate palaeontology - got and scanned id404- confirm tree image from wikipedia=the tree is basically the same but the chronology is a little different see p185, image of earliest cartilaginous fish- like holocepali or elasmobrachii (Cladoselache) {Vertebrate_Paleontology_Michael_Benton_2005.pdf} AND {Vertebrate_Paleontology_Benton_2005.pdf} id4274 Further experiments on positive rays -get image, confirm date and claim - aug 1912- no date, ill is missing plate LXV.Multiply-charged atoms - supports id4274 get date if any ill is missing plate (related: id4270, id4272) USEFUL COMMANDS: ================ compress videos and change avi to flv $s1='ffmpeg -i '.$ipth.$file.' -b:v 1000000 -ar 44100 -ab 96000 '.$outpath.$outfile; ffmpeg -i i:\videos\ulsf04-0.0.1.avi -b:v 1000000 -ar 44100 -ab 96000 i:\videos\ulsf04-0.0.1.flv ffmpeg -i i:\videos\ulsf05S.avi -b:v 1000000 -ar 44100 -ab 96000 i:\videos\ulsf05S-1.0.7.flv /usr/bin/mencoder '.$ipth.$file.' -of lavf -ovc lavc -oac mp3lame -lameopts abr:br=56 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=flv:vbitrate=500:mbd=2:mv0:trell:v4mv:cbp:last_pred=3 -noskip -o '.$outpath.$outfile; ffmpeg -qv 10 -flags gray -i worm_gear2.avi -s 1280x1040 -vcodec mjpeg worm_gear_02.avi -an no audio -r = frame rate hertz -ss set start time offset 00:00:20 20 seconds -vframes 60 60 frames get audio from video file ffmpeg -i i:\videos\ulsf05-1.0.6.avi -vn -ac 2 -ar 44100 -ab 320k -f mp3 i:\videos\ulsf05-1.0.6.mp3 ffmpeg -i “whatever.format” -vn -ac 2 -ar 44100 -ab 320k -f mp3 output.mp3 -i “input file” -vn “skip the video part” -ac “audio channels” -ar “audio rate” -ab “audio bit-rate“ -f “file format to use” (the end if the string) “output file” Number of ULSF1 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=1.0 and importance1<2.0) order by yan currently: 260 Number of ULSF2 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=2.0 and importance1<3.0) or (importance2>=2.0 and importance2<3.0) order by yan currently: 534 (2x ULSF1) Number of ULSF3 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=3.0 and importance1<4.0) or (importance2>=3.0 and importance2<4.0) or (importance3>=3.0 and importance3<4.0) order by yan currently: 852, (1.6x ULSF2) was 1051 records Number of ULSF4 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=4.0 and importance1<5.0) or (importance2>=4.0 and importance2<5.0) or (importance3>=4.0 and importance3<5.0) or (importance4>=4.0 and importance4<5.0) order by yan currently: 1235 Number of ULSF5 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=5.0 and importance1<6.0) or (importance2>=5.0 and importance2<6.0) or (importance3>=5.0 and importance3<6.0) or (importance4>=5.0 and importance4<6.0) or (importance5>=5.0 and importance5<6.0) order by bcady,bcad currently: 1943 Number of ULSF6 records select count(*) from events where (importance1>=6.0 and importance1<7.0) or (importance2>=6.0 and importance2<7.0) or (importance3>=6.0 and importance3<7.0) or (importance4>=6.0 and importance4<7.0) or (importance5>=6.0 and importance5<7.0) or (importance6>=6.0 and importance6<7.0) order by yan currently: 3274 = 1.6x ulsf05 (was 6263) (1.6 ULSF5 = 3589) regular search: select bcady,id,text1 from events where text1 like '%Goddard%' order by yan search for records with music select bcady,bcad,id,text1,script4,sounds,ybn from events where sounds <> "" or script4 like "%PlaySound%" order by ybn DESC,bcad,id search for records in ulsf05 with music select id,bcad,bcady,text1,script5,sounds from events where (importance1>=5.0 and importance1<6.0) or (importance2>=5.0 and importance2<6.0) or (importance3>=5.0 and importance3<6.0) or (importance4>=5.0 and importance4<6.0) or (importance5>=5.0 and importance5<6.0) or script5 like '%PlaySound%' or sounds <> '' order by bcady,bcad set character set for database and tables: change utf8_general_ci to utf8_unicode_ci see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/766809/whats-the-difference-between-utf8-general-ci-and-utf8-unicode-ci ALTER DATABASE databasename CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci; ALTER TABLE tablename CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_unicode_ci; records with a sound but no image in the script: select id,text1,script5 from events where ((importance1>=5.0 and importance1<6.0) or (importance2>=5.0 and importance2<6.0) or (importance3>=5.0 and importance3<6.0) or (importance4>=5.0 and importance4<6.0) or (importance5>=5.0 and importance5<6.0)) and script5 like '%PlaySound%' and script5 not like '%DrawImage%' order by yan recently edited records: select bcady,id,updated,text1 from events where updated >= date('20130725') and importance1 >=6 and importance1<7 and section != 'H' order by updated ULSF MOVIES FACTS AND DURATIONS =============================== Currently: ulsf05 takes 12 hours to assemble ULSF1 (10 minutes) Characters: 10251 Words: 641 Duration: 10:40 (10 minutes) ULSF2 (30 minutes) Characters: 31754 Words: 1985 Duration: 33:04 (33 minutes) (3 minutes over) ULSF3 (120 minutes) Characters: 136562 Words: 8535 Duration: 2:22:15 (142 minutes) (22 minutes over) ULSF4 (240 minutes) Characters: 680225 Words: 42514 Duration: 11:48:34 (708 minutes) (468 minutes over) ULSF5 (480 minutes) Characters: 10329864 Words: 645616 Duration: 179:20:16 (10760 minutes) (10280 minutes over) Time to assemble .avi file: 12 hours Size of avi file: 145GB ULSF6 (960 minutes) Characters: 1850591 Words: 115662 Duration: 32:07:41 (1927 minutes) (967 minutes over) ULSF5 is currently Duration: 178:54:17 (10734 minutes) 4 hours (480 minutes): 10254 minutes = 178 hours, 174 hours too many SOON TO DO: =========== 1) Make at least some kind of image for all the storyboard ULSF1 images (and perhaps add if possible some of the more simple 3D rendered videos (ships around earth) 2) Organize ULSF web page better Separate into U, L, S, F videos with youtube links Polyvinyl chloride, commonly abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. Arthropods: =========== (id6348) Myriapoda (centi-pedes and millipedes), Chelicerata (spiders, mites, and horseshoe crabs)- include sea spiders?- possibly for ulsf4, Hexapoda (includes insects and other arthropods with 3 pairs of legs), Crustacea (shrimps, crabs, lobsters). Insects: {Pterygota - winged insects} {Holometabola Insect orders-} Coleoptera (beetles, Fig. 1), Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), Diptera (true flies, single pair of wings: mosquitos, gnats, fruit fly, house fly), and (id6347) Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), {other insect orders ?} hemiptera true bugs, sucking mouth parts: cicadas, aphids orthoptera: grasshoppers, crickets, katydids blattaria: cockroaches Siphonaptera (fleas), (stoneflies, webspinners, angel insects, earwigs, booklice,thrips) 4- fleas 5 === lacewings (ULSF5: Neuroptera (lacewings), Megaloptera and Raphidioptera (dobson- flies and alderflies), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Mecoptera (scorpionflies), and Strepsiptera (twisted-wing insects).) metamorphisis (Phthiraptera (lice)) TAXONOMY LINKS ============== http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ RECENT CHANGES THAT ARE NOT REFLECTED IN ULSF: ============================================= 1) Fungi Phyla: Chytridiomycota is now informally "chytrids", and Zygomycota are now just zygomycetes- see http://timetree.org/pdf/Blair2009Chap23.pdf AUDIO REDO: =========== EMPTY RECORDS: ============== 103,120,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,164,222,229,230,231,273,289,299,327,536,679,689,913, 1260,2599,4246,6175 TODO NEXT WEEK: ================= History of Angiosperm evolution - geological record Way to stop search engine robots from accessing ulsf images? Add cite button for my paper(s) Determine video playback error for ulsf1L and ulsf1S- may be related to JPG and file size being too big -integrate and sync each code- work-3D, home has ULSF -image of person moving train with thought -images of earliest fossil cockroach/cockroach fossil text -China, Needham: gun powder, paper money Integrated circuit CPU move up fiber optic?- particle communication is probably the end technology of communication, wired communication will be seen as too expensive future events: *1) 2040 remote neuron writing to motor neurons used to stop violence *2) 2500 The end of homicide, by remote nanotechnology 3) An object made by humans touches the surface of the Sun. (4) humans land on the surface of the Sun)- It seems unlikely by that time that humans would land on the Sun- mostly machines would be extracting matter. Draw3D -make script determine kind of video, with default being mjpeg+mp3 (enable and test RGB bitmap videos) -make iScene hold width,height,depth,winwidth,winheight,windepth (transfer video width,height,etc if making video) -make ulsf text adapt to width,height of video, scale text size too- bigger for bigger display -add MakeAudioFile() to scripts -make audio 30 seconds in advance- fseek back and write audio frames Possible major changes still to make: 1) just call all Pltyzoa and Trochozoa, Lophotrochozoa- just to simplify 2) View Grypania as earliest eukaryote fossil (recognize 1700 brown algae fossil?) IMPORTANT 3D SIMULATIONS STILL TO MAKE: ======================================== 1) (spiral to globular galaxy), but also Nebula to spiral to globular galaxy- use initial galaxies image as guide also show stars forming initial open clusters 2) buildings multiply and grow in 3D city, into ocean 3) Map globe using lat and long using globe with nation names- texture maps of nations from various historical eras? 4) tiny cameras fly around people on web page 5) "double refraction" model of crystal with ray tracing OTHER TECHNICAL THINGS TO DO/CODING TO ADD =============================== 0_ add any texto (name- birth-death dates) text 1) convert animated gif into uncompressed avi or mjpg - ffmpeg 2) Introductory, explanatory video to ULSF 3) add small text of (scientist, location), (composer, composition name) (removed because of videos that go over multiple records)4) If there is script text but no drawimage or PlayVideo go to images) 4) fix rotation loop error- where the model pauses for 1 frame 5) error msg if any malloc fails 6) Add SimpleMotion(tx,ty,tz,rx,ry,rz,duration) ULSF firsts: 1) Recognition of galaxy cycle of nebula to globhular galaxy 2) recognition of globular cluster as product of naturally selected living objects and the obvious fate of humans and life of any planet 3) The possible development of the ribosome before the cell 4) The first to explicitly describe the possibility and science of remote neuron reading and writing, and direct-to-brain windows 5) The first complete telling of evolution, history of science, and a projection of the future in a video 6) The first video to view all matter as being made of light particles 7) The first video to view light as being made of material particles, setting aside the theory of relativity view of light as massless, and the quantum view of light as "energy", and returning to the Newtonian corpuscular view 8) the first to claim that matter and motion cannot be exchanged created or destroyed, which is opposed to the claim of relativity that mass and motion can be exchanged in the form of energy. 9) The first video to openly reject the electromagnetic wave of light First major public rejection of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory for light 10) The first video to openly reject the claim of a non-euclidean geometry 11) The first video to openly reject the theories of relativity 12) to recognize that all proteins, lipids and carbohydrates may strictly be the products of cells. 13) The first public video to recognize the inevitability of helicopter and/or flying car highways, and to show them graphically (Star Wars, or possibly Blade Runner for flying cars) 14) to recognize the theory of a fully democratic nation, where the public votes constantly and electronically on all decisions they must live under. 15) That the dual or paired nature of the periodic table does not imply a spherical atom (which would have an increasing number of elements until the inert gas of each row), but may imply an atom made of two symmetrical parts or some non-spherical shape. 16) First video to publicly assert that the first words of human language were single syllable only 17) First to publicly theorize that we live on an atom factory and that like molecules, atoms are "cold temperature only" objects. 18) First to shine the spotlight and correctly reveal truth about trasmutation, atomic fusion and fision of every kind of atoms made public in the 1930s to 1950s 19) First video to show the various family relationhship between most of the major species, in particular the different flower families- which most people (myself included) were not previously aware of. 20) First to make clear that all human language only have around 30 sounds, and that this sharing of 30 base sound, implies a common origin for language, which is presumed to be in Africa before the Homo sapiens entered Eurasia. And to estimate the origin time and place of each sound and sound family. 21) Name of "globular galaxy" for any galaxy with only globular clusters and without any gas clouds 22) (possibly there was somebody earlier publicly) To reject the electromagnetic theory of light in favor of a material particle theory, in addition, the first to publicly state the theory that light emitted from electric current is probably the result of particle collision of the particles in the current and conductor. In addition, that low frequencies of radio can easily be produced, not just electromagnetically, but simply mechanically from a fire, for example, by filtering the light at regular intervals. 23) First to show that if the mass of the Jovian planets had a density similar to that of Earth, then they would have solid and liquid (terrestrial) centers, in the case of Jupiter 6 times the diameter of Earth 24) Theory that galaxies may grow exponentially around a central group of light particles, if growing at 1% from a single light particle, it would take 79% of the time to grow larger than even a single star. 25) First to state publicly clearly that galaxies are like fish in the ocean, and that they prey on each other, more advanced globular galaxies integrating and consuming (feeding on) less developed galaxies. 26) First to recognize that ovum and sperm are probably similar to our protist ancestors, and that the entire nervous, circulatory, muscular, and other systems are simply extra added developments as successful adaptations to bring sperm and ovum together. 27) idea of small cameras accelerated to high speeds to the other stasrs 28) the recognition that radio frequencies of light can be produced with an ordinary light (like a flame) using a toothed wheel, or some other mechanical device to create radio frequencies- that electricity in wire is not necessary. not firsts, but where ULSF conflicted with major official sources like the Encyclopedia Britannica, but with a more accurate account: 29) recognition of first cement at Khafajah that dates to around 2400 BCE, and concrete, not earliest in Rome, but at least in Sennacherib's Aqueduct c690 BCE. 30) that antimatter is most likely only electrical opposite matter and that probably many various negatively and positively charged light particle groupings can be made from particle collisions. 31) As time continues in the evolution of the metazoans, the number of neurons increases while the size of neurons decreases, just like transistors as computers improve. The secrecy around neurons may limit the sharing of the truth that more and smaller neurons gives an organism a selective advantage in survival because an organism is able to remember more information (images, sounds, etc.). 32) The examination of the Milky Way before the formation of the star earth rotates around- for example the first advanced life, and first globular cluster of the Milky Way. 33) that the planets and the sun will eventually be consumed for food, fuel, and building materials- that globular clusters must consume stars. 34) That an organism that is building a cluster must extend beyond the cluster- for example if the open cluster contains 100 stars, then the species probably actually occupies 1000 stars in the vicinity, and also has ships (micro or macro robot ships) around 10,000 stars in the vicinity. 35) coining the phrase remote neuron reading and writing, direct-to-brain windows, thought-audio, thought-image, thought-screen, eye-screen, thought-window, eyes-window 36) That electrical induction and radio communication are actually examples of the photoelectric effect (with low frequencies of light particles). 37) The theory that most of the heat from inside the Earth is the result of the motion that occurs when compressed particles find more open space toward the surface. 38) Reviving Ampere's view that a magnetic field is nothing more than a dynamic electric field, that is an electric field due only to an electric current (a series of moving electric charges) 39) that the spectra of subatomic particles may be able to determine the identity of each subatomic particle; from how they disintegrate into light particles. 40) the simple claim, but that I have not found among the scientific papers that: one likely reason why the sky is black at night is because no particle from distant stars is going in the direction of the Earth. As an observer gets more distant from a light source, the chance of a particle going in their direction becomes exponentially smaller until seeing even a single light particle is impossible. 41) The theory: A two fluid electricity theory makes acids simultaneous proton donors and electron acceptors, and bases as simultaneous proton acceptors and electron donors. 42) uncovers the missing transmutation, for example, why is transmutation not systematized to produce hydrogen and oxygen from common atoms? Why are no atoms or molecules larger than carbon ever accelerated? 43) That the reason many spectra fit ordered series is because they frequencies of particles emitted contain many multiples of a high frequency- for example just as any 10000cps wave also contains a 1000cps, 100cps, etc other frequencies, all of which reflect as resonant angles and grating spacings. So a single high frequency light produces many multiple symmetrically spaced lower frequency spectral lines. ULSF advantages: 1) Unlike most modern books and movies, ULSF is fully footnoted with many original sources cited, including page numbers. In fact, each sentence is cited. So there can be no question about what was the source of any information in ULSF. 2) Most books presume that the reader will know how to pronounce all the biological names, but because we do not have a one letter equals one sound alphabet, words are often mispronounced. Although there are many pronunciation corruptions throughout history and differences in pronunciation for people of different languages, ULSF has the advantage that technical terms, and biological name pronunciations have been checked with official sources to learn at least the popular pronunciations of the word in English. Other notes: Certainly many firsts were the product of remote neuron writing by very good people trying to reach the public with the truth. What we see is really a teach science and stop violence alliance, where many people are supporting the truth, logic, and are seeing our future place in the galaxy as the owners of not just one star but of a cluster of stars. The challenge is to reach the rest of the people on Earth with this message of truth and our hopeful future, in the hope that they support and join this effort. REVISIT WHEN MORE TIME ====================== 1) weapons - earliest knife, earliest metal knife, 2) fishing hooks 3) armor- a) helmet b) body armor (leather/cloth, chain mail, scale armor, full body armor) 4) Library in Pergamum and Syria- around time of Library of Alexandria- in competition? see id922 5) earliest public elementery, middle and high schools in Europe, Asia, India, America, etc. 6) humans com,municate through thought-answer yes/no questions 7)gears: spur gear 8) Nestor's books are to be burned by law : http://www.freewebs.com/vitaphone1/history/justinianc.html Theodosius 435 1.5.6.1 and property confiscated 9) all the persecutions and images from holy horrors 10) Major advances in city and house plumbing 11) first to publish equations for are, surface area, volume of sphere, cylinder 12) conodonts - add to ulsf - see prehistoric life and prehistoric animals 13) armored fish 14) The earliest mineralized teeth fossils (from conodonts) ~540 mybn- see prehistoric animals p22 and get original source 15) ships, keel, mast 16) each different kind of nerve cell, in particular nococeptor (pain detection), heat detection, touch detection, 17) explicit mass and size of planets (Huygens measured apparent size) 18) The fourier transform- make a record for it- its at least ulsf5 if not ulsf4, determine origins and clear description (wiki has the best one I could find)- note this is different from fourier's theorem. 19) The recognition that Newton and other early astronomers did not "iterate" the model of bodies orbiting the Sun given some current initial motions, but instead solved for a steady-state continuous, unchanging model. 20) The first to state the theory that stars are made of heavy atoms inside and light atoms outside. 21) The first to state publicly the truth that the first ships to hold an orbit above or below the planetary plane will either have to thrust against the y-component of the Sun's gravity or cross the planetary plane. 22) The first to recognize that the planets and moons may fill up with people and what the maximum population each planet can hold is. 23) The first to share the view that a vacuum tube still contains light particles and is not completely empty of all matter. 24) carbon nanotubes, nanotechnology 25) history of health science- add record for earliest Cauterization 26) The early math including and in particular after Kepler to predict the motions of the planets and moons- for example Newton states that the Sun is not the center of gravitation which implies that he isn't iterating- but that he uses a static set of equations. Laplace published some of this, Leverrier, and so- clearly the method of least squares was used for comets.- Determine when the realization that iteration (over time from starting points and motions) could (and perhaps should) be used. PROBLEMS WITH ULSF ================== 1) fossils are out of order with main story drawn from genetic interpolation a) in particular talking about animal teeth comes before talking about animal shells and predation PAPERS TO DO ============= -"Can gravity be viewed as the result of particle collision?" -"Is double-refraction actually double-reflection?" or "Is double-refraction actually a single refraction and reflection?" -"Are living objects in globular clusters collecting other stars to consume, and should we be doing that too?" VIDEOS to watch: 1) History of Rome 2) (any histories of science that might exist) 3) (any telling of the story of evolution that might exist) any telling of the history of the future, complete story of the future complete history of science complete story of evolution