TIME	EVENT DESCRIPTION	LOCATION
UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN	1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of space, matter and time.
990,000,000,000 YBN	2) There is more space than matter. MORE INFO [1]
980,000,000,000 YBN	3) All matter is made of particles of light.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
970,000,000,000 YBN	11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always been, continue to move in the space that has always been.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
960,000,000,001 YBN	5) Matter and motion can never be created, destroyed or exchanged.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
950,000,000,000 YBN	6) Light particles become trapped with each other forming protons, stars and galaxies.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
940,000,000,000 YBN	7) All of the galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe. We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there can ever reach us.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
935,000,000,000 YBN	4) Light particles move to less filled spaces. As a space fills, light particles form gas clouds called nebuli, and then galaxies of stars. Living objects grow around stars and pull stars together to form globular clusters and then a globular galaxy. Living objects need matter to stop their decay. Light particles that move to empty spaces form new nebuli which continues the cycle. Stars may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light particles may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN	13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
33,000,000,000 YBN	6180) First star.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
22,000,000,000 YBN	6181) Living objects reach another star.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
10,000,000,000 YBN	6182) First globular cluster.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
5,500,000,000 YBN 2	16) Our star.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington, guess MORE INFO [1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of onion skin layers) [2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets: iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar model. star_inside_iron.pdf
5,500,000,000 YBN 2	17) Planets form. Like the star they have liquid metal at the surface. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,600,000,000 YBN 2 3	30) Planet Earth cools, crust forms, water condenses and falls to make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land: http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,400,000,000 YBN	18) Larger molecules form on Earth like amino acids and sugars.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,395,000,000 YBN	19) Nucleic acids form on Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,385,000,000 YBN	167) RNA links amimo acids into the first proteins.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,380,000,000 YBN	40) A protein copies nucleic acid molecules. MORE INFO [1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract
4,355,000,000 YBN	20) The first cell on Earth. DNA is surrounded by proteins.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,350,000,000 YBN 2	183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ find biomarker evidence 2. ^ Ted Huntington.
4,187,000,000 YBN 2 3	181) Cell response to light.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44 MORE INFO [1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002), doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to p
4,000,000,000 YBN 2	43) Photosynthesis, cells emit free Oxygen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi .ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3 2. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res. 88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059. MORE INFO [1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
3,950,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	37) Multicellular prokaryotes.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID- INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03 4. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, 621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735 [2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS& SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID% 253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame
3,900,000,000 YBN	57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic cell. Cell uses oxygen.1 FOOTNO TES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
3,850,000,000 YBN 5	36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.1 2 FOOT NOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf 2. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html 4. ^ http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html 5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation [2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996): 55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf	Akilia Island, Western Greenland3 4
3,850,000,000 YBN 3	45) Oldest sediment, the "Banded Iron Formation" begins.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, 3. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996 http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index .html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982). p102 [2] http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html [3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation	Akilia Island, Western Greenland2
3,500,000,000 YBN 5 6	39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html 4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 5. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500 Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980): 443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html 6. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986): 489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html	Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa3 4
3,500,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	287) Oldest fossil of an organism.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 3. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html 4. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 5. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the 3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature 314.6011 (1985): 530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html 6. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 7. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646 (1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249 8. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002): 73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html MORE INFO [1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3: multicellularity of cyanobacteria) [2] t3: http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity. "Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular form in which cellular differentiation occurs."	Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia3 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa4
2,800,000,000 YBN 7	177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in bacteria.1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_ Joshua_19460917.pdf} 2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>. 3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 5. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/ 6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}
2,795,000,000 YBN	23) The first virus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
2,730,000,000 YBN 1 2	80) Cells can eat other cells. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis 2. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and}
2,700,000,000 YBN 2	60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at) 2.7 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256 [2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534 [3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November 1997) http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391; jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
2,640,000,000 YBN 4	73) Eukaryote sex evolves. First diploid cell (2 sets of chromosomes). First zygote.1 2 Increase in genetic variety.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964). 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258. 4. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being (is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn} MORE INFO [1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
2,610,000,000 YBN 2	296) Eukaryote gender.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989). 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn guess}
2,480,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9	170) Bacteria live on land.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits, Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event. Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI: 10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511 5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. 6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let there be life", October 20, 2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989 604 7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my) 8. ^ University of Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm 9. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy, Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer, Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui, Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430 MORE INFO [1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
2,300,000,000 YBN	48) Oldest "Red Beds". Evidence of free oxygen in the air.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
2,000,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	63) A captured bacterium becomes a mitochondrion.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 2. ^ B. Franz Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2 BYBN} 3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of) 2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640 mybn} 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn} MORE INFO [1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878 doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full
1,800,000,000 YBN	46) End of Banded Iron Formation.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
1,570,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	99) Homeobox genes regulate the building of major body parts.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p425,434. 2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 3. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant Physiol 2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full 4. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775 -2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae} 5. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9): 1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
1,520,000,000 YBN 1 2 3 4 5 6	203) Colonialism evolves in Eukaryote. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial 2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn} 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn} 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn) 6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote separation) MORE INFO [1] http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht m [2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
1,500,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	15) Cyanobacteria become plastids in a eukaryotic cell.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Ted Huntington. 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn} 5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my} 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} 7. ^ Knoll A, Summons R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956} MORE INFO [1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid [2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
1,500,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12	86) First plant.1 2 3 4 5 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001). 4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003). 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1500) 7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn} 8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600} 9. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1550 mybn} 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn) 11. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). {1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html 12. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil Grypania) 1874my} MORE INFO [1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
1,280,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8 9	38) Multicellular Eukaryotes.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. 2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf 3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 4. ^ Ted Huntington. 5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 7. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn} 9. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517. MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) [2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin of brown algae around 1,973,000,000	(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada3
1,280,000,000 YBN 1 2 3	85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and somatic cells. Start of death by aging. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation 2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn} 3. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
1,200,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	221) First fungi.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn} 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368 mybn} 5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
1,080,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7	97) Eukaryote eye, first three-dimensional response to light.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009): 2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short 2. ^ http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/ Euglenozoa/ 3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number 1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract 4. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. 5. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} 7. ^ my own estimate based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847 %40recept.2009.1.issue-1 [2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009 364:2791-2793; doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1 531/2791.full [3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID 19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/
670,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.1 2 This allows larger free moving organisms to evolve.3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. 2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my) 6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) MORE INFO [1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007, p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225 [2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191
660,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	81) First animal and first metazoan (sponges).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my} 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 8. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003): 3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834
660,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5	517) Male gonad.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my} 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
650,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	69) Animal cells group as tissues.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans with tissues} MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
640,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system.1 Earliest touch and sound detection and memory.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 5. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} 7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn} MORE INFO [1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system. The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8), 555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331 [2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
640,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5	96) Muscle cells.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June 2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn} 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN} 5. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6): 856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999. pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
640,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	414) Ovary.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p48. 2. ^ http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr y=groepen 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) {based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan [2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p18-19 [3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17 [4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my) [5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my) [6] Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
630,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10	82) Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} (corals, jellyfish).1 2 3 4 Earliest animal eye.5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. 3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). 4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria 5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41. 6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson, "Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.", Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages: 557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/ 7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my) 9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my) 10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my) MORE INFO [1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3): 418–432. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676 /Collins2002.pdf [2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID 19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057 [3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February 2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
600,000,000 YBN 8 9 10	107) Bilateral species (two sided symmetry).1 2 3 Earliest animal brain.4 5 Third embryonic layer: the mesoderm {meZuDRM6 }.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p69. 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400. 6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm 7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59. 8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	459) Intestine.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian.1 F OOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates} 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575 (first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older}
600,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	593) Genital pore, vagina, and uterus.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
600,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	660) Penis.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004. 2. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis) 630my} 4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) MORE INFO [1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001
590,000,000 YBN 3 4	98) Blood vessels and blood.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4. 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on}
580,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8	93) Protostomes, ancestor of all arthropods and molluscs.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701 3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749. doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID 18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html 4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org /content/363/1496/1513 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn} 7. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn} 8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} MORE INFO [1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids [2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short
580,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	105) Deuterostomes (ancestor of acorn worms, starfish and all chordates).1 2 FO OTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {570 mybn} 5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn} 6. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751. Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn} 7. ^ Jun-Yuan Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681, 218-222, 9 July 2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218 MORE INFO [1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496) 1435-1443; doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1 496/1435.short
580,000,000 YBN 3 4	131) First shell (or skeleton).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} 3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 286: 151–156. doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11 {Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil - ciliate) 580 mybn} 4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn} MORE INFO [1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll, "Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323 [2] Bengtson, S. (2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M., "Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved 2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200 4ESF.pdf	(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China2
570,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	311) Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68. 2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202 . 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570) 4. ^ Chen, J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798. 5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php MORE INFO [1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385 [2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1, January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903, 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S105579030700317X) [3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html [4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844
565,000,000 YBN 2 3	347) Chordates (ancestor of all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN} 3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm MORE INFO [1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., & Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43), 15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101 [2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248 (Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144 [3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science 300.5626 (2003) : 1694. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary [4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI: 10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/ export-citation/ [5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
565,000,000 YBN 2 3	348) Tunicates {TUNiKiTS}.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn} 3. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al. “The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318. Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full
560,000,000 YBN	349) First fish.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
543,000,000 YBN 3	101) Segmentation.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p622-624. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN (based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537}
535,000,000 YBN 2 3 4 5	114) Heart.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125. 2. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p 73. 3. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. 4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca}
533,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	343) Mollusks.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c539) 4. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006): 159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
530,000,000 YBN 2 3	339) Arthropods (crustaceans, insects).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543) 3. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66. MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
530,000,000 YBN	350) Vertebrates1 (ancestor of most fishes, and all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). MORE INFO [1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
475,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	244) Non-vascular plants (Liverworts, Mosses).1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82. 4. ^ S26 (c475) 5. ^ S15 (c475) MORE INFO [1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte [2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
475,000,000 YBN 5 6	398) Plants live on land.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html 3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). 4. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org /content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_ 198204xx.pdf} 5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) : 282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html {475 MYBN} 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.	earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya4
472,000,000 YBN 5 6 7	402) Animals live on land, arthropods.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110. 3. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 5. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391 –394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391 6. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp. 169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf} 7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67.	earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada4
460,000,000 YBN 3	353) Jawed vertebrates. First vertebrate teeth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {460 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110 [2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl	Oceans2
440,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	236) Vascular plants.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p96. 4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400) http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} 5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
440,000,000 YBN 3	6172) Lung.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based on ray-finned fish evolving} MORE INFO [1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Review of Physiology 61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev Physiol61.pdf	Ocean (presumably)2
385,000,000 YBN 4 5 6	405) First forests.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html 4. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April 2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html {385 mybn} 5. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111. 6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {380mybn}	earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA3
385,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11 12	411) First flying animal (arthropod insect).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157 2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology 75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152 AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history .pdf 3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 4. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16), 6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015948108 5. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146 7. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163 8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. 9. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 {324 MYBN} 10. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {315 MYBN} 11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395 12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142. MORE INFO [1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627–630 [2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge) [3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios 38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028 8 [4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-1 [5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159	earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts4 and Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic5
375,000,000 YBN 4 5 6 7 8	380) First tetrapods (organisms with four feet), the amphibians.1 First limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p df} {375(360+-15) mybn} 5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn} 6. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368 mybn (fossil} 7. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html {368 mybn (fossil} 8. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {368 mybn (fossil}	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)3
363,000,000 YBN 3 4	379) Vertebrates live on land.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. 3. ^ http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html {363mybn} 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn} MORE INFO [1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November 1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html [2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html	Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)2
359,000,000 YBN 7 8	243) First seed.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) : 462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html 2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401. 4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms 5. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 6. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. 7. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No. 3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} 8. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359 MYBN (Lower Carboniferous} MORE INFO [1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms [2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 [3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species) [4] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation) [5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr. Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants", 2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTUgfghg80gC [6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845	earliest fossils: Scotland5 6
340,000,000 YBN 7 8 9 10 11 12 13	384) Hard-shell egg.1 The Amniota {aMnEOtu2 } (ancestor of reptiles, mammals and birds).3 Start of vertebrate internal fertilization.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit 3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1 4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234. 5. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html 6. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html 7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p232. 8. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 9. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 11. ^ "Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops {295 MYBN (verify} 12. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009. 13. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract MORE INFO [1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate egg", Am J Sci 1939 237: 826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+vertebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc e&resourcetype=HWCIT [2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304086 [3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525, 10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 168952504000757) [4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fenestrae> [5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orbit>	earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland5 6
317,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6 7	385) Reptiles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract 3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009, p232. 4. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07 December 1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 5. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17, 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found -in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil} 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN} 7. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract	earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada2
260,000,000 YBN 2 3 4	232) Warm-blooded, hair growing animal.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 2. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089 3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol 57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0 00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian} 4. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia 240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn} MORE INFO [1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) : 317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
228,000,000 YBN 6 7 8	412) Dinosaurs.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 4. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html 5. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. 6. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) : 64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228 MYBN} 7. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN} 8. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}	earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina4 5
225,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	126) Mammals.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 3. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN} 4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197. 5. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life, 2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf MORE INFO [1] http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html	earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA2
220,000,000 YBN 4 5	428) First flying vertebrate (Pterosaur).1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC 2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition, 2009, p390. 3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) : 263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055 4. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN} 5. ^ http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecchia.htm [2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266; doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
150,000,000 YBN 2	393) Birds evolve. First feather.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split} MORE INFO [1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354 [2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) : 1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full [3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763 [4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) : 226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html [5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312 [6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q., Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x [7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
145,000,000 YBN 5 6 7 8 9	245) First flowering plant.1 2 3 Fruits, nuts, vegetables.4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short 2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). 3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/ 4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html 5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613. 6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt) 320 mybn (radiation at 180my} 8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn) {320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn} 9. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009, p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf MORE INFO [1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit [2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009): 105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339 [3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php	Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China
140,000,000 YBN 6 7 8 9 10 11	457) Marsupials.1 First nipple and breast.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. 3. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found, BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm 4. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht ml 5. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN} 7. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN} 8. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf 9. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN} 10. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee, M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009). {193-186} 11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.	China3 4 5
125,000,000 YBN 3 4 5 6	163) Placental mammals.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} 3. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p. 42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html {nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN} 4. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282. 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225. MORE INFO [1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature, 416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html	earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China2
105,000,000 YBN 3 4 5	491) Afrotheres.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN} 4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). 5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).	Africa2
85,000,000 YBN 3 4	499) Laurasiatheres.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p200. {85 MYBN} 4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)	Laurasia2
65,000,000 YBN 4 5	508) Rodents.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/ 3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360. MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires [3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia [4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
63,000,000 YBN 3	587) Primates.1 Opposable thumb. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) {63 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm [2] http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html	Africa or India2
24,000,000 YBN 2	662) Primate loses tail.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my}
6,000,000 YBN 4 5	544) Chimpanzees.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 2. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN} 5. ^ http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8 mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	Africa3
4,400,000 YBN 9 10	546) Ardipithecus.1 2 3 4 5 6 Earliest bipedal primate.7 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html 4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes; Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306. Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p93. 7. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 8. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 9. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152 (2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6 MYBN} 10. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp. 137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294 {6 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001). http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/35084063	Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa8
SCIENCE
2,500,000 YBN 3	455) Stone tools.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus 2. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html 3. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333–336 (1997) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}	Gona, Ethiopia2
2,200,000 YBN 7	447) Humans.1 Homo habilis.2 The human brain starts getting bigger.3 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1 2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm 3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 4. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C. Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09). "Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID 17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html 5. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia & Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID 3106831 6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p78 7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.	(Kenya4 and Tanzania5 ) Africa6
1,800,000 YBN 4 5 6	563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS1 }.2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71 3. ^ Brown, Frank et al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 316.6031 (1985): 788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html 4. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} 5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445. 6. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001 http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html [2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416 [3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html [4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series	Lake Turkana, East Africa3
1,700,000 YBN 4	449) Erectus moves into Eurasia.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html 3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47, No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer, 1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324 4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN} MORE INFO [1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p69-77 [2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001.
1,500,000 YBN 3	583) Controlled use of fire.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf} 3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) : 464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html {1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}	(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa2
1,000,000 YBN 2 3	589) Erectus evolves less body hair.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275 {1 MYBN} 3. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair." Curr Anthropol 2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
970,000 YBN 4 5 6	200) Hominids wear clothing.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html 2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News, 07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419 3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html 4. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G. Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010), 229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html {970,000} 5. ^ Melissa A. Toups, Andrew Kitchen, Jessica E. Light, and David L. Reed, "Origin of Clothing Lice Indicates Early Clothing Use by Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa", Mol Biol Evol (2011) 28(1): 29-32 first published online September 7, 2010 doi:10.1093/molbev/msq234 {83,000-170,000YBN} 6. ^ Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, Mark Stoneking, Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing, Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 16, 19 August 2003, Pages 1414-1417, ISSN 0960-9822, 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0960982203005074) {72,000YBN +/- 42,000years}	Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK3
400,000 YBN 4 5 6	615) Spear.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 3. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 . http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012): 942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942 5. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’, Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810 . http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19 970227.pdf} {400,000YBN} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Hartmut Thieme. Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997); doi:10.1038/385807a0	Kathu Pan 1, South Africa2 |(Schöningen, Germany.3 )
200,000 YBN 8 9 10	548) Homo sapiens.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011. 4. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html 5. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf 6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html 7. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024 8. ^ McDougall, Ian, Francis H. Brown, and John G. Fleagle. “Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human Evolution 55.3 (2008) : 409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024 9. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736 (17 February 2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html {200,000 YBN} 10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003) [2] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)	Ethiopia, Africa5 6 7
200,000 YBN	590) The thirty sounds of human language.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington
101,000 YBN [99000 BC] 2 3 4	594) Sapiens move into Eurasia.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html 2. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 3. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000 YBN} 4. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002 -6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short {000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html [2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) : 45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
100,000 YBN [98000 BC] 4 5 6	6333) Theory of Gods.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 3. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125 4. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and selfless behavior", 1993, p163. 5. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989): 756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html 6. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054 40383710125	(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel2 3
61,000 YBN [59000 BC] 5 6 7 8 9	614) Bow and arrows.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also Antiquity 84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx 4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 5. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142 6. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA Times, 07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?track=rss 7. ^ Paola Villa, et al, "Border Cave and the beginning of the Later Stone Age in South Africa", PNAS, July 30, 2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract 8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Jim Hamm, "The Traditional Bowyer's Bible", Volume 2, 2000, p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTtprAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86 [2] Collins, Desmond (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its European setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551	Sibudu Cave, South Africa3 4
46,000 YBN [44000 BC] 3 4 5	577) Humans reach Australia by boat.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html 2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nature01383.html 3. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003) 4. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html 5. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p471. MORE INFO [1] David B. Goldstein and Lounès Chikhi, "HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date September 2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320 0 [2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual Review of Genetics, Vol. 41: 539 -564 (Volume publication date December 2007) http://www.annualreviews.org/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1146%2Fannurev. genet.41.110306.130407 [3] doi:10.1038/nature01383 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6925/abs/nat ure01383.html [4] http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908490.html
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 3 4 5	604) Oil lamp.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} 3. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March 1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN} 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5. {79,000BCE} 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp	Southwest France2
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 5 6	1262) Painting.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ", 6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492 2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 3. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 4. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave 5. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract 6. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave	(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain3 |Southern France4
40,000 YBN [38000 BC] 6 7 8	5871) Musical instrument.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm 3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. 4. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ 5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 6. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature 460, 695-696(6 August 2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full /460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN} 7. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ {35000BCE} 8. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1. {34000BCE}	Hohle Fels Cave, Germany5
32,000 YBN [30000 BC] 4 5 6 7 8	602) Weaving.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1 3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 4. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946), 1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN} 5. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN} 7. ^ {9000YBN} 8. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze ...", 1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN} MORE INFO [1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>	Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia3
31,700 YBN [29700 BC] 3 4	42) Humans raise dogs.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) 3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M. Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440308002380) {31,700 YBN} 4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE} MORE INFO [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication	Goyet cave, Belgium2
29,000 YBN [27000 BC] 3 4	6215) Ceramics.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 2. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 3. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 {29,000} 4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000}	Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia2
18,000 YBN [16000 BC] 4 5 6 7	603) Pottery.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm 3. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 4. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu, Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS 2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009, doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4 f27ab46 {18,000} 5. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN} 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm {17,500YBN} 7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}	(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China2 3
13,000 YBN [11000 BC] 6 7 8	578) Humans enter America.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html 2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm 3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ 4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm 5. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) 6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm {13000 YBN} 7. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ {13000 YBN} 8. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN}	Mexico City4 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA5
11,000 YBN [9000 BC] 4 5	606) First city.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 3. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho 4. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC} 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981, p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981.pdf}	Jericho, (modern West Bank2 ) Palestine3
9,500 YBN [7500 BC] 5 6 7 8	612) Wheat grown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short 4. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 5. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full 6. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN} 7. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News. 2008-12-14. 8. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm MORE INFO [1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002): 700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm l [2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge. Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p. 528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510 8078 [3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002). "AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906 [4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67	Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria2 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria3 (Nevali Cori, Turkey4 )
9,240 YBN [7240 BC] 3 4	1478) Squash grown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract 3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833), 1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240} 4. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/science/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn)	Paiján, Peru2
7,700 YBN [5700 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11	719) Rice grown.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 2. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 3. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 4. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 5. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921 (2009): 1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom estication_Rice_2009.pdf} 6. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007). 7. ^ Domestication and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1 March 1999: 37-56. http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf} 8. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {11500} {Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf} 9. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN} 10. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 91. ISBN 0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91 {Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf} 11. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012, p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C	Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province2 3 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan provinces), China4
7,000 YBN [5000 BC] 3 4 5 6	627) Metal casting (copper).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) 3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar, Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11, November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403, 10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0 305440310001986) {c7000 YBN} 4. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace : evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165. Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2 000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4716.pdf} {5500BCE} 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce) 6. ^ "Copper (5000 BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000 BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H. Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283, Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261	Belovode, Eastern Serbia2
5,500 YBN [3500 BC] 6 7	646) The wheel.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27. 2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) 5. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} 7. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE} MORE INFO [1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62, (2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487 [2] http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/ue/uea.html [3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983 [4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN SLOVENIA" March 2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/w orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/	Mesopotamia4 5 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)
5,350 YBN [3350 BC] 5 6 7 8	1261) Writing on clay tablets.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm 2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to kens#n_1_a 4. ^ "Sumerian writing>.". Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr iting>. 5. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p. 50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing 6. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm (3300bce) 7. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false 8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. MORE INFO [1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.php/The_Late_Uruk_period [2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000) [3] Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14	Uruk4
5,310 YBN [3310 BC] 3 4 5	704) Animal pulled vehicles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). 2. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. 3. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC} 4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC} 5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN} MORE INFO [1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly. Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 1998. ISBN 9780924171543 [2] http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand ard_of_ur.aspx	(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland2
4,500 YBN [2500 BC] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20	635) Iron casting.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722 6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935. Ankara, 1937. 7. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account. 8. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 9. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ 10. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep., 1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714 11. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 12. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073 13. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate 25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf} 14. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136 15. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ {930/910 BCE} 16. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN) 17. ^ http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000) 18. ^ "Iron (3500 YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500 YBN) (3500) 19. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>. 20. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191 MORE INFO [1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age	Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)4 5 6 |Palestine7 8 |Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan9 10 |Central Europe and north Assyria11
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 3 4 5 6 7 8	667) Glass making.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf 3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf {4300 YBN} 4. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994, p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf} AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN} 5. ^ James Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National Geographic News June 16, 2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm l {35000 YBN} 6. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729 (Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666 {35000 YBN} 7. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html {5500YBN} 8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}	Mesopotamia2
4,300 YBN [2300 BC] 4 5 6 7 8	1271) Written stories.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 2. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. 3. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 4. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is also a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf}) 5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C 6. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961. http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108 7. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse, 2011, p xi. 8. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608. MORE INFO [1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature [2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1: http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAAAYAAJ vol 4: http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAAAYAAJ vol 5: http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAAAYAAJ [3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic", http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC [4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008	Lagash2 |Nippur3
4,000 YBN [2000 BC] 5 6	733) Lock and key.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263 2. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm 3. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) 4. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh 5. ^ http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm (=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh} 6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}	Nineveh,3 Assyria on the Tigris River4
3,531 YBN [1531 BC] 4 5	639) Planets recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false 3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 4. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish Studies. University of Sydney, 2009, p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf 5. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395. http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false	Babylon3
2,529 YBN [529 BC] 4	772) Earth described as a sphere.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates [2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem	Croton, Italy3
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 5 6	836) That stars are other Suns is known.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books I-V", 137-139. (similar translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ 2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999, p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9. 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions) MORE INFO [1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?)	Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens3 |Did not move to Athens until around 462 bce4
2,467 YBN [467 BC] 5	1894) Particle (or wireless) communication.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac ard%3D258 2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History 3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33. 4. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus 5. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE} MORE INFO [1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) [2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke [3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke [4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology [5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html [6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/ [7] http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm [8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html [9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History (1684)	Argos, Greece4
2,460 YBN [460 BC] 3 4	841) Theory of atoms.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce) 4. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus (=500-450bce)
2,260 YBN [260 BC] 3	882) Rotation of Earth around self and Sun understood.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE} MORE INFO [1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009438 [2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes	(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt2
2,246 YBN [246 BC] 5 6 7	898) Size of Earth known.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes 3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980). 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?) 6. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). (c276-194BCE) 7. ^ Dutka, Jacques. “‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered’.” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May 2012. http://www.springerlink.com/content/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf (c230BCE {275-194BCE})	Alexandria, Egypt4
2,140 YBN [140 BC] 5 6 7	1070) Paper.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 2. ^ http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm 3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 4. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm 5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf} 6. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm (=140-87BCE) 7. ^ http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-e.htm {140-87BCE} MORE INFO [1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6	Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China3 |Xian, China4
2,056 YBN [56 BC] 5	1045) Theory that light is an atom.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume 1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ 2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884, p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC 3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius", Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008, p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37. 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37. MORE INFO [1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC) [2] "Light". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light [3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic [4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter	Rome, Italy4
1,950 YBN [50 AD] 3 4	1078) Steam engine.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p40. 2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c20-?) 4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40) MORE INFO [1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980)	Alexandria, Egypt
1,150 YBN [850 AD] 5 6	1144) Gunpowder.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} 4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. 5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599, p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850} 6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850}	China3 4
1,040 YBN [960 AD] 4 5	6186) Rocket.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt 2. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. 3. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt 4. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE} 5. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE} MORE INFO [1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382397/military-technology/57612 /The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650>	China2 3
868 YBN [1132 AD] 5 6	1146) Gun.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} 5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237. 6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu, Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605. Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf} MORE INFO [1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038534/gunpowder [2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583 [3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder	Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China3 4
772 YBN [1228 AD] 5 6 7 8 9	1392) Theory that all matter is made of light.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942. http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf {Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf} 2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml 3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html 4. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 5. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools, Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253) (c1168-1253) 7. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253) 8. ^ "Robert Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste (c1175-1253) 9. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253)	Oxford, England4
392 YBN [1608 AD] 4 5	1618) Telescope.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. 2. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) 5. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland2 ) (modern: Netherlands)3
390 YBN [01/??/1610 AD] 3	1605) Moons of Jupiter seen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo 3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology	(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy2
390 YBN [1610 AD] 4	6488) Microscope.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 2. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852, p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9 3. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey 4. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series, p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30 MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608) [3] "microscope". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380582/microscope>	Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland2 ) (modern: Netherlands)3
357 YBN [1643 AD] 3	1692) Vacuum.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli 2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli 3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643) MORE INFO [1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli [2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric-pressure	Florence, Italy2
322 YBN [1678 AD] 3	3592) Direct neuron activation. Muscle contracted with electricity.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA 2. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam 3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837", E. & F. N. Spon, 1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}" MORE INFO [1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam [2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?cat=technology [3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.html [4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary [5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/herbal/swammerdam.htm [6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam (1672) [7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P. Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891. http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9AQAAIAAJ [8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeling.htm	Amsterdam, Netherlands2 (presumably)
313 YBN [1687 AD] 3	1845) Law of gravitation.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687), p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190 AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English (note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1, p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259 2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton 3. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton [2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem [3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html [4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html [5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47 [6] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma lized [7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0 [8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi [9] http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html [10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15 [11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics [12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182	Cambridge, England2 (presumably)
209 YBN [1791 AD] 3	2175) Remote neuron activation (muscle contracted remotely by light particles).1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953. 2. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani 3. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani (1791) MORE INFO [1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/lecture14.html	Bologna, Italy2
200 YBN [03/20/1800 AD] 3 4	2250) Electric battery.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. 2. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta 3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800) 4. ^ "alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends letter to Banks secretary of royal society) MORE INFO [1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta [2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm	Pavia, Italy2
200 YBN [03/27/1800 AD] 4 5	2179) Invisible light recognized.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. 3. ^ "Sir William Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel 4. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800) MORE INFO [1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel	Slough, England3
199 YBN [11/12/1801 AD] 4	2405) Frequencies of light measured.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161. 2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_ on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf} 3. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27. http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680 mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801} 4. ^ Thomas Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ {11/12/1801} MORE INFO [1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29 [2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun. 2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/etalon> [3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9 74a16d595c628d0π=24 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140	London, England3
191 YBN [1809 AD] 4	2481) Electric light.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286. 2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology 3. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology 4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1809) MORE INFO [1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet [2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm	London, England3
180 YBN [1820 AD] 4	3374) Gas combustion engine.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine 2. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239. http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1 3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine 4. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1820} MORE INFO [1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>	(Magdalen College2 ) Cambridge, England3
179 YBN [09/11/1821 AD] 3 4	2701) Electric motor.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM 2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday 3. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts. Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96. http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some +new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&source=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj 9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor.pdf} (09/11/1821) 4. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821) MORE INFO [1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology [2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday [3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm [4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031 [5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1 [10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael Faraday	(Royal Institution in) London, England2
174 YBN [1826 AD] 3 4 5	2355) Photograph.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html 2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce 3. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9phore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826) 4. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7) 5. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7) MORE INFO [1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Niepce [2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048518/lithography	Chalon-sur-Saône, France2
170 YBN [1830 AD] 8 9 10 11	4003) Sound recorded.1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false 2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false 3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864, pag. 83, §. 17. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von +den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864, p. 83, §. 17. 6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band, Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon, Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber. 7. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false 8. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der ...", 1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830} 9. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999, p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830} 10. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879, p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false 11. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29", p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false MORE INFO [1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber [2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)	(University of) Göttingen, Germany7
169 YBN [09/??/1831 AD] 4	2705) Electric generator.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006. {Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf} 2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm 3. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday 4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm (09/??/1831) MORE INFO [1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday [2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology [3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday [4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of 1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 / 1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031 [6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico [7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin [8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html [9] http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science +of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1	(Royal Institution in) London, England3
168 YBN [1832 AD] 4	2514) Plastic.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm 2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers 3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm 4. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm (1832) MORE INFO [1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot [2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?cat=health	Nancy, France3
161 YBN [07/29/1839 AD] 5	3308) Light converted to electricity.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic radiation of sunlight by means of electric currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145 2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839, p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561 3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>. 4. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72. 5. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34, 1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839} MORE INFO [1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106050> [2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becquerel [3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquerel [4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous l'influence de la lumière solaire", 1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1 [5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45872> [6] http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BecquerelEdmond.html [7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4bw {video of liquid oxygen paramagnetism}	(University of Paris) Paris, France4
155 YBN [04/??/1845 AD] 4 5 6	2839) Spiral galaxies seen.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. 3. ^ http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Galaxies.html 4. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850): 499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449 5. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845) 6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845) MORE INFO [1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse [2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Parsons_Rosse [3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html [4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.html [5] http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_ of_rosse#default [6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844): 321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108366	(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland3
142 YBN [07/01/1858 AD] 4 5	3033) Theory of evolution.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 2. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>. 3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 4. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858): 45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45 5. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>. (07/01/1858) MORE INFO [1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online. http://darwin-online.org.uk/ [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin	(Linnean Society), London, England2 3
141 YBN [10/20/1859 AD] 4 5 6 7	3087) Atomic composition determined from light spectra.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 2. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen 3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} 4. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665 (presented Oct. 20, 1859). http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions: 0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical Magazine, 1860, 19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859} 5. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp. 565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2 {Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {10/20/1859} 6. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859) 7. ^ "Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859) MORE INFO [1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen [2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen [3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm [4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154 [5] http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html [6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887). http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1 814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf} [7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen, "Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860), pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18 60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html} [8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p. vi. (1889). http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9 4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}	(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany2 3
139 YBN [10/26/1861 AD] 4 5	3997) Microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound converted to electricity and back.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A biographical sketch, with ...", 1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf} 2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq= %22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl =en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q =%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false 3. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false 4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/26/1861} 5. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties", 1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1861} MORE INFO [1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone", 1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+ History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false [2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the phonograph", 1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone& as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false [3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements", Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878, p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?id=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false [4] The Talking Machine Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt	(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute, Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany3
125 YBN [08/28/1875 AD] 3	5575) Direct neuron reading.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} 3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical Journal, 1875, V2, p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508 28.pdf} {08/28/1875}	Liverpool, England2
120 YBN [1880 AD] 3	5839) Artificial muscle.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 2. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" 3. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786, 1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays [6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885> [9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752	(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany2
118 YBN [03/24/1882 AD] 5 6	3620) Invisible particle communication.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires", Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886, p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119 4. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ 6. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902, p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882} MORE INFO [1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.� Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41 (1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nBE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130	(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA4
111 YBN [06/21/1889 AD] 6 7 8 9	4021) Motion picture camera.1 2 3 4 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false 2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false 3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 4. ^ Josef Eder, "History of Photography", 1945, p515. 5. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} 6. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889} 7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889} 8. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915, p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false {1882} 9. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909, p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false {1889} MORE INFO [1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note: seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t]) [2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943, p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety 20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0 [3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm	(Piccadilly) London, England5
105 YBN [11/05/1895 AD] 4 5	3936) X-rays.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895. also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1, pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23, 1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274 OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf OR Science, 02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1 OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. 3. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>. 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895} 5. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html {11/05/1895} MORE INFO [1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen [4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen [5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays [6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752 [7] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270 (1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART [8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages: 93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART [9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century", Longmans, Green, 1910, p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18 88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1tPDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1 [10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200708/history.cfm [11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904, p530-531. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq= intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1 [12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans, Green, and co., 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4TckASbmYHLAw [13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm	(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany3
97 YBN [03/23/1903 AD] 3 4	4493) Airplane.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>. 2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903} 4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635. {12/17/1903} MORE INFO [1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/ [2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers [3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil [5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561> [6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>	Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA2
94 YBN [12/21/1906 AD] 4 5 6	4788) Electric switch and amplifier.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411. 2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 3. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18, 1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {12/21/1906} 5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906} 6. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest {1907 (patented} MORE INFO [1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest [3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. (2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy	(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA3
93 YBN [05/??/1907 AD] 3	4269) Atoms separated by mass.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson [2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html [3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1 [4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false [5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890 49:84-100; doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8 4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false [6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894, p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity +of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20 cathode-rays&f=false [7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896, p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false [8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312 [9] J.J. Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9, 1896, 126 [10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274 [11] Sir Joseph John Thomson, Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry, 1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some %20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2 0some%20respects%22&f=false [12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935, edition 2, p319-320 [13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 [14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the members of the ..., Volume 16, 04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false [15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9 [16] Isobel Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32 226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015) [17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205> [18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509 [19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899, p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by% 20incandescent%20platinum&f=false [20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13, 1905, p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+ gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa =X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20 the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false [21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil. Mag. II, 769, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+ number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false [22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp. 1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2 Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return ArticleService=showArticle [23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16, 1912, 643	(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England2
93 YBN [11/13/1907 AD] 2	354) Helicopter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>. 2. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm {11/13/1907} MORE INFO [1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138077/Paul-Cornu>
92 YBN [06/06/1908 AD] 3	3616) Image sent and received by radio.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} 3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American (1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1 page) http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10& VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908} MORE INFO [1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result	London, England2
81 YBN [04/??/1919 AD] 4	4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} 2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w 3. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx. pdf} 4. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf} {04/1919} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson [2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford [3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906 http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ 6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false [4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers, 1962, 3 volumes [5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897, 189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343 [6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022 [7] Ernest Rutherford, "The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18, 1906, p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source= gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false [8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov 1897, p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6 AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm [10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163 1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw& sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false [11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html [12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395 [13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192 1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2 2&f=false [14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665 [15] Rutherford and Soddy, "The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902, pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq =editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false [16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902 [17] Ernest Rutherford, "The Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil. Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187. http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic +and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd 6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi =book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and %20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f= false [18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation [19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20 1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2 0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false [20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag ser 6, v 561-76 1903 [21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208 [22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1 1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false [23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2 1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3 [25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688 [26] Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55, 03/07/1911, pp18-20 [27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag, March 1914, s6, v27, pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html [28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8 [29] Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html	(University of Manchester) Manchester, England3
68 YBN [04/16/1932 AD] 4	5182) Atomic fission.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft 2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 3. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} 4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April 1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932} MORE INFO [1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton [2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920) [3] H Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke, V11, p59-66, 1920 [4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT Applications, 04/1994 [5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher [6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh [7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811 (Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496 [8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages 1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig= search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=& view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1 a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a [9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Jan. 2011. Document URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900939&v=2.1&u=univca20&it =r&p=GVRL&sw=w [10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/ [11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February 1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html [12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March 1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html [13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html [14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630; doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8 30/619.full.pdf+html	(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3
63 YBN [05/22/1937 AD] 4 5	5515) Picture of individual atoms.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" 2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>. 3. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller 4. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106, Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI: 10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of field cathode" {05/22/1937} 5. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller {1936} MORE INFO [1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_Mueller	(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany3
61 YBN [04/30/1939 AD] 5 6	5835) Bipedal robot.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm 2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009, Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha rkey_200901xx.pdf} 3. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185. 4. ^ "Elektro". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro 5. ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around) 04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair} 6. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm {1939 (verify} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8QSA&feature=related [2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs&feature=related [3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today", Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006 [4] http://www.archive.org/details/middleton_family_worlds_fair_1939	(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA3 4
47 YBN [04/02/1953 AD] 5	5660) Structure of DNA understood.1 2 3 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887. 3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>. 4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} 5. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue: 4356 page: 737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_ Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953}	(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England4
46 YBN [05/05/1954 AD] 8 9	5649) MASER.1 2 3 4 5 6 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264 (1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf} 3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101, 47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English: 4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English: 5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP 1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf} 6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. 7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} 8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys. Rev. 95, 282–284 (1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19 540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954} 9. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>. {12/1953} MORE INFO [1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-townes [2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308 (1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v102/i5/p1308_1 [3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html { Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf} [4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev. 133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i5A/pA1221_1	(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA7
43 YBN [10/04/1957 AD] 3	5486) Human-made satellite.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B 3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}	(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2
41 YBN [09/14/1959 AD] 3	5597) Ship impacts moon.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959} MORE INFO [1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A [2] http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007# [3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html	(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.2
39 YBN [04/12/1961 AD] 3	5601) Human orbits Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A 2. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument". http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972 7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.003296,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385 &spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17. 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A {04/12/1961} MORE INFO [1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin> [2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896	Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.2
31 YBN [07/21/1969 AD] 3	655) Humans walk on the moon of Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C {07/21/1969} {Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969} MORE INFO [1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4	Moon of Earth2
29 YBN [12/02/1971 AD] 3	5620) Ship lands on Mars.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F {12/02/1971}	Planet Mars2
27 YBN [12/03/1973 AD] 3	5622) Ship reaches Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A 3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html {12/03/1973} MORE INFO [1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html	Planet Jupiter2
21 YBN [09/01/1979 AD] 3	388) Ship reaches Saturn.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html 2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html 3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html {09/01/1979}	Planet Saturn2
14 YBN [01/24/1986 AD] 4	5628) Ship reaches Uranus.1 2 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {01/24/1986} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2	Planet Uranus3
12 YBN [12/14/1988 AD] 3	6194) Microscopic motor.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest., International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415 {12/11/1988-12/14/1988}	(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA2
11 YBN [08/25/1989 AD] 3	5629) Ship reaches Neptune.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A 3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A {08/25/1989} MORE INFO [1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2	Planet Neptune2
10 YBN [01/17/1990 AD] 3	6191) Individual atoms moved.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html 3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990); doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524 a0.html {01/17/1990} MORE INFO [1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D. Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) : 294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html [2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982); doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1	(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA2
1 YAN [06/28/2001 AD] 3	6192) Microscopic radio chip.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html 2. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} 3. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” " http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010 628.pdf} {06/28/2001} MORE INFO [1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC, 02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6389581.stm [2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/337 [3] http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-develops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna -%C2%B5-chip	(Hitachi) Japan2
8 YAN [12/10/2008 AD] 3	3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured remotely.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6 {12/10/2008} MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen	(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan2
FUTURE
15 YAN [2015 AD] 2	332) Sound a brain hears recorded remotely.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2015}
18 YAN [2018 AD]	6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle. MORE INFO [1]
25 YAN [2025 AD]	337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research -team/ [2] http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen [3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6193) Microscopic camera. MORE INFO [1]
25 YAN [2025 AD]	6198) Microscopic flying camera.
30 YAN [2030 AD] 2	365) Thought-audio recorded and played out loud. Humans start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
30 YAN [2030 AD] 1	366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
30 YAN [2030 AD] 2	680) Thought-images seen.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025} MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
50 YAN [2050 AD] 2	790) Humans walk with robot servants.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my own estimate}
100 YAN [2100 AD]	367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
100 YAN [2100 AD] 2	793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.1 FOOTNOTE S 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate} MORE INFO [1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.html [2] future_est.xls
100 YAN [2100 AD] 2	794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate) {2100 my own estimate}
140 YAN [2140 AD] 1	687) Large scale transmutation: common atoms like Iron converted into Hydrogen and Oxygen using particle colliders. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. MORE INFO [1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html [2] future_est.xls
180 YAN [2180 AD]	4594) Humans live on Mars.	Mars
200 YAN [2200 AD] 2	792) Robots do most manual labor tasks.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington 2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own estimate}
200 YAN [2200 AD] 2	795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls 2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate)
350 YAN [2350 AD]	6393) Ship reaches other star (Alpha Centauri). First close up pictures of planets of a different star. MORE INFO [1]
370 YAN [2370 AD] 1	6209) Living objects found around another star (bacteria made of DNA). FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}	Alpha Centauri
500 YAN [2500 AD] 2 3	686) End of death by aging.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {2500} 3. ^ future_est.xls
650 YAN [2650 AD] 2	4619) Humans create atoms from light particles.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1	4615) Humans live on Venus. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Venus
800 YAN [2800 AD] 1	4628) Humans change the motion of a moon. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}	Jupiter
850 YAN [2850 AD] 1	4580) Humans change the motion of a planet. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Earth
900 YAN [2900 AD] 1	29) Ship impacts Jupiter. First image of surface of Jupiter. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Jupiter
1,200 YAN [3200 AD]	4614) Ship from Centauri reaches Earth with objects. MORE INFO [1]	Earth System
1,200 YAN [3200 AD] 2	4637) Humans reach a different star, Centauri.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200 (100 years per light year 400 years}	Alpha Centauri
1,500 YAN [3500 AD] 1 2	684) Atmosphere of Venus removed. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ future_est.xls	Venus
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4644) Atmosphere of Jupiter removed. MORE INFO [1]	Jupiter
2,000 YAN [4000 AD]	4646) Humans have ships at 10 stars.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2,500 YAN [4500 AD]	4655) Humans live on Jupiter.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Jupiter
2,500 YAN [4500 AD] 1	4662) Motion of all planets under control. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.
3,100 YAN [5100 AD] 2	4671) Image of advanced life of a different star.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
3,500 YAN [5500 AD]	6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.	Sun
4,000 YAN [6000 AD] 2	4675) Humans touch advanced life of a different star.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington. 2. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
5,000 YAN [7000 AD] 1 2	678) One trillion humans. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html 2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%) (at current rate is 2600}
25,000 YAN [27000 AD]	4677) Humans inhabit 100 stars and form a globular cluster of 10 stars.
45,000 YAN [47000 AD]	4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
63,000 YAN [65000 AD]	6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt	Earth
65,000 YAN [67000 AD] 1	6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion	Earth
70,000 YAN [72000 AD]	4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
90,000 YAN [92000 AD] 1	6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
138,000 YAN	4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed. MORE INFO [1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
148,000 YAN 1	100) The star of Earth is consumed. FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
630,000 YAN	106) Ten to the power 100 humans. MORE INFO [1]
30,000,000,000 YAN	4687) Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates with Magellanic Cloud galaxies.1 FOO TNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Milky Way Galaxy
40,000,000,000 YAN	4688) Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join.1 FOOTNOTES 1. ^ Ted Huntington.	Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy

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