TIMEEVENT DESCRIPTIONLOCATION

UNIVERSE
1,000,000,000,000 YBN
1) We are a tiny part of a universe that is made of an infinite amount of
space, matter and time.
  
990,000,000,000 YBN
2) There is more space than matter.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
980,000,000,000 YBN
3) All matter is made of particles of light.3 Light particles are the base
unit of all matter from the tiniest particles to the largest galaxies.4 In
this sense light particles are the most basic atoms.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
970,000,000,000 YBN
11) The universe has no start or end. The same light particles that have always
been, continue to move in the space that has always been.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
960,000,000,001 YBN
5) Matter and motion can never be created or destroyed. Matter can never be
converted into motion, and motion can never be converted into matter.3
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
950,000,000,000 YBN
6) Light particles become trapped with each other and so form structures such
as protons, atoms, molecules, planets, stars, galaxies, and clusters of
galaxies.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
940,000,000,000 YBN
7) All of the billions of galaxies we see are only a tiny part of the universe.
We will never see most of the universe because no light particles from there
can ever reach us.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980). (estimate of how many galaxies)
  
935,000,000,000 YBN
4) There is a pattern in the universe. Light particles move from highly dense
volumes of space to volumes of less density. In low density volumes, light
particles slowly accumulate to form atoms of Hydrogen and Helium which exist as
gas clouds (like the Magellanic Clouds or Orion nebula). These gas clouds,
called nebulae continue to accumulate trapped light particles. At points of
high density planets and stars form and the cloud is eventually dense enough to
become a galaxy of stars. The stars emit light particles back out to the rest
of the universe, where the light again becomes trapped and forms new clouds.
Around each star are many planets and pieces of matter. On many of the planets
rotating around stars, living objects evolve that can copy themselves by
converting matter around them into more of them. Living objects need matter to
replace matter lost from the constant emitting of light particles (decay). Like
bacteria, these living objects grow in number, with the most successful
organisms occupying and moving around many stars. These advanced organisms then
move the groups of stars they control, as a globular cluster, away from the
plane of the spiral galaxy. As time continues, all of the stars of a galaxy are
occupied by living objects who have organized their stars into globular
clusters, and these globular clusters together, form a globular galaxy. The
globular galaxy may then exist for a long time living off the matter in stars,
in addition to matter from external sources.

So free light particles are trapped into volumes of space that grow in density
first forming atoms, then gas clouds, then stars, a spiral galaxy, and finally
a globular galaxy.3

Stars at our scale may be light particles at a much larger scale, just as light
particles at our scale may be stars at a much smaller scale. This system may go
on infinitely in both larger and smaller scale.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
930,000,000,000 YBN
8) An expanding universe seems unlikely to me. The supposed red-shifted calcium
absorption lines may be a mistaken observation, for one reason because spectrum
size changes the position of spectral lines1 , and because the distance of a
light source changes the position, but not the frequency of spectral lines2 .
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Humason, M. L., "The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic
Nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, vol. 83, p.10, Jan
1936. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1936ApJ....83...10H/0000010.000.
html
2. ^ Ted Huntington, "Spectral line position depends on distance of light
source - Bragg Equation Effect",
04/03/2012. http://tedhuntington.com/paper_Bragg.htm
  

LIFE
165,000,000,000 YBN
13) The Milky Way Nebula starts to form.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
33,000,000,000 YBN
6180) The first star in the Milky Way Galaxy forms.3

Atoms may form near the surface of planets and stars.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
22,000,000,000 YBN
6181) Living objects in the Milky Way Galaxy reach another star using a ship.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
10,000,000,000 YBN
6182) The first globular cluster of 100,000 stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.3
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
4 		16) The star Earth orbits forms.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington, guess

MORE INFO
[1] http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/208/mar1/nucleo.html (with image of
onion skin layers)
[2] another person declares star inside to be similar to planets:
iron, oxygen, nickel, etc. do not support standard solar
model. star_inside_iron.pdf
  
5,500,000,000 YBN
4 		17) Planets form around our star. Like the star, they are red hot with liquid
rock and metals on the surface. Lighter atoms move to the surface of the
planets. Larger planets are surrounded by gas.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
21) The moon of Earth is captured.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
4 5 		30) Planet Earth cools. Molten liquid rock turns into a solid thin crust. Water
condenses and falls to the surface, filling the lowest parts of the land to
make the first Earth oceans, lakes, and rivers.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
2. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
3. ^ part about rain and streams going to bottom of land:
http://www.ersdac.or.jp/Others/geoessay_htm/geoessay_e/geo_text_09_e.htm
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,600,000,000 YBN
3 		50) Start of the "Precambrian". The Hadean {HA DEen1 } Eon.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
2. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
3. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010,
USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
4,571,000,000 YBN
3 4 		31) Oldest meteorite.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/783048.stm
3. ^
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5472/1819?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits
=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=zag+morocco&searchid=1129920472874_9236&stored_search
=&FIRSTINDEX=0#RF2 (4.7 +- .2 billion years)
4. ^ sci has 4.7 +- .2 by where did 4.571
come from?
  
4,530,000,000 YBN
33) Oldest moon rock.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/atmimages/S73-15446.f.jpg
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/attm/nojs/wl.br.1.html
  
4,404,000,000 YBN
34) Oldest "terrestrial" zircon; evidence that the crust and liquid water are
on the surface of Earth.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/links/010111/010111-1.html
  
4,400,000,000 YBN
18) Larger molecules form on Earth, like amino acids, phosphates, and sugars,
the components of living objects.3

The initial building blocks of living objects are easily formed, but assembling
them into longer-chain molecules, or polymers, is more difficult.4

Possibly all proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are strictly the products of
living objects.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils
Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p150.
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,395,000,000 YBN
19) Nucleic acids form on Earth. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) may be the first
nucleic acid to form. One of these RNA molecules may be the ancestor of all of
life on Earth.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,385,000,000 YBN
167) The first proteins on Earth. Transfer RNA molecules evolve (tRNA), and
link amino acids into proteins using other RNA molecules ("messenger" or mRNA),
as a template.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,380,000,000 YBN
40) A protein can copy RNA. This protein is called an RNA polymerase
{PoL-u-mu-rAS1 }.

For the first time, a nucleic acid functions both as a template for building
proteins (with the help of tRNA molecules) and also as a template for building
other nucleic acid molecules.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Schuppli, Daniel et al. “Altered 3′-terminal RNA Structure in
Phage Qβ Adapted to Host Factor-less Escherichia Coli.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 94.19 (1997): 10239 –10242.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/19/10239.abstract
  
4,370,000,000 YBN
168) The ribosome evolves. First Ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

The ribosome may function as a protocell, providing a platform for more
efficient protein production. A single RNA may contain all the instructions
needed to make more ribosomes.

Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis, through
a process called translation.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ribosome." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 28 Nov.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ribosome
  
4,365,000,000 YBN
166) The first Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. A protein evolves that
allows DNA to be assembled from RNA.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March 1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase:
regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23.
DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
2. ^ Elledge SJ, Zhou Z, Allen JB (March
1992). "Ribonucleotide reductase: regulation, regulation, regulation". Trends
Biochem. Sci. 17 (3): 119–23. DOI:10.1016/0968-0004(92)90249-9. PMID 1412696.
  
4,360,000,000 YBN
212) A protein can copy DNA molecules, a DNA polymerase {PoL-u-mu-rAS2 }.3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003. Answers.com 04
Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
2. ^ "Polymerase." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 26
Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Polymerase>.
3. ^ "DNA polymerase." Genetics. The Gale Group, Inc, 2003.
Answers.com 04 Aug. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dna-polymerase
  
4,360,000,000 YBN
6409) Transcription. A protein assembles RNA from DNA.
  
4,355,000,000 YBN
20) The first cell on Earth (a bacterium). DNA is surrounded by a membrane made
of proteins. The first cytoplasm.4

This cell may form in either fresh or salt water, near the sunlit water surface
or near underwater volcanoes on the ocean floor.5

DNA protected by cytoplasm is more likely to survive and be copied.6

Start of binary cell division.7

This cell structure forms the basis of all future cells of every living object
on Earth.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p145-154.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p145-154.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,350,000,000 YBN
6 		183) Cells make the first lipids on Earth; (fats, oils, waxes4 ).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ find biomarker evidence
2. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ "lipid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
28 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lipid
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,345,000,000 YBN
27) A phospholipid bilayer evolves around the cell.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
4,340,000,000 YBN
64) Operons allow selective protein assembly.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

2. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
3. ^
http://info.bio.cmu.edu/Courses/03441/TermPapers/99TermPapers/GenEvo/operon.html

4. ^ http://web.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/gene-regulation.html#table
  
4,340,000,000 YBN
6340) Facilitated diffusion. Proteins in the cell membrane allow only certain
molecules to enter the cell.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel V. Lim, "Microbiology", 2002,
p101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CKEgLmqfbRQC&pg=PA101
  
4,335,000,000 YBN
28) Cellular respiration. Glycolysis evolves in the cytoplasm. Cells can make
ATP from glucose.2

ATP is the molecule that drives most cellular work.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162.
  
4,330,000,000 YBN
44) Fermentation evolves. Cells can make lactic acid.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
2. ^
http://216.239.63.104/search?q=cache:3s2stckAJoMJ:www.nmc.edu/~ftank/115f04/Ch%2
5209%2520Notes.pdf+cellular+respiration+oldest&hl=en
  
4,325,000,000 YBN
213) Fermentation of ethanol evolves.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
  
4,315,000,000 YBN
196) Active transport evolves. Proteins transport molecules into and out of the
cytoplasm.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/eustruct/cmeu.html
2. ^ "active transport." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
10 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
3. ^ "active transport." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science
. Oxford University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 10 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/active-transport
  
4,200,000,000 YBN
3 4 		292) Prokaryote flagellum evolves.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh,
"Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
2. ^
conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and
Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to
the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews. Microbiology 4 (10):
784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID
16953248. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n10/full/nrmicro1493.html
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
[3] Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/
[4] David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia,
"Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin
of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530.
eukorig6_jmol.pdf
[5] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html
[6] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>
  
4,193,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 		77) Archaea (also called archaebacteria) evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/pdf/Hedges2009Chap05.pdf
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). 2142-1873my (2142-1873my)
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 2300my (2300my)
8. ^
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). 4100my (has arche b4 eu) (4100my)
9. ^
Osawa, S., Honjo, "Archaebacteria vs Metabacteria : Phylogenetic tree of
organisms indicated by comparison of 5S ribosomal RNA sequences.", (Tokyo:
Springer, Tokyo/ Berlin eds.:"Evolution of Life", pp. 325-336,, 1991). 1800my
(1800my)
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). 4000my (4000my)
11. ^ S.
Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales",
Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
3970my (3970my)
  
4,189,000,000 YBN
5 6 		193) The Eubacteria "Hyperthermophiles" evolve (Aquifex, Thermotoga).3 4
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Brocks, Buick, "A
reconstruction of Archean biological diversity based on", Geochimica et
cosmochimica acta, (2003).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of
Life", 2009, p107-110. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
  
4,187,000,000 YBN
5 6 		180) Archaea: Crenarchaeota (Sulfolobus).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi,
Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC
Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of
Life", 2009, p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
  
4,187,000,000 YBN
10 11 		181) Archaea: Euryarchaeota {YRE-oR-KE-O-Tu6 } (methanogens, halobacteria).7 8


Earliest cell response to light.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
5. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=euryarchaeota&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
9. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

10. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The Timetree of Life", 2009,
p102-103. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
11. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44

MORE INFO
[1] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November 2002),
doi:10.1038/nrg929 http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html#to
p
  
4,112,000,000 YBN
3 		58) The first autotrophic cells; cells that can produce some of their own
food.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/44
  
4,100,000,000 YBN
6 		49) Photosynthesis.1

Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and a an electron
donor2 like Hydrogen sulfide into glucose, water, and sulfur.3 Also called
"Carbon fixation".4

This is the ancestor of Photosystem I.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ "reductant."Answers.com
14 Jul. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/reductant
3. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to
Astronomy", 1982, p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
4. ^ "carbon fixation>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
Random House, Inc. "carbon fixation." The American Heritage® Science
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 14 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carbon fixation>.
5. ^ Lockau, Wolfgang, Wolfgang
Nitschke (1993). "Photosystem I and its Bacterial Counterparts". Physiologia
Plantarum 88 (2): 372–381.
DOI:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05512.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3054
.1993.tb05512.x
6. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID
16453059. http://www.springerlink.com/content/g6n805154602432w/?MUD=MP {Olson_
2006.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
  
4,000,000,000 YBN
8 		43) Photosynthesis Photosystem II evolves. Cells emit free Oxygen.4

Bacteria use light particles to convert carbon dioxide gas and water into
glucose, releasing oxygen gas in the process.5 6

This is the main system responsible for producing the Oxygen now in the air of
Earth.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
2. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
3. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
4. ^
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html http://www.ebi
.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm3
5. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
6. ^ Frank H. Shu, "The Physical Universe: An Introduction to Astronomy", 1982,
p537. http://books.google.com/books?id=v_6PbAfapSAC&pg=PA537
7. ^ "photosynthesis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458172/photosynthesis>.
8. ^ Olson JM (May 2006). "Photosynthesis in the Archean era". Photosyn. Res.
88 (2): 109–17. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9040-5. PMID 16453059.

MORE INFO
[1] Campbell, Reece, "Biology", 2009, 190-198
  
4,000,000,000 YBN
4 		51) End of Hadean {HADEiN1 } start of Archean {oRKEiN2 } Eon.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Hadean Time." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/hadean-time
2. ^ "Archean." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/archaean
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ "Divisions of Geologic Time", 2010,
USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		37) (Filamentous) multicellularity evolves in prokaryotes. Photosynthetic
bacteria grow in filaments. Cells stay fastened together after cell division.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
2. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
3. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol.
1, 27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
6. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] Grosberg R. K., Strathmann R. R. 2007 The evolution of
multicellularity: a minor major transition? Ann. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38,
621–654. (doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.114735
[2] Rokas A. 2008 The origins of multicellularity and the early history of the
genetic toolkit for animal development. Ann. Rev. Genet. 42, 235–251.
(doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.42.110807.091513) http://apps.webofknowledge.com/Inb
oundService.do?UT=000261767000011&IsProductCode=Yes&mode=FullRecord&product=WOS&
SID=1EHDdbNiNf4NO8nC299&smartRedirect=yes&SrcApp=CR&DestFail=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.we
bofknowledge.com%3FDestApp%3DCEL%26DestParams%3D%253Faction%253Dretrieve%2526mod
e%253DFullRecord%2526product%253DCEL%2526UT%253D000261767000011%2526customersID%
253DHighwire%26e%3DQZIAIzGgKoYbxc_i_WNamlaqQ0.s968BNEwQvqhM9p.770dFYju0AbJCFAAcj
orA%26SrcApp%3DHighwire%26SrcAuth%3DHighwire&action=retrieve&Init=Yes&SrcAuth=Hi
ghwire&customersID=Highwire&Func=Frame
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		316) Cell differentiation evolves in filamentous prokaryotes, creating
organisms with different kinds of cells.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
3. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
4. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238.
http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238
5. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL.
“Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous
Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995):
285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817.
x/abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Bonner J. T. 1998 The origins of multicellularity. Integr. Biol. 1,
27–36. (doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1%3C27::AID-
INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/abstract;jsessionid=DEEFA3C8E4647CC2CECE51E3692EAF4B.d01t03
  
3,950,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		322) Nitrogen fixation. Cells can make nitrogen compounds like ammonia from
Nitrogen gas in the air.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
2. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
3. ^ "Nitrogen fixation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation
4. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
5. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
6. ^ Tomitani, Akiko et al. “The Evolutionary Diversification of
Cyanobacteria: Molecular–phylogenetic and Paleontological Perspectives.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103.14 (2006): 5442
–5447. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/14/5442.full
7. ^ N. G. Carr, B. A. Whitton, "The biology of blue-green algae", p238.
http://books.google.com/books?id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238
8. ^ GOLUBIC, STJEPKO, VLADIMIR N. SERGEEV, and ANDREW H. KNOLL.
“Mesoproterozoic Archaeoellipsoidès: Akinetes of Heterocystous
Cyanobacteria.” Lethaia 28.4 (1995):
285–298. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1995.tb01817.
x/abstract
West Africa5   
3,900,000,000 YBN
57) Aerobic cellular respiration. First aerobic (or "oxygenic") cell. These
cells use oxygen to convert glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
2. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th edition, 2008, p162-184.
  
3,850,000,000 YBN
12 		36) Oldest physical evidence for life: ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in
grains of ancient minerals.5 6 7

Life uses the lighter Carbon-12 isotope.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
2. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

3. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
4. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

5. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
6. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

7. ^ "apatite." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/apatite
8. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence
for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
9. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

10. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
11. ^
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

12. ^ Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html AND
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Banded iron formation." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 11 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/banded-iron-formation
[2] Mojzsis, S. J. et al. "Evidence for Life on Earth Before 3,800 Million
Years Ago." Nature 384.6604 (1996):
55–59. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/abs/384055a0.html
AND http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v384/n6604/pdf/384055a0.pdf
Akilia Island, Western Greenland10 11   
3,850,000,000 YBN
13 		45) Oldest sediment, the Banded Iron Formation begins.7
Banded Iron Formation
is sedimentary rock that spans from 3.8 to 1.8 billion years ago, made of
iron-rich silicates with alternating layers of black colored reduced iron and
red colored oxidized iron8 9 and represents a seasonal rise and fall of free
oxygen in the ocean, possibly linked to photosynthetic organisms.10 11
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
2. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
3. ^ Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New
Views on an Old Planet 2nd ed.
1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
5. ^ Konhauser,
Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the Precambrian Banded Iron
Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
6. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^
Cesare Emiliani, Plant Earth 1992:407f, and Tjeerd van Andel, New Views on an
Old Planet 2nd ed. 1994:303-05. http://books.google.com/books?id=R6b3skeNXrgC
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Konhauser, Kurt O. et al. “Could Bacteria Have Formed the
Precambrian Banded Iron Formations?” Geology 30.12 (2002): 1079 -1082.
Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/30/12/1079.abstract
11. ^ Kappler, Andreas et al. “Deposition of Banded Iron Formations by
Anoxygenic Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing Bacteria.” Geology 33.11 (2005): 865
-868. Print. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/33/11/865.abstract
12. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102,
13. ^ Mojzsis, et al. nature nov 7, 1996
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v384/n6604/index
.html, 2:102, {3850 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Roger Lewin, "Thread of Life", (New York: Smithsonian Books, 1982).
p102
[2]
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/RogueComCollege/RCC_Lectures/Banded_Iron.html

[3] "Banded iron formation". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banded_iron_formation
Akilia Island, Western Greenland12   
3,500,000,000 YBN
9 10 		39) Oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
2. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
3. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
4. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
5. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
6. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
7. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
8. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
9. ^ Walter, M. R., R. Buick, and J. S. R. Dunlop. "Stromatolites 3,400-3,500
Myr Old from the North Pole Area, Western Australia." Nature 284.5755 (1980):
443–445. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v284/n5755/abs/284441a0.html
10. ^ Byerly, Gary R., Donald R. Lower, and Maud M. Walsh. "Stromatolites from
the 3,300-3,500-Myr Swaziland Supergroup, Barberton Mountain Land, South
Africa." Nature 319.6053 (1986):
489–491. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v319/n6053/abs/319489a0.html
Warrawoona, Western Australia, and, Fig Tree Group, South Africa7 8   
3,500,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 17 		287) Oldest fossils of an organism, similar to cyanobacteria
{SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u7 }.8 9

2.8 billion years will pass before the first animal evolves.10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
2. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
3. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
4. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
7. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
8. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
9. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Record ID81. Universe, Life, Science, Future. Ted Huntington.
12. ^ Schopf, J.
William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils." Nature
416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html
13. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
14. ^ Walsh, Maud M., and Donald R. Lowe. "Filamentous Microfossils from the
3,500-Myr-old Onverwacht Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Nature
314.6011 (1985):
530–532. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v314/n6011/abs/314530a0.html
15. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
16. ^ Schopf, J. W. Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex chert: new evidence
of the antiquity of life. Science 260, 640−646
(1993). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/260/5108/640
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2881249
17. ^ Schopf, J. William et al. "Laser-Raman Imagery of Earth’s Earliest
Fossils." Nature 416.6876 (2002):
73–76. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416073a.html

MORE INFO
[1] BIO415 (Author? University?) Multicelluarity.pdf (t3:
multicellularity of cyanobacteria)
[2] t3:
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
"Some cyanobacteria species exist in a truly, though primitive, multicellular
form in which cellular differentiation occurs."
Warrawoona, northwestern Western Australia12 and Onverwacht Group, Barberton
Mountain Land, South Africa13   
3,400,000,000 YBN
4 		190) Earliest fossils of coccoid {KoKOED1 } (spherical) bacteria.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "coccoid." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coccoid
2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)

MORE INFO
[1] maybe evidence: Nagy, B. and Nagy, L.A., 1969. Early Precambrian
microstructures: possibly the oldest fossils on Earth?. Nature 223, pp.
1226-1229.?
Kromberg Formation, Swaziland System, South Africa3   
3,260,000,000 YBN
4 		71) Prokaryote reproduction by budding.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
2. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
3. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
4. ^ Hans D. Pflug, Earliest organic evolution. Essay to the memory of
Bartholomew Nagy, Precambrian Research, Volume 106, Issues 1–2, 1 February
2001, Pages 79-91, ISSN 0301-9268,
10.1016/S0301-9268(00)00126-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0301926800001261)
Swartkoppie, South Africa3   
3,200,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 		66) Earliest acritarch fossils (unicellular microfossils with uncertain
affinity5 6 ). These acritarchs are also the earliest possible eukaryote
fossils.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
2. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p194.
3. ^ http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
4. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
5. ^ "Acritarch." McGraw-Hill Dictionary
of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003.
Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/acritarch
6. ^ Delwiche, Charles F., "The Origin and Evolution
of Dinoflagellates", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p194.
7. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html
8. ^ Knoll AH (1992) The early evolution of eukaryotes: a
geological perspective. Science 256: 622-627
9. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P.
Marshall, and Andrey Bekker. “Organic-walled microfossils in
3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283
(2010):
934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html
10. ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Craig P. Marshall, and Andrey Bekker.
“Organic-walled microfossils in 3.2-billion-year-old shallow-marine
siliciclastic deposits.” Nature 463.7283 (2010):
934-938. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7283/full/nature08793.html
{3.2 bybn}
11. ^ A. H. Knoll, E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic
Organisms in Proterozoic Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470, Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological,
Molecular and Cellular Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29,
2006), pp. 1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn}
12. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/dinoflagfr.html {1.8 bybn}
13. ^
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/acritarch.html {1900-1600 mybn}
14. ^ Harold
Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p257. {1.6 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Knoll, Andrew H., Walter, Malcolm,
"Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life
and Evolution of Biospheres, 2003-02-01, Springer Netherlands, Vol33, Iss1,
p75-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023992712071
[2] Jochen J. Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean
Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue
5430, 13 August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A Molecular Time-Scale for Eukaryote
Evolution Recalibrated with the Continuous Microfossil Record", Proceedings:
Biological Sciences , Vol. 273, No. 1596 (Aug. 7, 2006), pp.
1867-1872 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25223537
[4] Javaux, Emmanuelle J., Andrew H. Knoll, and Malcolm R. Walter.
“Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems.”
Nature 412.6842 (2001):
66-69. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6842/abs/412066a0.html
(Moodies Group) South Africa9   
2,923,000,000 YBN
10 		178) Eubacteria Firmicutes (FiRmiKYUTEZ6 ) evolve (Gram positive bacteria: the
cause of botulism, tetanus, anthrax).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges,
"A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
5. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds.
Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the
Environment, Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480
6. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=firmicutes&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Nature v417 n6886 (not TOL)
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
10. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan
[2] firmicutes only bacteria to make endospores
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmicutes
[4] http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/firmicutes.html
  
2,920,000,000 YBN
2 		288) First endospores. The ability to form endospores evolves in firmicutes. An
endospore is a tough reduced dry form of a bacterium that can be revived after
long periods of time.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Bacteria. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney
Draggan and C.J. Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment,
Washington DC http://www.eoearth.org/article/Bacteria?topic=49480
2. ^ Ted Huntington, a total guess my friends

MORE INFO
[1] "Endospore". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospore
  
2,800,000,000 YBN
9 		76) Eubacteria Proteobacteria evolve (Rickettsia {ancestor of all
mitochondria}, gonorrhea, Salmonella, E coli).5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
4. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Tree of life, http://tolweb.org/tree/
8. ^ David moreira, Purificacion
Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria
as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998)
47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000
YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] multicellularity.
http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/biol3018.htm multicellularity.
Multicellularity.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteobacteria
[2] JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html
[3] "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>
[4] conjugation in protists, flagella in eukaryotes: Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa
and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989)
[5] prokaryote pili and
archaea flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
[6] Stackebrandt et al. Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the
phylogenetic taxon that includes the "purple bacteria and their relatives".
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38,
321–325. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/38/3/321.full.pdf
  
2,800,000,000 YBN
21 		177) Gender and sex (conjugation) evolve in Escherichia Coli {esRriKEo KOlI13 }
bacteria. Conjugation is the exchange of DNA (plasmids) by a donor {male}
bacterium through a pilus to a recipient {female} bacterium.14 15 16 17 18 19

Proteins that can cut or connect strands of DNA evolve.20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli",
Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
2. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
6. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
7. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E. L. TATUM,
"Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19 October 1946)
doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
8. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
9. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
12. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
13. ^ "Escherichia coli."
Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 30 Dec. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Escherichia coli>.
14. ^ JOSHUA LEDERBERG, E.
L. TATUM, "Gene Recombination in Escherichia Coli", Nature 158, 558-558 (19
October 1946) doi:10.1038/158558a0 Letter
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v158/n4016/abs/158558a0.html {Lederberg_
Joshua_19460917.pdf}
15. ^ "conjugation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 01 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/132820/conjugation>.
16. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^ Tree of life,
http://tolweb.org/tree/
19. ^ David moreira, Purificacion Lopez-Garcia, "Symbiosis Between methanogenic
Archaea and delta-Proteobacteria as the Origin of Eukaryotes: The Synthreophic
Hypothesis", J Mol Evol (1998) 47:517-530. eukorig6_jmol.pdf
20. ^ prokaryote pili and archaea
flagella related:
http://www.queens-pfd.ca/people/index.cfm?meds=profile&profile=12
21. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). {2800000000 YBN}
  
2,795,000,000 YBN
23) The first virus evolves.3

These cells depend on the DNA duplicating and protein producing systems of
other cells to copy themselves.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
2. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
3. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
4. ^ http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/rer2.htm
  
2,784,000,000 YBN
5 		176) Eubacteria Planctomycetes {PlaNK-TO-mI-SETS3 } (or Planctobacteria).4
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=planctomycetes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] s10 http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/6/1965
[2] http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/6/research/0031
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planctomycetes
[4] Lee, Kuo-Chang, Rick Webb, and John Fuerst. “The
Cell Cycle of the Planctomycete Gemmata Obscuriglobus with Respect to Cell
Compartmentalization.” BMC Cell Biology 10.1 (2009):
4. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2121/10/4/
  
2,784,000,000 YBN
13 		179) Eubacteria Actinobacteria {aKTinO-BaK-TER-Eu7 } (Gram positive, source of
streptomycin).8 9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
4. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
5. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale
of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
7. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=actinobacteria&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
9. ^ Nature v417 n6886, not TOL
10. ^ "Actinobacteria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinobacteria
11. ^ http://asylumeclectica.com/malady/archives/leprosy.htm
12. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale
of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis,
phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
13. ^
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] "streptomyces." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 04 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/streptomyces
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
5 		174) Eubacteria Spirochaetes (SPIrOKETEZ3 ) (Syphilis, Lyme disease).4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
www.d.umn.edu/~rhicks1/diversity/Pronunciation%20Guide.pdf
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ estimated from Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] "spirochete." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spirochete
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
7 8 		175) Eubacteria Bacteroidetes {BaKTRrOEDiTEZ4 }.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
4. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bacteroidetes+&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
7. ^ estimate from
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
8. ^ estimate from Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of
prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy,
and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
5 		217) Eubacteria Chlamydiae {Klo-mi-DE-I or Klo-mi-DE-E3 } evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlamydiae&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae
[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
5 6 		6309) Eubacteria Chlorobi (green sulphur bacteria).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Battistuzzi,
Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into
the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC
Evolutionary Biology, (2004).. ^
5. ^ estimate from Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ estimate from
Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorobi
  
2,775,000,000 YBN
5 		6310) Eubacteria Verrucomicrobia (VeR-rUKO-mI-KrO-BEo3 ).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=verrucomicrobia&submit=Submit
4. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydiae
[4]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verrucomicrobia
  
2,730,000,000 YBN
3 4 		80) Endo and exocytosis evolve. Cells can now eat other cells.

In endocytosis the plasma membrane folds inward to bring substances into the
cell.1

In Exocytosis substances contained in vesicles are released from the cell.2
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ "endocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/endocytosis
2. ^ "exocytosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 07 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/exocytosis
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess
and }
4. ^ guess based on Cavalier-Smith stating that endocytosis occurs before a
cytoskeleton {Nucleus 2700 +30mybn guess and}
  
2,700,000,000 YBN
12 		60) Eukaryotic cell. The first cell with a nucleus. The first protist. The
nucleus may develop from the infolding of plasma membrane.3

In prokaryotic cells the DNA is not membrane enclosed while in eukaryotic cells
most of the DNA is contained in a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are generally much
larger than prokaryotic cells.4 Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
have a cytoskeleton. Eukaryotic cells may have mitochondria and plastids, which
prokaryotic cells lack.5 DNA in prokaryotic cells is usually a single circular
chromosome, while DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotes contains linear
chromosomes.6

Like prokaryotes, this cell is probably haploid (a single unique DNA), most
eukaryotes are diploid (having two sets of DNA).7 8 9 10

All protists, fungi, animals and plant cells descend from this common
eukaryotic cell.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
2. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 2008, p516-517.
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p516-517.
4. ^ Campbell,
Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008,
p516-517.
6. ^ Jill Saffrey, "Biology: uniformity & diversity. Core of life, Book 3,
Volume 2", 2001, p353. http://books.google.com/books?id=43yiLI1DvwAC&pg=PA353
7. ^ Montgomery Slatkin, "Exploring evolutionary biology:
readings from American scientist", 1995,
p161. http://books.google.com/books?ei=AAVdT77TFMiiiQKB8a24Cw
8. ^ Andrew Wallace Hayes, "Principles and methods of toxicology", 2007,
p1181. http://books.google.com/books?id=vgHXTId8rnYC&pg=PA1181
9. ^ N. A. Kolchanov, Hwa A. Lim, "Computer analysis of genetic macromolecules:
structure, function, and evolution", 1994,
p2. http://books.google.com/books?id=crip5tRcF0YC&pg=PA2
10. ^ "diploid", Oxford Dictionary of
Biochemistry http://www.answers.com/topic/diploid
11. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", 2008, p98.
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong
Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic
timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{split of archae and eukaryote at c4.0 bybn, but eukaryote {with nucleus?} at)
2.7 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th ed., 2006, p256
[2] Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
[3] Alexey S. Kondrashov, "EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF LIFE CYCLES", Annual Review
of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 28: 391-435 (Volume publication date November
1997)
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.391;
jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
  
2,700,000,000 YBN
62) Earliest molecular fossil evidence of eukaryotes (sterane {STiRAN4 }
molecules).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
4. ^ "sterane." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sterane
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^ Jochen J.
Brocks, Graham A. Logan, Roger Buick, Roger E. Summons, "Archean Molecular
Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes", Science, Vol 285, Issue 5430, 13
August 1999, p1033-1036.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/285/5430/1033.short
and http://www.jstor.org/stable/2898534
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Science,
Vol 285, Issue 5430, 1033-1036 , 13 August 1999 Archean Molecular Fossils and
the Early Rise of Eukaryotes Jochen J. Brocks, 1,2* Graham A. Logan, 2 Roger
Buick, 1 Roger E. Summons 2
Northwestern Australia7 8   
2,700,000,000 YBN
198) The endoplasmic reticulum evolves, a membrane system that extends from the
nucleus, important in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
2. ^ "endoplasmic reticulum." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endoplasmic-reticulum
  
2,690,000,000 YBN
9 10 		207) Cytoskeleton {SI-Te-SKeL-i-TN5 } forms in eukaryote cytoplasm.6 7 8
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
2. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
3. ^ Margulis, L.
1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc,
New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
4. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
5. ^ "cytoskeleton." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Feb.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cytoskeleton
6. ^ Cavalier-Smith, annals of Botony 2005 vol95 issue 1
7. ^ Margulis, L.
1998. Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution. Science Masters: Brockman Inc,
New York. Margulis, L., Dolan, M., Guerrero, R. 2000. The Chimaeric
eukaryote: Origin of the nucleus from the karyomastigont in amitochondriate
protists. Colloquium. 97: 6954-6959.
8. ^ Symbiosis in cell evolution : microbial
communities in the Archean and Proterozoic eons / Lynn Margulis. 1993 second
edition
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess
and }
10. ^ guess based on ER and golgi made of same material as cytoskeleton,
and after first eukaryote cell {Nucleus 2700 +10mybn guess and}
  
2,690,000,000 YBN
1 		208) The eukaryote flagellum and cilia evolve.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al., "Biology", Eighth Edition, 2008, p114.
  
2,680,000,000 YBN
3 		65) The circular chromosome in the eukaryote nucleus changes into linear
chromosomes.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC
Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 +20mybn
guess}

MORE INFO
[1] not all prokaryotes have circle of
DNA: http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.
391;jsessionid=npo4ogeI2anbnHbeKO
[2] Jumas-Bilak E, Maugard C, Michaux-Charachon S, Allardet-Servent A, Perrin
A, et al. 1995. Study of the organization of the genomes of Escherichia coli,
Brucella melitensis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens by insertion of a unique
restriction site. Microbiology 141:2425-32 (Medline)
[3] Lezhava A, Kameoka D, Sugino H,
Goshi K, Shinkawa H, et al. 1997. Chromosomal deletions in Streptomyces griseus
that remove the afsA locus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 253:478-83
[4] Marconi RT, Casjens S,
Munderloh UG, Samuels DS. 1996. Analysis of linear plasmid dimers in Borrelia
burgdorferi sensu lato isolates: implications concerning the potential
mechanisms of linear plasmid replication. J. Bact. 178:3357-61
  
2,670,000,000 YBN
199) Eukaryote Golgi Apparatus evolves (packages proteins and lipids into
vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.
2. ^ "Golgi apparatus." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 28 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/238044/Golgi-apparatus>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Endosome." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/endosome
  
2,670,000,000 YBN
3 		290) The nucleolus evolves. The nucleolus is a sphere in the nucleus that makes
ribosomal RNA.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other
Protists", (London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: p48 nucleolus divides
3. ^ Ted
Huntington guess

MORE INFO
[1] Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry Oxford University Press. Oxford
Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights
reserved. http://www.answers.com/topic/nucleolus#ixzz2VAspF99U
  
2,660,000,000 YBN
7 		72) Mitosis evolves in Eukaryote cells.3 4

Mitosis is the process in eukaryotic cell division in which the duplicated
chromosomes are separated and the nucleus divides resulting in two new nuclei,
each of which contains an identical copy of the parental chromosomes. Mitosis
is usually immediately followed by division of the cytoplasm.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of mitosis.
2. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
3. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).: types of mitosis, evolution of
mitosis.
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p128-129. {BruscaCh05.pdf}
5. ^ "mitosis." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 12 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", 8th Edition, 2008, p230-233.
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar,
Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the
origin of eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4, (2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
{Nucleus 2700 -40mybn guess}
  
2,640,000,000 YBN
18 		73) Eukaryote sex evolves. Two identical cells fuse (isogamy)7 . First diploid
cell. First zygote.8 9 Increase in genetic variety.10

Because of sex, two cells with different DNA can mix providing more genetic
variety. Having two chromosome sets also provides a backup copy of important
genes.11 12

All sexual species alternate between haploid and diploid.13 14

This begins the haplontic life cycle: mitosis only occurs in the haploid phase;
the only diploid cell is the zygote15 .16 17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
4. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution",
(London: Nelson, 1964).
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
6. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
7. ^ Karen Arms,
Pamela S. Camp, "Biology", Third Edition, 1987,
p398. http://books.google.com/books?ei=fjtmT96tDqPQiAKP2qyiDw&id=ga_uAAAAMAAJ
8. ^ Sir Gavin De Beer, "Atlas of Evolution", (London: Nelson, 1964).
9. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al,
"Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p258.
11. ^ Glenn E. Croston, "Kaplan AP biology",
2000, p98. http://books.google.com/books?id=PWsKAQAAMAAJ
12. ^ Janette B. Benson, Marshall M. Haith, "Diseases and Disorders in
Infancy and Early Childhood", 2009, p203.
13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology",
Eigth Edition, 2008, p252.
14. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
15. ^
Rowoand, M.D. Bath Advanced Science - Biology. Thomas Nelson & Sons, Limited,
1992. Bath Science 16-19 Series,
p503. http://books.google.com/books?id=j9cEEouPBogC&pg=PA503
16. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
17. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
18. ^ estimate based on diplomonads having sex repro, and origin of euk being
(is now) {Nucleus 2700 -60mybn guess)(was 2710mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] J. William Schopf, "Major Events in the History of Life", (Boston,
MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992).p57 (was)
  
2,640,000,000 YBN
7 		206) Meiosis evolves (one-step meiosis: a single cell division of a diploid
cell into two haploid cells).3 4

Meiosis, is similar to mitosis5 , but reduces the number of chromosomes from
diploid to haploid making gametes in animals and spores in plants.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
3. ^
http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
4. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989)., no cross over in one-division
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth
Edition, 2008, p253.
6. ^ "meiosis." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
12 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/meiosis
7. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
  
2,610,000,000 YBN
12 		296) Gender in eukaryotes evolves.7 Anisogamy {aNISoGomE8 9 }, sex (cell and
nucleus fusion) between two cells that are different in size or shape.10 11
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
5. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London;
New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
6. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 18 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
7. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists",
(London; New York: Edward Arnold, 1989).
8. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
9. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anisogamy&submit=Submit
10. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989).
11. ^ "anisogamy." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 18 Mar.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/anisogamy
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -90mybn
guess}
  
2,590,000,000 YBN
3 		298) Oogamy {OoGomE1 }, a form of anisogamy, evolves in protists: sex between a
flagellated gamete and an unflagellated gamete.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oogamy&submit=Submit
2. ^ Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York:
Edward Arnold, 1989).
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang,
Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -110mybn
guess}
  
2,570,000,000 YBN
3 		295) Two-step meiosis (diploid DNA copies and then the cell divides twice into
four haploid cells).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
2. ^ http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~redfield/research/clevelan.html
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang,
Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -130mybn
guess}
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
3 		171) Eubacteria "Deinococcus-Thermus".2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
7 8 		172) Eubacteria Cyanobacteria {SIe-NO-BaK-TERE-u4 } (ancestor of all
plastids).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cyanobacterium." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in
Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
4. ^ "cyanobacterium."
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cyanobacteria
5. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution:
insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization
of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19,
Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003).
7. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A
Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of
methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533871/ {2558
mybn}
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003). {2558 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Tree of Life. http://tolweb.org/tree/
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004)
[3] Journal of Molecular Evolution Publisher:
Springer-Verlag New York ISSN: 0022-2844 (Paper) 1432-1432 (Online) Issue:
Volume 42, Number 2 Date: February 1996 Pages: 194 - 200
[4] Phylogenetic
Relationships of Nonaxenic Filamentous Cyanobacterial Strains Based on 16S rRNA
Sequence Analysis jme_42_2_1996.pdf
[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria
[6] S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang,
Amanda S Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of
eukaryotes", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
  
2,558,000,000 YBN
3 		315) Eubacteria Chloroflexi, (Green Non-Sulphur bacteria).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).
2. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao,
Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin
of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary
Biology, (2004).
3. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
[2] Tree of Life http://tolweb.org/tree/
  
2,500,000,000 YBN
52) End of the Archean and start of the Proterozoic {PrOTReZOiK or ProTReZOiK1
2 } Eon.3

The Proterozoic spans from 2,500 to 542 million years ago, and represents 42%
of Earth's history.4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Proterozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/proterozoic
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=proterozoic&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", 8th Edition,
2006, p243.
  
2,480,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 15 		170) Bacteria live on land.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
2. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
3. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
4. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
5. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
6. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
7. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
8. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
9. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
10. ^ Kurt O. Konhauser, Stefan V. Lalonde, Noah J. Planavsky, Ernesto Pecoits,
Timothy W. Lyons, Stephen J. Mojzsis, Olivier J. Rouxel, Mark E. Barley, Carlos
Rosìere, Phillip W. Fralick, Lee R. Kump, Andrey Bekker. Aerobic bacterial
pyrite oxidation and acid rock drainage during the Great Oxidation Event.
Nature, 2011; 478 (7369): 369 DOI:
10.1038/nature10511 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature10511
11. ^ University of Alberta. "New evidence for the oldest oxygen-breathing life
on land." ScienceDaily, 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 14 Jul. 2012.
12. ^ Brian Murphy, "Let
there be life", October 20,
2011. http://www.news.ualberta.ca/article.aspx?id=3F6A39F722E14A6BA792EBCA6F989
604
13. ^ Battistuzzi, Feijao, Hedges, "A Genomic timescale of prokaryote
evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the
colonization of land", BMC Evolutionary Biology, (2004). (2600-2700my)
14. ^ University of
Tennessee at Knoxville. "Bacteria's move from sea to land may have occurred
much later than thought." ScienceDaily, 22 Dec. 2011. Web. 14 Jul.
2012. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111222195017.htm
15. ^ Florence Wisniewski-Dyé, Kirill Borziak, Gurusahai Khalsa-Moyers, Gladys
Alexandre, Leonid O. Sukharnikov, Kristin Wuichet, Gregory B. Hurst, W. Hayes
McDonald, Jon S. Robertson, Valérie Barbe, Alexandra Calteau, Zoé Rouy,
Sophie Mangenot, Claire Prigent-Combaret, Philippe Normand, Mickaël Boyer,
Patricia Siguier, Yves Dessaux, Claudine Elmerich, Guy Condemine, Ganisan
Krishnen, Ivan Kennedy, Andrew H. Paterson, Victor González, Patrick Mavingui,
Igor B. Zhulin. Azospirillum Genomes Reveal Transition of Bacteria from Aquatic
to Terrestrial Environments. PLoS Genetics, 2011; 7 (12): e1002430 DOI:
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002430

MORE INFO
[1] "pyrite." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/pyrite
  
2,400,000,000 YBN
59) Start of 200 million year ice age.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
  
2,300,000,000 YBN
48) The oldest "Red Beds", iron oxide formed on land, begin here, and are also
evidence of more free oxygen in the air of Earth.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^
http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~pkoch/lectures/lecture5.html
  
2,000,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		63) A parasitic bacterium, closely related to Rickettsia (an aerobic
proteobacteria) is captured by a eukaryote and through endosymbiosis, becomes
the mitochondria.3

Mitochondria are organelles in most eukaryotic cells4 , and are where cellular
respiration occurs and most of the ATP is produced5 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4
4. ^ "mitochondrion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386130/mitochondrion>.
5. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2008, p100.
6. ^ B. Franz
Lang, Michael W. Gray, and Gertraud Burger, "Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and
the Origin of Eukaryotes", Annu. Rev. Genet., V33, p351-397, p385. 1999. {2
BYBN}
7. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {average of)
2230-1840 bybn} {earliest of) 2350-1640 bybn} {average of 1995my) 2350-1640
mybn}
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {1.8 bybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael W. Gray, et al, "Genome structure and gene content in protist
mitochondrial DNAs", Nucl. Acids Res. (1998) 26(4): 865-878
doi:10.1093/nar/26.4.865 http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/4/865.full
  
1,874,000,000 YBN
10 		61) Earliest large filamentous fossil (Grypania).3 4 Grypania spiralis is
about 10 cm long, and is thought to be either a green alga or a large
cyanobacterium.5 6 If eukaryote, Grypania would be the earliest eukaryote
fossil.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
2. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
3. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
4. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
5. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
6. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
7. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
8. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/257/5067/232
AND www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2877532 {Han_Runnegar_Grypania_19920710.pdf
}
9. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
10. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E.
Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and
syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for
the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior
region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Samuelsson, Joakim, Peter R Dawes, and Gonzalo Vidal.
“Organic-walled Microfossils from the Proterozoic Thule Supergroup, Northwest
Greenland.” Precambrian Research 96.1–2 (1999):
1–23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926898001235
[2] Jacques Dumais, Kyle Serikawa and Dina F Mandoli, "Acetabularia: A
Unicellular Model for Understanding Subcellular Localization and Morphogenesis
during Development", Journal of Plant Growth Regulation Volume 19, Number 3
(2000), 253-264, DOI:
10.1007/s003440000035 http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/dumais/Publications/JP
GR2000.2.pdf
(Banded Iron Formation) Michigan, USA8 9   
1,800,000,000 YBN
46) End of the Banded Iron Formation.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History
of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
  
1,570,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		99) First homeobox genes evolve. These genes regulate the building of major
body parts in algae, plants, fungi and animals.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
2. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p425,434.
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005).
7. ^ Mukherjee K, Bürglin TR, "MEKHLA, a novel domain with similarity to PAS
domains, is fused to plant homeodomain-leucine zipper III proteins.", Plant
Physiol
2006;140:1142-1150. http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/140/4/1142.full
8. ^ Mukherjee, Krishanu, Luciano Brocchieri, and Thomas R. Bürglin. “A
Comprehensive Classification and Evolutionary Analysis of Plant Homeobox
Genes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26.12 (2009): 2775
-2794. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/12/2775.short {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
9. ^ Jongmin Nam, Claude W. dePamphilis, Hong
Ma, and Masatoshi Nei, "Antiquity and Evolution of the MADS-Box Gene Family
Controlling Flower Development in Plants", Mol Biol Evol (2003) 20(9):
1435-1447 first published online May 30, 2003 doi:10.1093/molbev/msg152
http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/20/9/1435.abstract {1982 mybn (at
acrasid slime molds, before brown algae}
  
1,570,000,000 YBN
7 8 		197) The ancestor of all living eukaryotes divides into bikont and unikont
descendants. Bikonts lead to all Chromalveolates, Excavates, Rhizaria, and
Plants. Unikonts lead to all Amoebozoa, Animals and Fungi.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the eukaryote tree
pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
2. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
4. ^ Stechmann A, Cavalier-Smith T, "The root of the
eukaryote tree pinpointed.", 2003, Curr. Biol. 13, R665–R666.
doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00602-X. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
/pii/S096098220300602X
5. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf}
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {problem with 1250 my
bangia red algae fossils)1126 mybn}
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ,
Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the
major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1570 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", J Mol Evol
(2003) 56:540 563
[2] J Mol Evol (2003) 56:540 563 Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution Thomas
Cavalier-Smith, Ema E.-Y. Chao
  
1,520,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 		202) Protists Amoebozoa evolve (amoeba, slime molds).4 5 Feeding using
pseudopods.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515.
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime
E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p515.
7. ^ Hackett
JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
{1520 mybn}
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p120. {1400 my}
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1587mybn)
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400) {c1220}
11. ^ Cédric
Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution
recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7,
2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {c1090}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.unige.ch/sciences/biologie/biani/msg/Amoeboids/Amoebozoa/Conosea.html

  
1,520,000,000 YBN
2 3 4 5 6 7 		203) Colonialism (where cells form a colony1 ) evolves for the first time in
Eukaryotes.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colonial." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colonial
2. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn}
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn}
6. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). (1600mybn)
7. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote
separation)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 		15) First "plastids". Cyanobacteria form plastids (chloroplasts) through
symbiosis, within a eukaryote cell (endosymbiosis). Like mitochondria, these
organelles copy themselves and are not made by the cell DNA.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya
D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson
MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {c1600 my}
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN}
9. ^ Knoll A, Summons R,
Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the
Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p152. {no later than) 1200 my}
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges,
"The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002)., see comments {1576 MYBN} {needs to be at
least as old as Euglenozoa since many have plastids)1956} {Euglenozoa)1956}

MORE INFO
[1] "Plastid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid
[2] Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 		86) First plant (ancestor of all green and red algae and land plants).11 12 13
14 15

This begins the plant kingdom. This first plant is unicellular.16 17 18 19 20
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay,
Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton
reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
4. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi,
"Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der Staay,
Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from picoplankton
reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi,
"Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
13. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
14. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
18. ^ Seung Yeo Moon-van der
Staay, Rupert De Wachter, Daniel Vaulot, "Oceanic 18S rDNA sequences from
picoplankton reveal unsuspected eukaryotic diversity", Nature, (2001).
19. ^ Elizabeth
Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
20. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
21. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c1500)
22. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {first plastid) 1300mybn}
23. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {first plastid) c1600}
24. ^
Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120.
{1550 mybn}
25. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1609 mybn)
26. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{1580} http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/abs/nrg929.html
27. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic
algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science
257 (1992), pp. 232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {fossil
Grypania) 1874my}

MORE INFO
[1] Thomas Cavalier-Smith and Ema E. -Y. Chao, "Phylogeny of Choanozoa,
Apusozoa, and Other Protozoa and Early Eukaryote Megaevolution", Springer New
York, (2003). file:///home/ted/ulsf/docs/cav-smith_apusozoa_fulltext.html
  
1,500,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9 		220) Protists Opisthokonts (ancestor of Fungi, Choanoflagellates and Animals).3
4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
3. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya
D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in:
Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.",
Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1380 mybn}
7. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson
MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1400mybn}
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600
mybn}
9. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {960 mybn}
  
1,400,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 		209) Plant Glaucophyta {GlxKoFITu5 }.6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins,
"The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glaucophytes&submit=Submit
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon,
Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1400)
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn}
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1290 mybn}
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges
and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1225 mybn}
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849
(2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (c1500my)
15. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
(1558my)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P6064
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 		188) Plants Chlorophyta {KlORoFiTu6 } evolve, Green Algae: (ancestor of Volvox,
Sea lettuce, Spirogyra, and Stoneworts).7 8 9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
4. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
5. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chlorophyta&submit=Submit
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
10. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2", (London; New York: Chapman & Hall,
1993). fr2b
11. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn)
13. ^ "algae." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 18
Dec. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/14828/algae>.
14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1150 mybn}
15. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450mybn}
16. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968mybn)
17. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1
David M. Geiser,2 Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L.
Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and
Plants", Science 10 August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI:
10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1061?)
18. ^ M. J. Benton, "The Fossil Record 2",
(London; New York: Chapman & Hall, 1993). fr2b (1650-800mybn)
19. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html (1000my)
20. ^ Herman N,
"Organic World One Billion Years Ago", Nauka, Leningrad, 1990.
21. ^ Knoll A, Summons
R, Waldbauer J, Zumberge J, "The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in
the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers
in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p150.
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		219) Plant Red Algae evolves (Rhodophyta {rODOFITu4 }).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhodophyta&submit=Submit
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1300mybn)
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1450 mybn}
9. ^ S Blair
Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
(1428mybn)
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,300,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 		323) Protists Excavates: includes Parabasalids {PaRu-BAS-a-liDS5 }, and
Diplomonads {DiP-lO-mO-naDZ6 } {like Giardia {JE-oR-DE-u7 }).8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=parabasalid&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplomonads&submit=Submit
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giardia&submit=Submit
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield
NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of
the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary
producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {2000 my}
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime
E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {2291} {2291 my}
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{1600} {1600 my}
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
{2230} {2230 my}
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1594 my}
17. ^ Cédric Berney
and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated
with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {1030 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "Heterokonts". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokonts
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 12 13 		38) (Filamentous) multicellularity in Eukaryotes evolves.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
2. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
3. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
4. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
5. ^ Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J.
Schulz and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron
formations, Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting
of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012.
6. ^ Han and Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar,
Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee
Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf
7. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
10. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^
Schneider et al 2002. D.A. Schneider, M.E. Bickford, W.F. Cannon, K.J. Schulz
and M.A. Hamilton, Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations,
Marquette Range Supergroup; implications for the tectonic setting of
Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth
Sci. 39 6 (2002), pp. 999-1012. {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874 mybn}
12. ^ Han and
Runnegar 1992. T.-M. Han and B. Runnegar, Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the
2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan. Science 257 (1992), pp.
232-235 science_2100_han_runnegar_algal_cysts.pdf {1874 mybn} {Grypania)1874
mybn}
13. ^ Campbell, Reece, et al, "Biology", Eigth Edition, 2009, p517.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[3] Ted huntington, Estimate based on origin
of brown algae around 1,973,000,000
(earlest red alga fossils:) (Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada7
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
1 2 3 		85) Differentiation in multicellular eukaryote. Gamete (or spore) cells and
somatic cells. Unlike gamete cells, somatic cells are asexual (non-fusing).
Start of death by aging.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cell differentiation." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 25 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-differentiation
2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
3. ^ Butterfield
N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of
Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {Bangia) 1250 mybn}
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
1 2 3 		210) Mitosis of diploid cells evolves.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga
from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Hsiong Chen, Sudhir Kumar, Daniel YC Wang, Amanda S
Thompson and Hidemi Wa, "A genomic timescale for the origin of eukaryotes", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2001, 1:4 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-1-4,
(2001). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/1/4 {Nucleus 2700 -80mybn
guess}
  
1,280,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		301) Haplodiplontic life cycle (mitosis occurs in both haploid and diploid life
stages).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
2. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental
Genetics", 2004, p201.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A
bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol
250 1990, p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905

MORE INFO
[1] Mark Kirkpatrick, "The evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles",
1994, p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
  
1,274,000,000 YBN
7 8 		187) A captured red alga, through endosymbiosis, becomes a plastid in the
ancestor of all chromalveolates.3 4 5

This is a secondary plastid endosymbiosis, where an algae cell is captured
instead of a cyanobacterium.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ CAVALIER-SMITH, THOMAS. “Economy, Speed and Size Matter:
Evolutionary Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion.”
Annals of Botany 95.1 (2005) : 147 -175.
Print. http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.short
5. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
6. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007.
7. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809
-818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1274
mybn}
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1280mybn}
  
1,250,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 20 		88) Protists "Chromalveolates" {KrOM-aL-VEO-leTS8 } (ancestor of Chromista
{Cryptophytes, Haptophytes and Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ9 }} and
Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS10 }).11 12 13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
7. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626 (2003)
: 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chromalveolates&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
10. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p540.
13. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
14. ^ Baldauf, S. L. “The Deep Roots of Eukaryotes.” Science 300.5626
(2003) : 1703 -1706. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1703.short
15. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin
of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004):
809 -818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract
{c1250 mybn}
16. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1300 mybn}
17. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1665 mybn}
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1973mybn)
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
20. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1600mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "Brown alga". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_alga
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A
Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science,
Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
  
1,250,000,000 YBN
9 		201) Earliest certain eukaryote fossils and eukaryote filamentous
multicellularity: Rhodophyta (red algae) fossils.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
2. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
3. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
4. ^ Butterfield N. J. A. H.
Knoll K. Swett, "A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic
Canada.", Science 1990 vol 250 1990,
p104-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
5. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
6. ^ Knoll, Summons, Waldbauer, Zumberge, "The Geological Succession of Primary
Producers in the Oceans", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of
primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p149-150.
7. ^ Science 1990 vol 250
Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A bangiophyte red alga from the
Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250: 104-107
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905
8. ^ Paleobiology Volume 26, Issue 3 (September
2000) http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1666%2F0094-8
373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2
9. ^ Science 1990 vol 250 Butterfield N. J. A. H. Knoll K. Swett 1990 A
bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250:
104-107 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877905 {1250 mybn}
(Hunting Formation) Somerset Island, arctic Canada7 8   
1,200,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 		221) First fungi. This begins the Fungi Kingdom.5 6

Like animals, fungi are heterotrophic (cannot photosynthesize) and so must feed
on other living things.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
8. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {c1200 mybn}
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1368
mybn}
10. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 (1513mybn) {1513 mybn}
11. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(c1200) {c1100} {c1100 mybn}
  
1,180,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 		6280) Protists Alveolates {aL-VEO-leTS6 } (ancestor of all Ciliates,
Apicomplexans, and Dinoflagellates {DInOFlaJeleTS7 }).8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
2. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004).http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110
.pdf}
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
5. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=alveolates&submit=Submit
7. ^ "dinoflagellate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/dinoflagellate
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p538.
10. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p135.
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1180 mybn}
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480 my}
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair,
Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf} {1956 my}
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life",
2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
15. ^ Emmanuelle J.
Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the
Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres,
Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {1000 my}
16. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {c820 my}
17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1628}
  
1,100,000,000 YBN
5 6 		75) Oldest extant fungi phylum "Microsporidia".3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges,
"The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3,
838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (>1460mybn)
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c1100mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=93911
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
  
1,100,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		313) Protists "Dinoflagellata" (Dinoflagellates {DI-nO-Fla-Je-leTS5 }).6 7 8
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dinoflagellates&submit=Submit
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and
apicomplexa branch
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
9. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and
Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of
Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {Dinosterane molecular fossils)1100 my}
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {DNA)1040 mybn}
11. ^ A. H. Knoll,
E. J. Javaux, D. Hewitt and P. Cohen, "Eukaryotic Organisms in Proterozoic
Oceans", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences , Vol. 361, No. 1470,
Major Steps in Cell Evolution: Palaeontological, Molecular and Cellular
Evidence of Their Timing and Global Effects (Jun. 29, 2006), pp.
1023-1038 http://www.jstor.org/stable/20209698 {1.8 bybn} {Dinosterane
molecular fossils)1100 my}
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {940 mybn}
13. ^ Cédric
Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution
recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7,
2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {430 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F.
Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein
Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has heterkonts before
ciliophora and apicomplexa branch (1600mybn)
[3] Pratt, L. M., Summons, R. E. and
Hieshima, G. B.: 1991, Sterane and Triterpane Biomarkers in the Precambrian
Nonesuch Formation, North American Midcontinent Rift, Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta
55, 911–916
[4] J.J. Brocks, R.E. Summons, 8.03 - Sedimentary Hydrocarbons, Biomarkers
for Early Life, In: Editors-in-Chief: Heinrich D. Holland and Karl K.
Turekian, Editor(s)-in-Chief, Treatise on Geochemistry, Pergamon, Oxford, 2003,
Pages 63-115, ISBN 9780080437514,
10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/08127-5. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/p
ii/B0080437516081275)
[5] Moldowan, J. Michael et al. “Chemostratigraphic reconstruction of
biofacies: Molecular evidence linking cyst-forming dinoflagellates with
pre-Triassic ancestors.” Geology 24.2 (1996): 159 -162.
http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/24/2/159.abstract
AND http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/24/2/159.full.pdf
[6] Raven, Evert, Eichhorn, "Biology of Plants", (New York: Worth Publishers,
1992). p98-99
[7] "coenocyte." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 23 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/coenocyte
  
1,080,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 		87) Excavate Discicristates {DiSKIKriSTATS}, ancestor of protists which have
mitochondria with discoidal shaped cristae (includes euglenids, leishmanias
{lEsmaNEuZ4 }, trypanosomes {TriPaNiSOMZ5 }, and acrasid {oKrASiD6 } slime
molds).7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
4. ^
"leishmanias." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leishmanias>.
5. ^ "trypanosome." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/trypanosome>.
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=acrasiomycetes&submit=Submit
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng,
Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the
Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
10. ^
Baldauf, "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes", Journal of
Systematics and Evolution 46 (3): 263–273
(2008). http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/jse08060.pdf
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1080 mybn}
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {1956 mybn}
13. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1999 mybn}
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1600mybn)
15. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). (1800-1900 for eukaryote/prokaryote
separation)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://biology.kenyon.edu/Microbial_Biorealm/eukaryotes/euglenozoa/euglenozoa.ht
m
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
1,080,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 15 		97) A eukaryote eye evolves; the first three-dimensional response to light.7 8
9

The earliest eye probably evolves from a plastid in a unicellular eukaryote.10
11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364 (October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

2. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
3. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
4. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

5. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
6. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
7. ^ Jékely, Gáspár. "Evolution of phototaxis."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364
(October 2009):
2795–2808. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2795.short

8. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
9. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
10. ^
http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Protista/
Euglenozoa/
11. ^ THOMAS CAVALIER-SMITH, "Economy, Speed and Size Matter: Evolutionary
Forces Driving Nuclear Genome Miniaturization and Expansion", * Oxford
Journals * Life Sciences * Annals of Botany * Volume 95, Number
1 *, (2005). http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/95/1/147.abstract
12. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p119.
13. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution
21.5 (2004): 809 -818.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {guess based on
earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
14. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon
HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis:
Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors.
"Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {guess based on
earliest secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}
15. ^ my own estimate
based on where euglenozoa genetically appear to evolve {guess based on earliest
secondary plastid 1274 my and euglena at 1410 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Peter Hegemann, "Algal Sensory Photoreceptors", Annual Review of
Plant Biology, Vol. 59: 167 -189 (Volume publication date June 2008)
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092847
%40recept.2009.1.issue-1
[2] Trevor D. Lamb, Detlev Arendt, and Shaun P. Collin, "The evolution of
phototransduction and eyes", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B October 12, 2009
364:2791-2793;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0106 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1
531/2791.full
[3] Kreimer, G. (2009) The green algal eyespot apparatus: a primordial visual
system and more? Current Genetics 55:19-43 doi:10.007/s00294-008-0224-8 PMID
19107486 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v54v124mxg52r091/
  
1,050,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 		169) Protists Stramenopiles {STro-meN-o-Pi-lEZ5 } (also called Heterokonts)
(ancestor of all brown and golden algae, diatoms, and oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu6
)).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
3. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
5. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=stramenopiles
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003,
p153-155.
8. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
9. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 21.5 (2004): 809
-818. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {1050
mybn}
10. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D,
"Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski
P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier;
2007, p119. {1180 mybn}
11. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120. {1480my}
12. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
13.
^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf} {1956my} {Alveolates and Plant split)1956my}
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my}
{Chromalveolates)1600 my}
15. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular
time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil
record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {Berney_Eukaryote_phylogeny_2006.pdf} {c775my} {c754my}
16. ^
Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and
Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of
Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {c1000my}
17. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste,
Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic evolution:
Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {872 my}
  
1,000,000,000 YBN
5 		324) Protists Mesomycetozoea {me-ZO-mI-SE-TO-ZO-u3 } (also called DRIPS).4
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=mesomycetozoea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {1000 MYBN (end of Mesoproterozoic}

MORE INFO
[1] Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, Orr R, Ruden T, et al.
2008 Multigene Phylogeny of Choanozoa and the Origin of Animals. PLoS ONE 3(5):
e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098
[2] Leonel Mendoza, John W. Taylor, and Libero Ajello, "THE CLASS
MESOMYCETOZOEA: A Heterogeneous Group of Microorganisms at the Animal-Fungal
Boundary", Annual Review of Microbiology October 2002, Vol. 56:
315-344. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.
160950
  
985,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		309) Protists Oomycota {Ou-mI-KO-Tu6 } (Water molds).7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=oomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and
Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {985}
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/coeno128.html#coeno128
[2] "Coenocyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenocyte
[3]
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Protists.html#Water_Mol
ds
[4] http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/16protists.htm
  
900,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 		6281) Protists Rhizaria {rI-ZaR-E-u3 } (ancestor of all Radiolaria,
Foraminifera and Cercozoa).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=rhizaria&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Medlin, L. , Kooistra, W. , Potter, D. , Saanders, G. and
Wandersen, R. (1997): Phylogenetic relationships of the 'golden algae'
(haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids , The origin of the
algae and their plastids (D Bhattacharya, ed ) Plant systematics and evolution
(Suppl ) http://epic.awi.de/2100/ AND http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf
{900 my}
6. ^
http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=haptophyta&submit=Sea
rch {900 my}
7. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my} {754 my}
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {1600 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Moreira D, von der Heyden S, Bass D, López-García P, Chao E,
Cavalier-Smith T (July 2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: Combined small- and
large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and
Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055-7903(06)00433-7
[2]
http://www.timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=rhizaria&taxon_b=alveolates&submit=Sea
rch
[3] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid
endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll
A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120
  
850,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		224) Fungi "Zygomycota" (bread molds, pin molds).5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2 Brooke
R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular Evidence for
the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10 August
2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI: 10.1126/science.1061457,
(2001).
7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "Genomic clocks and evolutionary
timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19, Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages
200-206, (2003).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1250mybn)
10. ^ Daniel S. Heckman,1 David M. Geiser,2
Brooke R. Eidell,1 Rebecca L. Stauffer,1 Natalie L. Kardos, "Molecular
Evidence for the Early Colonization of Land by Fungi and Plants", Science 10
August 2001: Vol. 293. no. 5532, pp. 1129 - 1133 DOI:
10.1126/science.1061457, (2001). (1107mybn)
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar,
"Genomic clocks and evolutionary timescales", Trends in Genetics Volume 19,
Issue 4 , April 2003, Pages 200-206, (2003). (1107mybn)
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850m)
  
767,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		312) Protists Ciliates (paramecium).4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
7. ^ Emmanuelle J.
Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the
Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres,
Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {750 my}
8. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery, Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric
Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The timing of eukaryotic
evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?",
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {767 my}
9. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {620 my}

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
  
767,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		314) Protists "Apicomplexa" {a-PE-KoM-PleK-Su5 } (Malaria).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apicomplexa&submit=Submit
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000). has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
9. ^ Emmanuel J. P. Douzery,
Elizabeth A. Snell, Eric Bapteste, Frédéric Delsuc, and Hervé Philippe, "The
timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile
proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 October 26; 101(43):
15386–15391. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524432/?report=abstr
act {767 my}
10. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {620 my}
11. ^ Emmanuelle J. Javaux, Andrew H. Knoll and Malcolm
Walter, "Recognizing and Interpreting the Fossils of Early Eukaryotes", Origins
of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, Volume 33, Number 1, 75-94, DOI:
10.1023/A:1023992712071 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1nn04342607n57m/ex
port-citation/ {api+dino and ciliate split)1100 my}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[2] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe,
"A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[4] Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", Second Edition, 2003, p135
  
680,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 		326) Protists "Choanoflagellates" {KO-e-nO-FlaJ-e-lATS8 }.9 10 11 12 13 14
Choanoflagellates are the closest relatives to the animals and may be direct
ancestors of sponges.15
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
7. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
8. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=choanoflagellate&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=114293
11. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
12. ^
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2691&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
13. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450 choano)
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1000 drips and 900 choano)
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p502.
16. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1000 drips and 900 choano) {900 MYBN}
18. ^ Hackett JD, Yoon HS,
Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ, Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources
and timing of the major events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution
of primary producers in the sea.", Elsevier; 2007. {900 MYBN}
19. ^ S. Blair Hedges
and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1020 mybn}
20. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1513 (drips?) and 1450
choano) {1450 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003)
[2] "Ichthyosporea".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://species.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosporea
  
670,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 		286) Multicellularity evolves in a free moving Protist.7 8 This allows larger
free moving organisms to evolve.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506.
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason
L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
5. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-506.
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of
the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p497-506. (c850my)
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)

MORE INFO
[1] Nicholas H. Barton, "Evolution", 2007,
p225-226. http://books.google.com/books?id=mMDFQ32oMI8C&pg=PA225
[2] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, 188-191
  
670,000,000 YBN
297) Diplontic life cycle; organism is predominantly diploid, mitosis in the
haploid phase does not occur.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Ringo, "Fundamental Genetics", 2004, p201.
2. ^ Mark Kirkpatrick, "The
evolution of haploid-diploid life cycles", 1994,
p10. http://books.google.com/books?id=XsgoLnXLIswC&pg=PA10
  
660,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 		81) The first animal and first metazoan, sponges (Porifera). Metazoans are
multicellular and have differentiation (their cells perform different
functions). There are only three major kinds of metazoans: sponges, cnidarians,
and bilaterians.7 8 9

Sponges have different cell types: some form a body wall, some secrete
skeleton, some contract, and some digest food.10 11 12 13

All sponge cells are totipotent {TOTiPiTeNT}; capable of regrowing a new
sponge.14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p497-501.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p497-501.
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005).
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
13. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003,
188-191.
14. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
15. ^ Peterson,
Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing
Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil
Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
16. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {c800my}
18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi
and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
19. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] Müller, Werner E. G. “The Origin of Metazoan Complexity: Porifera
as Integrated Animals.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 43.1 (2003):
3–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884834
  
660,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 		517) Male gonad (testis {TeSTiS3 } or testicle) evolves in a sponge.4
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p20.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
3. ^ "testis." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 21 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/testis
4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p20.
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas
J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c850my) {based on evolution of sponge) c850my}
7. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
8. ^
Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
  
650,000,000 YBN
41) Start of 60 million year (Varanger) Ice Age (650-590 mybn).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic
and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary
tempo" Andrew H Knoll
  
650,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		69) Cells that group as tissues that are arranged in layers evolve in
metazoans.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (Ctenophores are first metazoans
with tissues}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
  
650,000,000 YBN
5 6 		79) The Metazoans "Placozoa" evolve.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=11212&tree=0.1
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {780 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Srivastava, Mansi et al. “The Trichoplax genome and the nature of
placozoans.” Nature 454.7207 (2008) :
955-960. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v454/n7207/abs/nature07191.html
[2] Dellaporta, Stephen L. et al. “Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax
adhaerens supports Placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 103.23 (2006) : 8751 -8756.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/23/8751.full
  
650,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		223) Fungi "Chytridiomycota" {KI-TriDEO-mI-KO-Tu) (includes Chytridiomycetes
{KI-TriDEO-mI-SE-TEZ}3 )).4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
"Chytridiomycetes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 24 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chytridiomycetes-1
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^
http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2008/browse_taxa.php?path=0,5597
&selected_taxon=5597
7. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
8. ^ http://www.abdn.ac.uk/rhynie/fungi.htm
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms",
Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
(1460mybn)
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1000mybn)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=71577&tree=0.1
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chytridiomycota
[3] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chytridiomycetes&submit=Submit
[4] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
Northern Russia7   
640,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		83) First nerve cell (neuron), and nervous system evolves in the ancestor of
the Ctenophores and Cnidarians.5 6 This will lead to the first ganglion and
brain.7 Earliest touch and sound detection and memory.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably)
6. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2,30.
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005). (presumably)
8. ^ Ted Huntington.
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
(presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn}
11. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced
from superimposition of gene trees.", Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
12. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life",
(Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (presumably) {574mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Ghysen, A. (2003). The origin and evolution of the nervous system.
The International journal of developmental biology , 47 (7-8),
555-562. http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14756331
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750mybn)
  
640,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 		96) Muscle cells evolve in metazoans.3 Both the earliest known muscle and
nerve cells are found in Ctenophores and Cnidarians.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
2. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
3. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
4. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf}
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid, Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and
the origin of triploblasty, Developmental Biology, Volume 282, Issue 1, 1 June
2005, Pages 14-26, ISSN 0012-1606, DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.03.032. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0012160605002095) {Schmid_20050309.pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on
Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {750 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first
with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn}
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
(c750mybn) {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and
muscle and Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN} {775 MYBN (estimate
based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and Ctenophora evolving
c750mybn)(before c700MYBN)(before c700MYBN}
8. ^ S OOta and N Saitou, "Phylogenetic
relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees.",
Mol Biol Evol (1999) 16(6):
856-867. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/6/856.abstract {Saitou_1999.
pdf} {775 MYBN (estimate based on Ctenophora as first with nerve and muscle and
Ctenophora evolving c750mybn)(before c700MYBN}
  
640,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		225) Closeable mouth evolves in metazoans.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p2-3.
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p2-3. {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a closable
mouth}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750) {c750MYBN (all metazoans but sponges have a
closable mouth}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=12289&tree=0.1
  
640,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 		414) Female gonad (ovary) evolves in metazoans.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
2. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
4. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p48.
6. ^
http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=zsao&id=589&menuentr
y=groepen
7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
{based on evolution of cnidaria) 580my}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
11. ^ S Blair Hedges,
Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of
eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC
Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] "Proteoglycan." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 12 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/proteoglycan
[2] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p18-19
[3] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p17
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c850my)
[5] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E
Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote
evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology
2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1351my)
[6] Richard Cowen, "History of
Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (600?)
  
640,000,000 YBN
5 6 		523) Animals Ctenophores {TeN-o-FORZ3 } evolve (comb jellies).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 02 May. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophore>.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493.
3. ^ "ctenophore." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 02 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ctenophore>.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p491-493.
5. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J.
Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of
Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p491-493. (c750)
  
630,000,000 YBN
19 20 21 22 		82) Animals Cnidarians {NIDAREeNS} evolve (ancestor of sea anemones, sea pens,
corals, and jellyfish).13 14 15 16 Earliest animal eye.17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
5. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
6. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
9. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
10. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
11. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
12. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
13. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
14. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p477-490.
15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
16. ^ "Cnidaria." The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 22
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cnidaria
17. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p41.
18. ^ Megan O'Connor, Anders Garm, Dan-E Nilsson,
"Structure and optics of the eyes of the box jellyfish Chiropsella bronzie.",
Journal Of Comparative Physiology A Neuroethology Sensory Neural And Behavioral
Physiology (2009), Volume: 195, Issue: 6, Pages:
557-569. http://www.mendeley.com/research/structure-and-optics-of-the-eyes-of-t
he-box-jellyfish-chiropsella-bronzie/
19. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p477-490. (c700my)
21. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (580my)
22. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1298my)

MORE INFO
[1] Collins, A.G. (2002). "Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the Evolution of
Cnidarian Life Cycles" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 15 (3):
418–432.
doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x. http://cima.uprm.edu/~n_schizas/CMOB_8676
/Collins2002.pdf
[2] Philippe, H. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics Revives Traditional Views on Deep
Animal Relationships". Current Biology 19: 706–712.
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052. PMID
19345102. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982209008057
[3] doi:10.1038/4631003b; Published online 24 February
2010 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/4631003b.html
  
600,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 		91) Start of Ediacaran {EDEoKRiN3 } soft-bodied invertebrate fossils.4

The sudden appearance of Ediacaran fossils may relate to the accumulation of
free oxygen in the atmosphere and sea, which may permit an oxidative
metabolism.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
3. ^ "Ediacaran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ediacaran
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
5. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329.
6. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:
4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf
7. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
8. ^ Meert, J.
G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.; Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A.
(2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?) Fossils from the Lesser Karatau
Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research 19 (4): 867–880.
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1342937X10002005
9. ^ McMenamin, M. A. S. (1996). "Ediacaran biota from Sonora, Mexico".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:
4990–4993. http://www.pnas.org/content/93/10/4990.full.pdf
10. ^ Ben Waggoner, "The Ediacaran Biotas in Space and Time", Integrative and
Comparative Biology , Vol. 43, No. 1 (Feb., 2003), pp.
104-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3884845 {Waggoner_200302xx.pdf}
11. ^ H. J. Hofmann, G. M. Narbonne and J. D. Aitken, "Ediacaran remains from
intertillite beds in northwestern Canada", Geology, December, 1990, v. 18, p.
1199-1202. http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/18/12/1199.abstract {Hofmann_Edi
acaran_Fossils_1990.pdf}
12. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
13. ^ Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time Scale.”
Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
14. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006,
p258-264,329. {630 mybn}
15. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). {575 mybn}
16. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
{670 mybn}
17. ^ Meert, J. G.; Gibsher, A. S.; Levashova, N. M.; Grice, W. C.;
Kamenov, G. D.; Rybanin, A. (2010). "Glaciation and ~770 Ma Ediacara (?)
Fossils from the Lesser Karatau Microcontinent, Kazakhstan". Gondwana Research
19 (4): 867–880.
doi:10.1016/j.gr.2010.11.008. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1342937X10002005

MORE INFO
[1] Ivantsov, A. Yu (2004). "New Proarticulata from the Vendian of the
Arkhangel'sk Region" (PDF). Paleontological Journal 38 (3): 247–253
[2] Peterson, Kevin
J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005): 9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.short
Sonora, Mexico6 |Adelaide, Australia7 | Lesser Karatau Microcontinent,
Kazakhsta8   
600,000,000 YBN
23 24 25 		107) Bilateral species evolve (two sided symmetry).15 16 17
Earliest animal
brain.18 19 First triploblastic species (third embryonic layer: the mesoderm
{meZuDRM20 }).21

In most bilaterians food enters in one end (the mouth) and waste exits at the
opposite end (the anus). There is an advantage for sense organs like light,
sound, touch, smell, and taste detection to be located on the head near the
mouth to help with getting food.22
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
6. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
7. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
9. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
11. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
13. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
14. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
16. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
17. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
18. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p69.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p396-400.
20. ^ "mesoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 27 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mesoderm
21. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p59.
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p396.
23. ^ Peterson, Kevin J.,
and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
24. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
25. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		403) Earliest extant bilaterian: Acoelomorpha (acoela flat worms and
nemertodermatida).4 5 6

Acoelomorpha lack a digestive track, anus and coelom.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476.
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p472-476.
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201049&tree=0.1
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
8. ^ "Acoelomorpha". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoelomorpha
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
11. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p396
  
600,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		459) An intestine evolves in a bilaterian.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p61,66-67.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		532) Cylindrical gut, anus, and through-put of food evolves in a bilaterian;3
found in all bilaterians except Acoelomorpha4 and Platyhelminthes.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p4.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p4.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p472-476.
5. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
6. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {630my (first bilateral species-acoelomates}
8. ^ Richard Cowen,
"History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older) {575
(first bilateral species-acoelomates)(fossil record is older}
  
600,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		593) The genital pore, vagina, and uterus evolve in a bilaterian.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p58-79.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p58-79.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my)
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA:
Blackwell, 2005). (575 (fossil is older)
  
600,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		660) The penis evolves in a bilaterian.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
2. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes,
"Invertebrate Zoology", 2004.
3. ^ Ruppert, Fox, Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology",
2004.
4. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p472-476. (630my) {based on some Platyhelminthes have a penis)
630my}
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005). (575
(fossil is older)

MORE INFO
[1] D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001
  
590,000,000 YBN
70) End of Varanger Ice Age (650-590 mybn).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Proc. Ntl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol 91, pp 6743-6750, July 1994 "Proterozoic
and Early Cambrian protists: Evidence for accelerating evolutionary
tempo" Andrew H Knoll
  
590,000,000 YBN
3 4 		95) Fluid filled cavity, the coelom (SEleM) evolves in a bilaterian.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
3. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {estimate based on coelom being before protostome-deutostome
division, after acoelomorph) 630-590 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] "coelom." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 24 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/body-cavity
  
590,000,000 YBN
9 10 		98) The first circulatory system; blood vessels, and blood evolve in a
bilaterian.4 First blood cells.5

Cnidarians and flatworms are no more than two sheets of tissue thick and so
allow gas exchange and nutrient distribution by diffusion, but larger animals
with thicker tissues require a circulatory system to distribute materials.6 7 8

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ D. T.
Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second Edition,
2001, p4.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press,
Second Edition, 2001, p81.
4. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford
University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p81.
5. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p327.
6. ^ Solomon, E., L. Berg, and D.W. Martin. Biology.
Cengage Learning, 2010. Available Titles CourseMate Series,
p938-939. http://books.google.com/books?id=itHVNZicPgwC
7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p299.
8. ^ Cowen, R. History of Life.
John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
p46. http://books.google.com/books?id=Z-Tam4XuXLkC&pg=PA46
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on}
  
580,000,000 YBN
21 22 23 24 		93) Bilaterians Protostomes evolve.13 14 Ancestor of all Ecdysozoa
{eK-DiS-u-ZOu15 } and Lophotrochozoa {LuFoTroKoZOu16 }.17 18 19 20
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
3. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE;
Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
4. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
8. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
10. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
11. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
12. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
14. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
15. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
16. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
18. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198701
19. ^ Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne,
WE; Smith, SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling
improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
20. ^ Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
21. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
22. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (590my) {590 mybn}
23. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins.
“Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of evidence to
investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.” Integrative and
Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {543 mybn}
24. ^ S. Blair
Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=priapulids
[2] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide
Pisani, "The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic
and the geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363
(1496) 1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
  
580,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		105) Bilaterians Deuterostomes evolve. Ancestor of all Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 6
}, Hemichordates, and Chordates.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
6. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {570 mybn}
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {910 mybn}
12. ^ Cartwright,
Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple
lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan
lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {367 mybn}
13. ^ Jun-Yuan
Chen, David J. Bottjer, Paola Oliveri,Stephen Q. Dornbos, Feng Gao, Seth
Ruffins, Huimei Chi, Chia-Wei Li, Eric H. Davidson, "Small Bilaterian Fossils
from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian", Science, Vol 305, Issue 5681,
218-222, 9 July
2004 http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;305/5681/218

MORE INFO
[1] Kevin J Peterson, James A Cotton, James G Gehling, and Davide Pisani,
"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the
geological fossil records", Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B April 27, 2008 363 (1496)
1435-1443;
doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1
496/1435.short
  
580,000,000 YBN
6 7 		131) The first shell (or skeleton) evolves; in ciliates.3 Skeletons evolve
independently in different groups.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
2. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
3. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
4. ^ "skeleton." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 25 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/547371/skeleton>.
5. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf}
6. ^ Li, C.-W.; et al. (2007). "Ciliated protozoans from the Precambrian
Doushantuo Formation, Wengan, South China". Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 286: 151–156.
doi:10.1144/SP286.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.11
{Ciliates_Fossils_Precambrian_Li_580mybn.pdf} {earliest hard shell fossil -
ciliate) 580 mybn}
7. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Euglenozoa -pellicle) 1956 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Hamm, Smetacek, "Armor: Why, When, and How", in Falkowski, Knoll,
"Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea", 2007, p311-332, p323
[2] Bengtson, S.
(2004), Early skeletal fossils, in Lipps, J.H., and Waggoner, B.M.,
"Neoproterozoic- Cambrian Biological Revolutions" (PDF), Paleontological
Society Papers 10: 67–78, retrieved
2008-07-18 http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021554/Bengtson200
4ESF.pdf
(Doushantuo Formation) Beidoushan, Guizhou Province, South China5   
570,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 17 		311) Bilaterians Chaetognatha {KE-ToG-nutu8 9 } evolve (Arrow Worms).10

Earliest teeth. Animals start to eat other animals.11 12

The evolution of teeth and animal predation starts an "arms race" that rapidly
transforms ecosystems around the Earth.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
2. ^ Vannier, J.; Steiner, M.;
Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian origin of
modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of the Royal
Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID
17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
3. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
7. ^ Vannier, J.;
Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early Cambrian
origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms". Proceedings of
the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC
2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
8. ^ "arrow worm." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 21 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chaetognatha
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chaetognatha&submit=Submit
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
11. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
12. ^ Vannier,
J.; Steiner, M.; Renvoise, E.; Hu, S.-X.; Casanova, J.-P. (2007). "Early
Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms".
Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 (1610): 627–633.
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3761. PMC 2197202. PMID 17254986.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2197202
.
13. ^ Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p68.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (570)
15. ^ Chen,
J.-Y.; Huang, D.-Y. (2002). "A possible Lower Cambrian chaetognath (arrow
worm)". Science 298 (5591): 187. doi:10.1126/science.1075059. PMID 12364798.
16. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
17. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", Oxford University
Press, New York., 2009, Chap 24, p224-225. http://timetree.org/book.php

MORE INFO
[1] Gonzalo Giribet, Daniel L. Distel, Martin Polz, Wolfgang Sterrer, and
Ward C. Wheeler Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates
and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and
Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology Syst
Biol (2000) 49(3): 539-562 doi:10.1080/10635159950127385
[2] Martin Helmkampf, Iris Bruchhaus, Bernhard
Hausdorf, Multigene analysis of lophophorate and chaetognath phylogenetic
relationships, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 46, Issue 1,
January 2008, Pages 206-214, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S105579030700317X)
[3] S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and evolution of model organisms", Nature
Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html
[4] Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2002, p844
  
565,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		345) Deuterostome Hemichordates evolve (pterobranchs {TARuBrANKS5 }6 , acorn
worms).7

Adult Pterobranchs are sessile, fastening to solid structures, but the younger
(or larval) form is free swimming, and is thought to have evolved into
tunicates and then the first fish.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p201.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p203.
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterobranchs&submit=Submit
6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p201.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p203.
9. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin
of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against
the Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
10. ^ Xian-guang Hou, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter,
Mark Williams, Jan Zalasiewicz, Xiao-ya Ma. A pterobranch hemichordate zooid
from the lower Cambrian. Current Biology, 24 March 2011 DOI:
10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096
0982211002776
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p383.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
  
565,000,000 YBN
15 16 		347) Deuterostome Phylum Chordata evolves. Chordates are a very large group
that include all tunicates {TUNiKiTS}, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals,
and birds.8 9 Chordates get their name from the notochord {nOTe-KORD10 }, the
cartilage rod that runs along the back of the animal, in the embryo if not in
the adult.11

The ancestor of all chordates evolves "upside-down". Unlike earlier
invertebrates, this ancestor and all vertebrates have their nerve cord near
their back and their heart near their front.12 13 14
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
p399-400.
6. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
7. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p368-p381.
10. ^
"notochord." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/notochord
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381.
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p399-400.
13. ^ "ventral."Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ventral
14. ^ "dorsal." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Apr. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dorsal
15. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p368-p381. {565 MYBN}
16. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3208583.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Douzery, E. J. P., Snell, E. A., Bapteste, E., Delsuc, F., &
Philippe, H. (2004). The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (43),
15386-15391. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403984101
[2] Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho
and Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science New Series, Vol. 271, No. 5248
(Jan. 26, 1996), pp. 470-477. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2890144
[3] Pennisi, Elizabeth. “Drafting a Tree.” Science
300.5626 (2003) : 1694.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/300/5626/1694.summary
[4] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary Emergence of
Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION: EDUCATION AND
OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/
[5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
565,000,000 YBN
4 5 		348) Earliest extant chordate: Tunicates {TUNiKiTS} evolve (sea squirts).3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p377-381.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p377-381. {565 mybn}
5. ^ Chen, Jun-Yuan et al.
“The First Tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China.” Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 100.14 (2003): 8314 –8318.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/14/8314.full
  
560,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 12 13 		117) Earliest animal shell (or skeleton).2
Earliest evidence of animals eating
other animals (predation).3 4
Appearance of small shelly fossils and deep
burrows correlated with a decline in stromatolites, possibly from feeding.5
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210.
2. ^
Dzik, J (2007), "The Verdun Syndrome: simultaneous origin of protective armour
and infaunal shelters at the Precambrian–Cambrian transition", in
Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia, The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran
Biota, Special publications, 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 405–414,
doi:10.1144/SP286.30, ISBN 9781862392335, OCLC 191881597 156823511 191881597
http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Verdun.pdf
3. ^ Bengtson, S. and Zhao, Y. (17 July 1992). "Predatorial Borings in Late
Precambrian Mineralized Exoskeletons" (abstract). Science 257 (5068): 367.
doi:10.1126/science.257.5068.367. PMID 17832833.
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/257/5068/367
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2877345
4. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
5. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth",
sixth edition, 2002, p210.
6. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of
Cloudina, a potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.",
Source: American journal of science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume)
page: 261
-94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf
7. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina Shells:
Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic", PALAIOS,
October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782
8. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say
and Why It Matters", 2007, p163-170.
9. ^ Dott, Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", 6th
edition 2002, p212.
10. ^ Adam C. Maloof, Susannah M. Porter, John L. Moore, Frank
Ö. Dudás, Samuel A. Bowring, John A. Higgins, David A. Fike, and Michael P.
Eddy, "The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change",
Geological Society of America Bulletin, November 2010, v. 122, p. 1731-1774,
doi:10.1130/B30346.1 http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/122/11-12/1731.full

11. ^ SW Grant, "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a potential
index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic.", Source: American journal of
science (1990) volume: 290-A (Special volume) page: 261
-94 http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1990/11.1990.10SpecialConway.pdf
12. ^ http://palaeos.com/proterozoic/neoproterozoic/ediacaran/ediacaran2.htm
13. ^ HONG HUA, BRIAN R. PRATT, and LU-YI ZHANG, "Borings in Cloudina
Shells: Complex Predator-Prey Dynamics in the Terminal Neoproterozoic",
PALAIOS, October 2003, v. 18, p. 454-459,
doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0454:BICSCP>2.0.CO;2 http://palaios.geoscienceworld.org/citmg
r?gca=palaios;18/4-5/454 AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/3515782

MORE INFO
[1] Philip W. Signor and Mark A. S. McMenamin "The Early Cambrian Worm
Tube Onuphionella from California and Nevada", Journal of Paleontology , Vol.
62, No. 2 (Mar., 1988), pp. 233-240 Published by: Paleontological
Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1305228
[2] MATTHEWS, S. C., AND V. V. MISSARZHEVSKY.
1975. "Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a
review of recent work." Journal of the Geological Society,
131:289-304 http://jgs.geoscienceworld.org/content/131/3/289.abstract
[3] GRANT, S. W. F. 1990. "Shell structure and distribution of Cloudina, a
potential index fossil for the terminal Proterozoic." American Journal of
Science, 290(A):261-294
(Ara Formation) Oman6 |Lijiagou, Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province7   
560,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 12 		318) Protostomes Ecdysozoa {eK-DiS-u-ZOu4 } evolve. Ecdysozoa are animals that
molt (lose their outer skin) as they grow.5 6 This is the ancestor of round
worms, and arthropods (which includes insects and crustaceans).7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005),p390-394.
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ecdysozoa&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell,
2005),p390-394.
7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=198710
8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the
Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the
Proterozoic Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
of the United States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c580) {c580 mybn}
10. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden,
MA: Blackwell, 2005),p388-394. (560) {560 mybn}
11. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir
Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn}
12. ^ Cartwright, Paulyn, and
Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating multiple lines of
evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan lineages.”
Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {530 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Dunn et al., CW; Hejnol, A; Matus, DQ; Pang, K; Browne, WE; Smith,
SA; Seaver, E; Rouse, GW et al. (2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves
resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 452 (7188): 745–749.
doi:10.1038/nature06614. PMID
18322464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v452/n7188/abs/nature06614.html
[2] Giribet, G. (2008). Assembling the lophotrochozoan (=spiralian) tree of
life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ,
363 (1496), 1513-1522. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2241 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org
/content/363/1496/1513
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p390-394
[4] Telford, Maximilian J et al. “The Evolution of the Ecdysozoa.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496
(2008): 1529 –1537.
Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1529.long
  
560,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 		331) Protostomes Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u4 } evolve. Ancestor of
rotifers, phoronids, brachiopods {BrA-KE-O-PoDZ5 }, entoprocts {eNTuProKS6 },
bryozoans {BrI-u-ZO-iNZ7 }, platyhelminthes, gastrotrichs, nemertea, molluscs
and annelids.8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brachiopods&submit=Submit
6. ^ "entoproct?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entoproct?s=t
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=bryozoans&submit=Submit
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree", Science, (2003).
10. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c547) {c580 mybn}
12. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi, "Drafting a Tree",
Science, (2003). (550) {550 mybn}
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The
TimeTree of Life", 2009, p224-225. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {790 mybn}
14. ^
Cartwright, Paulyn, and Allen Collins. “Fossils and phylogenies: integrating
multiple lines of evidence to investigate the origin of early major metazoan
lineages.” Integrative and Comparative Biology 47.5 (2007): 744 -751.
Print. http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/47/5/744.full {538 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032
  
560,000,000 YBN
349) First fish.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
560,000,000 YBN
6290) Earliest extant fish, Lancelets {laNSleTS4 }.5 First liver and kidney.6

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004),p372-376.
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p205.
4. ^ "lancelet." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Feb.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/lancelet
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),p372-376.
6. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters", 2007, p205.

MORE INFO
[1] Philip C. J. Donoghue and Mark A. Purnell, "The Evolutionary
Emergence of Vertebrates From Among Their Spineless Relatives", EVOLUTION:
EDUCATION AND OUTREACH, Volume 2, Number 2, 204-212, DOI:
10.1007/s12052-009-0134-3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/l48138g81qv4m18k/
export-citation/
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41451
  
550,000,000 YBN
7 		328) Ecdysozoa Aschelminthes {aSKHeLmiNtEZ3 4 } (worms: nematodes and
priapulids).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
3. ^ "Aschelminthes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/aschelminthes
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=aschelminthes
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126691
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c550)
  
547,000,000 YBN
2 		334) Lophotrochozoa Brachiopods {BrAKEOPoDZ}.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c547)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=202032
  
543,000,000 YBN
7 		101) Segmentation evolves (body parts are repeated serially).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
2. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
5. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
6. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004),p622-624.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {537 MYBN (based on Annaleda - segmented worns} {543 MYBN
(based on arthropods, annelids - segmented worns=537}
  
542,000,000 YBN
5 		53) End of the "Precambrian". End of the Proterozoic and start of the
Phanerozoic {FaNReZOiK1 } Eon. Start of the Paleozoic {PAlEuZOiK2 } Era and the
Cambrian Period.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Phanerozoic." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/phanerozoic
2. ^ "Paleozoic." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 09 Mar.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Paleozoic>.
3. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
4. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic
and Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
5. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] Knoll, Andrew H. et al. “A New Period for the Geologic Time
Scale.” Science 305.5684 (2004): 621 –622.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5684/621.short
  
542,000,000 YBN
9 10 		6297) The Cambrian radiation, (or "Cambrian explosion"), the rapid
diversification of multicellular animals between 542 and 530 million years ago
that results in the appearance of many (between 20 and 35) of the major phyla
of animals.5 6 7 An increase of animals with shells.8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
2. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
3. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
5. ^
"Cambrian Explosion." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cambrian-explosion
6. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006,
p329-333.
7. ^ "Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>.
8. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
9. ^
"Cambrian explosion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90620/Cambrian-explosion>. {542-530
mybn}
10. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth edition, 2006, p329-333.
{535 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Derek E. G. Briggs and Richard A. Fortey, "Wonderful Strife:
Systematics, Stem Groups, and the Phylogenetic Signal of the Cambrian
Radiation", Paleobiology , Vol. 31, No. 2, Supplement. Macroevolution:
Diversity, Disparity, Contingency: Essays in Honor of Stephen Jay Gould
(Spring, 2005), pp. 94-112 http://www.jstor.org/stable/25482671
  
540,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 		104) Lophotrochozoa {Lu-Fo-Tro-Ku-ZO-u3 } Platyhelminthes {PlaTEheLmiNtEZ}
evolve (flatworms).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lophotrochozoa&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)
6. ^ Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The Timing of
Eukaryotic Evolution: Does a Relaxed Molecular Clock Reconcile Proteins and
Fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386 -15391.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386
7. ^ Peterson, Kevin J et al. “The Ediacaran Emergence of Bilaterians:
Congruence Between the Genetic and the Geological Fossil Records.”
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363.1496
(2008): 1435 -1443.
Print. http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1435.full
  
540,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		319) Protists "Radiolaria" {rADEOlaREo4 }.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Mar. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ "Radiolaria." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of
Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com
30 Mar. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/radiolaria-2
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales,
rhizaria, chromalveolates
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ A. Braun, J. Chen, D. Waloszek and A. Maas,
"First Early Cambrian Radiolaria", Geological Society, London, Special
Publications 2007, v. 286, p.
143-149. http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/286/1/143.short
and http://www.core-orsten-research.de/Publications/PDF_Paper/ulm_team/2007b_Br
aun_etal.pdf {Earliest radiolaria fossils) 540 mybn}
8. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan
Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with
the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my}
9. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574
{804 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates (1600my)
[2] Keeling, Patrick J. et al. "The tree of eukaryotes." Trends
in Ecology & Evolution 20.12 (2005):
670-676. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534705003046
[3] Delsuc, Frederic, Henner Brinkmann, and Herve Philippe. "Phylogenomics and
the reconstruction of the tree of life." Nat Rev Genet 6.5 (2005):
361-375. http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v6/n5/abs/nrg1603.html
[4] http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Pratt/boo305.htm
[5] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[6] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/radiolaria.html
[7] "Polycystine". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystine
  
540,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 		321) Protists "Foraminifera" {FOraMiniFRu4 }.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=foraminifera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
7. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", Second
Edition, 2003, p165-167. {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
8. ^ Culver,
S. J. (1991) Science 254, 689–691.
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=sci&resid=254/5032/68
9 and http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5032/689.full.pdf {earliest
fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
9. ^ Culver, S. J. (1994) J. Foraminiferal Res.
24,
191–202. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gsjfr&resid
=24/3/191 {earliest fossils, lower Cambrian) c540 my}
10. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan
Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with
the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006
273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {804 my}
11. ^ http://www.timetree.org/index.php?found_taxon_a=65574
{804 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). has 1600mybn for excavates, discricristales, rhizaria,
chromalveolates (1600mybn)
[2] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
[3] http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/foram.html
[4] "Allogromiida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogromiida
[5] "Fusulinid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinid
[6] "Globigerinida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globigerinida
[7] "Miliolid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliolid
[8] "Rotaliida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotaliida
[9] "Textulariida". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textulariida
[10]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P4356&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
[11]
http://microscope.mbl.edu/scripts/protist.php?func=integrate&myID=P2007&chinese_
flag=&system=&version=&documentID=&excludeNonLinkedIn=&imagesOnly=
  
540,000,000 YBN
5 		340) Lophotrochozoa Nemertea {ne-mR-TEu3 } (ribbon worms).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nemertea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c541)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
540,000,000 YBN
5 		341) Ecdysozoa Tardigrades {ToRDiGRADZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "tardigrade." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tardigrade
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
540,000,000 YBN
6 		342) Ecdysozoa Onychophorans {oniKoFereNS3 } evolve.4 Onychophorans are a
transition between worms and arthropods: they have segmented worm-like bodies
but with appendages like arthropods.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "onychophoran." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
05 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/velvet-worm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Donald Prothero, "Evolution: What the Fossils
Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p193.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c543)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
535,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 		114) The first heart evolves in bilaterians.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University Press, Second
Edition, 2001, p124-125.
2. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology", Oxford University
Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125.
3. ^ D. T. Anderson, "Invertebrate Zoology",
Oxford University Press, Second Edition, 2001, p124-125.
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca,
"Invertebrates", 2003, p 73.
5. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.
6. ^
Peterson, Kevin J., and Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa:
Testing Ecological Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic
Fossil Record.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {based on} {539 MYBN (based on mollusca}
  
533,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		343) Lophotrochozoa Mollusks evolve.3

The phylum Mollusca is the second largest animal phylum after the arthropods,
and is divided into seven classes, three of which (Gastropoda {GaSTroPeDu4 }
(snails), Bivalvia (clams and muscles), and Cephalopoda {SeFeloPeDu5 } (squids
and octupuses) are of major importance.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=gastropoda&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cephalopoda&submit=Submit
6. ^ "Mollusca." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 18 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mollusca
7. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009,
p224-229. http://www.timetree.org/book.php
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c539)
9. ^ Caron, Jean-Bernard et al. "A soft-bodied mollusc with
radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale." Nature 442.7099 (2006):
159-163. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7099/full/nature04894.html

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
530,000,000 YBN
3 		338) Lophotrochozoa annelids (segmented worms).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (c537)

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201563
  
530,000,000 YBN
7 8 		339) Ecdysozoa Arthropods evolve.3

Arthropods can be compared to a segmented worm encased in a rigid exoskeleton.4


The phylum Arthropoda is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Arthropods
include the trilobites, the crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, and lobsters), the
Myriapoda (centipedes and millipedes), the Chelicerata (arachnids and horseshoe
crabs) and the insects.5 All arthropods have a segmented body covered by an
exoskeleton containing chitin, which serves as both armor and as a surface for
muscle attachment.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Brusca and Brusca, "Invertebrates", 2003, p476.
5. ^
Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree, 2009,
p251. http://timetree.org/pdf/Pisani2009Chap29.pdf
6. ^ "arthropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthropod
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c543)
8. ^ Palmer, et. al., "Prehistoric Life", p66.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?pos=0
  
530,000,000 YBN
350) Chordata Vertebrates evolve.3 This Subphylum contains most fishes, and
all amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
  
530,000,000 YBN
3 		6637) Vertebrates Jawless fishes evolve (agnatha).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p364-371.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p364-371.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
  
520,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		133) Arthropods Chelicerata (KeliSuroTo4 ) (eight legs, ancestor of horseshoe
crabs, mites, spiders, and scorpions).5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ J. W. Shultz
(2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological
characters". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150: 221–265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2007.00284.x
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chelicerata&submit=Submit
5. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
6. ^ D. Waloszek, J.A.
Dunlop, "A larval sea spider (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) from the Upper Cambrian
‘Orsten’ of Sweden and the phylogenetic position of pycnogonids",
Palaeontology, 45 (2002), pp.
421–446 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00244/abstract
7. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168.
8. ^
Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211.
9. ^ Palmer,
et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66-67.
10. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
2009, p251-253.

MORE INFO
[1] Charbonnier, S, J Vannier, and B Riou. “New Sea Spiders from the
Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Lagerstätte.” Proceedings of the Royal Society
B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (October 22, 2007): 2555
–2561. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1625/2555.full
[2] Dunlop and Seldon, "The Early History and Phylogeny of the Chelicerates",
in Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relatioinships", 1997, p231
earliest (sea spider) fossils: Orsten, Sweden6   
520,000,000 YBN
2 3 		148) Earliest color vision evolves in arthropods.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Koyanagi, M.; Nagata, T.; Katoh, K.; Yamashita, S.; Tokunaga, F. (2008).
"Molecular Evolution of Arthropod Color Vision Deduced from Multiple Opsin
Genes of Jumping Spiders". Journal of Molecular Evolution 66 (2): 130–137.
DOI:10.1007/s00239-008-9065-9. PMID
18217181. http://www.springerlink.com/content/e67h525378645572/?MUD=MP
2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p168.
3. ^
Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002, p210-211.

MORE INFO
[1] Yokoyama, S., and B. F. Radlwimmer. 2001. The molecular genetics and
evolution of red and green color vision in vertebrates. Genetics Society of
America. 158: 1697-1710
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004)
  
520,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9 		346) Deuterostome Echinoderms (iKIniDRMS 3 } (sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand
dollars, star fish).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "echinoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 29 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/echinoderm
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Adam M. English, Loren E. Babcock, Census of the Indian
Springs Lagerstätte, Poleta Formation (Cambrian), western Nevada, USA,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Volume 295, Issues 1–2, 1
September 2010, Pages 236-244, ISSN 0031-0182,
10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.041. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
/S0031018210003287)
6. ^ J. Wyatt Durham, "Notes on the Helicoplacoidea and Early Echinoderms",
Journal of Paleontology , Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1967), pp.
97-102 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1301905
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p66.
8. ^ Peterson, Kevin J., and
Nicholas J. Butterfield. “Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing Ecological
Predictions of Molecular Clocks Against the Proterozoic Fossil Record.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
102.27 (2005):
9547–9552. http://www.pnas.org/content/102/27/9547.full.pdf+html
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p384.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=126698
  
520,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 		6349) The arthropods trilobites evolve.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998). Article
ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
2. ^ http://www.nature.com0/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
3. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
5. ^ Xiao, S., Yang, Z. & Knoll, A. H. Nature 391, 553-558 (1998).
Article ISI ChemPort
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v391/n6667/ful
l/391553a0_fs.html (not clear that these are trilobite...this needs to be
checked)
6. ^ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6971/full/427205a.html (here
it is claimed they are trilobite embryos)
7. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental
evolution: insights from studies of insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my
8. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html
9. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p168.
10. ^ Dott and Prothero, "Evolution of the Earth", sixth edition, 2002,
p210-211.
11. ^ Patel, N.H. (1994). Developmental evolution: insights from studies of
insect segmentation. Science 266(5185):
581--590. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/266/5185/581.abstract {science_266
_5185_oldest_trilo.pdf}
AND http://patelweb.berkeley.edu/Nipam%27s%20Own%20Articles.PDFs/Patel1994A.pdf
has 510my {510 mybn}
12. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobitafr.html {540 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.trilobites.info/biostratigraphy.htm
[2] http://www.trilobites.info/origins.htm
[3] Babcock, L.E., S Peng, G. Geyer, & J.H. Shergold. 2005.
Changing perspectives on Cambrian chronostratigraphy and progress toward
subdivision of the Cambrian System. Geosci. Journal
9(2):101-6. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t7062n5744462260/
[4] Niles Eldredge, "Trilobites and Evolutionary Patterns", p305-332 in Anthony
Hallam, "Patterns of evolution as illustrated by the fossil record, Volume 5",
1977, p322. http://books.google.com/books?id=q7GjDIyyWegC
[5] Hughes, N. 2007. The evolution of trilobite body patterning. Annu.
Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2007.
35:401–34. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.earth.35.0313
06.140258
[6] Richard A. Fortey "Trilobite Systematics: The Last 75 Years", Journal of
Paleontology , Vol. 75, No. 6, 75th Anniversary Issue (Nov., 2001), pp.
1141-1151 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1307082
[7] http://www.palaeos.org/Cambrian_Stage_3
  
513,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9 		6351) Ancestor of all Arthropod Crustaceans (shrimps, crabs, lobsters,
barnicles).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar,
"TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter
Waloszek, "An early Cambrian phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally
preserved soft parts from Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology,
70, 2003
4. ^ Siveter, David J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A
Phosphatocopid Crustacean with Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science
293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001): 479
–481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract
5. ^ David J. Siveter, Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek, "An early Cambrian
phosphatocopid crustacean with three-dimensionally preserved soft parts from
Shropshire, England", Special Papers in Paleontology, 70, 2003
6. ^ Siveter, David
J., Mark Williams, and Dieter Waloszek. “A Phosphatocopid Crustacean with
Appendages from the Lower Cambrian.” Science 293, no. 5529 (July 20, 2001):
479 –481. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/293/5529/479.abstract
7. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p66-67.
8. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p251-253.
9. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are
terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci.
2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395

MORE INFO
[1]
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Crustacea/fossils.html
[2] http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0719_crustacean.html
earliest fossils: Shropshire, England3 4   
501,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 		6348) Arthropods Myriapoda {mEREaPeDu3 } (centipedes and millipedes).4
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ "Myriapoda." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 05 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/myriapoda-1
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life",
2009, p251-253.
5. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.” Nature
343.6254 (1990): 163–164.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html
{Robison_19900111.pdf}
6. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213.
7. ^ Budd, G.E.,
Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the
Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p.
37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf}
8. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A.
Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in the Silurian: Arachnids and
Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250, no. 4981 (November 2,
1990): 658 –661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658
9. ^ Robison, Richard A. “Earliest-known Uniramous Arthropod.”
Nature 343.6254 (1990): 163–164.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v343/n6254/abs/343163a0.html
{Robison_19900111.pdf}
10. ^ Fortey and Thomas, "Arthropod Relationships", 1998, p212-213.
11. ^ Budd, G.E.,
Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like arthropod from the
Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische Zeitschrift, v. 75p.
37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596 {Budd_2001.pdf}
12. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B.,
Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and
Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in
Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology
30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
13. ^ Budd, G.E., Högström, A.E.S., and Gogin, I., 2001, A myriapod-like
arthropod from the Upper Cambrian of East Siberia: Paläontologische
Zeitschrift, v. 75p. 37-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03022596
14. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W.
Dalrymple, Simon J. Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First
Steps on Land: Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone,
Southeastern Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
15. ^ Jeram, Andrew J., Paul A. Selden, and Dianne Edwards. “Land Animals in
the Silurian: Arachnids and Myriapods from Shropshire, England.” Science 250,
no. 4981 (November 2, 1990): 658
–661. http://www.sciencemag.org/citmgr?gca=sci;250/4981/658
16. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
17. ^ William A Shear, Andrew J Jeram and Paul Selden, "Centiped legs
(Arthropoda, Chilopoda, Scutigeromorpha) from the Silurian and Devonian of
Britain and the Devonian of North America.", American Museum novitates
3231:1-16 (1998) http://biostor.org/reference/30111
18. ^ Grimaldi, Engels, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p107-108.
19. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
20. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
earliest possible fossils: (Marine deposits)(Wheeler Formation) Utah, USA5 6
and (Ust-Majan formation) East Siberia7 |(earliest fossils) Shropshire,
England8   
488,300,000 YBN
3 		121) End of the Cambrian (542-488.3 mybn), and start of the Ordovician
{ORDiVisiN1 } (488.3-443.7 mybn) Period.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
488,000,000 YBN
7 		6314) The Ordovician (ORDeVisiN4 } radiation. During the Ordovician the number
of genera {JeN-R-u5 } will quadruple.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
2. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
3. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
4. ^ "Ordovician." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ordovician
5. ^ "genera." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Aug. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genera>.
6. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.
7. ^ "Ordovician radiation." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 30 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1312376/Ordovician-radiation>.

MORE INFO
[1] Harold Levine, "The Eath Through Time", 2006, p333
  
475,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		244) Non-vascular plants evolve, Bryophyta {BrIoFiTo6 }, (Liverworts,
Hornworts, Mosses).7 8

The Bryophytes are the simplest land plants, and reproduce with spores.9 10
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ "Bryophyta."
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
6. ^ "Bryophyta."
Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 01 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Bryophyta>.
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^ Peter Robert
Bell, Alan R. Hemsley, "Green Plants: Their Origin and Diversity", 2000,
p102. http://books.google.com/books?id=HYkTvGq_RccC&pg=PA102
10. ^ Diego Fontaneto, "Biogeography of Microscopic Organisms: Is Everything
Small Everywhere?", 2011,
p211. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdcLHCPgG-wC&pg=PA211
11. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
12. ^ S26 (c475)
13. ^ S15 (c475)

MORE INFO
[1] "Bryophyte". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryophyte
[2] "Bryophyta." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 22 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bryophyta-1
  
475,000,000 YBN
11 12 		398) Plants live on land. Earliest fossil spores belonging to land plants.7 8 9

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gray, J., Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils
from libya. Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
2. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
3. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
4. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
5. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
6. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
7. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
8. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
9. ^ Richard Cowen, "History of Life", (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005).
10. ^ Gray, J.,
Massa, D., & Boucot, A. J. Caradocian land plant microfossils from libya.
Geology , April 1982, 10 (4), 197-201. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<197:CLPMFL>2.0.CO;2 http://geology.gsapubs.org
/content/10/4/197.abstract?sid=dadb8801-cfd4-4eb4-b70e-95cb217113e4 {Gray_Jane_
198204xx.pdf}
11. ^ Wellman, Charles H., Peter L. Osterloff, and Uzma Mohiuddin. “Fragments
of the earliest land plants.” Nature 425.6955 (2003) :
282-285. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6955/full/nature01884.html
{475 MYBN}
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p82.
earliest fossils: Caradoc, Libya10   
472,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		402) The first animals live on land, arthropods Myriapoda (centipedes and
millipedes).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
2. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
3. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
4. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
6. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
7. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p109-110.
9. ^ Heather M. Wilson
and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of Paleozoic Millipedes
(Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland", Journal of
Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
10. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
11. ^ MacNaughton, Robert B., Jennifer M. Cole, Robert W. Dalrymple, Simon J.
Braddy, Derek E.G. Briggs, and Terrence D. Lukie. “First Steps on Land:
Arthropod Trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician Eolian Sandstone, Southeastern
Ontario, Canada.” Geology 30, no. 5 (May 2002): 391
–394. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/citmgr?gca=geology;30/5/391
12. ^ Heather M. Wilson and Lyall I. Anderson, "Morphology and Taxonomy of
Paleozoic Millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland",
Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2004), pp.
169-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/4094847 {Anderson_Lyall_200401xx.pdf}
13. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p67.
earliest arthropod tracks: Kingston, Ontario, Canada10   
465,000,000 YBN
3 		6636) The Jawless fishes lamprays evolve.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p364-371.
2. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and Why
It Matters", 2007, p198.
3. ^ Prothero, "Evolution. What the Fossils Have to Say and
Why It Matters", 2007, p198.

MORE INFO
[1] William Patten, "New Ostracoderms from Oesel", Science, New Series,
Vol. 73, No. 1903 (Jun. 19, 1931), pp.
671-673 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1655241
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=41579
[3] "ostracoderm." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/ostracoderm
  
460,000,000 YBN
9 		353) Jawed vertebrates evolve, Gnathostomata {no toST omoTo4 }.5 This large
group includes all jawed fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
First vertebrate teeth.6

The jaw evolves from parts of the gill skeleton.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
4. ^ "Gnathostomata." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gnathostomata-1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
9. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p360-363. {460 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Palmer, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p106,110
[2]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
Oceans8   
460,000,000 YBN
4 5 		404) Jawed fishes Chondrichthyes {KoN-DriK-tE-EZ2 } (Cartilaginous fishes:
ancestor of all sharks, rays, skates, and sawfishes).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
2. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chondrichthyes&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
4. ^ Miller, Randall F., Richard Cloutier, and Susan Turner.
“The Oldest Articulated Chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian Period.”
Nature 425.6957 (2003): 501–504. Web. 23 May
2012. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6957/full/nature02001.html {M
iller_Chondrichthyans_2003.pdf}
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p360-363.
  
460,000,000 YBN
3 4 		458) Earliest fungi on land. Ancestor of all terrestrial fungi.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
2. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
3. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
4. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
  
460,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 15 		6414) Fungi "Glomeromycota" {GlO-mi-rO-mI-KO-Tu5 } (Arbuscular {oRBuSKYUlR6 }
mycorrhizal {MIKerIZL7 } fungi).8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
4. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycota&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=arbuscular&submit=Submit
7. ^ "mycorrhiza." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/mycorrhiza
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
10. ^ S
Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A molecular
timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life",
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
11. ^
Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician".
Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
12. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (c750mybn)
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model
Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002); doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002). (c1460 to 1210mybn)
15. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (estimate that between 947 and 968)

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=glomeromycetes&submit=Submit
[2] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
[3] Redecker, Dirk,
and Philipp Raab. "Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular Mycorrhizal
Fungi): Recent Developments and New Gene Markers." Mycologia 98.6 (November):
2006, p885 –895. http://www.mycologia.org/content/98/6/885.abstract
earliest fossils: Wisconsin, USA11   
445,000,000 YBN
3 4 		90) Mass extinction caused by ice age.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ THE LATE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTION - Annual Review of
Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29(1):331 - Abstract".
Arjournals.annualreviews.org. 2003-11-28.
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331?jou
rnalCode=earth
3. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p83.
4. ^ David Jablonski and W. G.
Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction
Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {439 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
[2] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of
Mass Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
443,700,000 YBN
2 		122) End of the Ordovician (488.3-443.7 mybn), and start of the Silurian
(443.7-416) Period.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
440,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		236) Vascular plants evolve, Tracheophyta.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
7. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
8. ^ McElwain, Jenny C.; Willis, K. G.;
Willis, Kathy; McElwain, J. C. (2002). The evolution of plants. Oxford
Oxfordshire. ^: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850065-3.
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive
Life", 2009, p96.
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The
plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c400)
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
11. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
  
440,000,000 YBN
5 6 		360) Jawed fishes, bony fishes evolve. Ray-finned fishes.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
4. ^ "bony fish." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25
Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/osteichthyes
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363. {440 MYBN}
6. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p97.

MORE INFO
[1] "teleost." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 26 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/teleost
Ocean and fresh water3 4   
440,000,000 YBN
5 		6172) The first lung evolves from the swim bladder in ray-finned fishes.3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p338-363.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p338-363.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p338-363. {440 MYBN (guess based on ray-finned fish evolving}

MORE INFO
[1] Farmer, C.G. 1999. The evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary
system. Annual Review of Physiology
61:573-592 http://biologylabs.utah.edu/farmer/publications%20pdf/1999%20AnnuRev
Physiol61.pdf
Ocean (presumably)4   
425,000,000 YBN
3 		377) Jawed fishes, Lobe-fin fishes evolve. Coelacanths.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p335-338.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p335-338.

MORE INFO
[1] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=89942
[2] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42376
  
420,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 		6350) Arthropods Hexapods (arthropods with six legs {3 pairs}, includes all
insects).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter, "Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
3. ^ Timothy Duane Schowalter,
"Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach", 2006,
p781. http://books.google.com/books?id=LQqHWCtj0F0C&pg=PA781
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116.
6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects,
2005, p146.
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p66,116.
8. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p251-253.
9. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny:
hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic",
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395

MORE INFO
[1] Blaxter, Mark. “Evolutionary Biology: Sum of the Arthropod
Parts.” Nature 413.6852 (2001):
121–122. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6852/full/413121a0.html
earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Scotland5   
417,000,000 YBN
2 3 		378) Lobefin fishes, Lungfishes.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=42316&tree=0.1
  
416,000,000 YBN
3 		123) End of the Silurian (443.7-416 mybn), and start of the Devonian {DiVONEiN1
} (416-359.2 mybn) Period.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Devonian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/devonian
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
3. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
416,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		6352) Hexapods: insects.4 5 Bristletail and Silverfish.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
2. ^ Regier, et al,
"Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods
are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
3. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
5. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny:
hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic",
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
Evolution of the Insects, 2005, p146.
8. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny:
hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic",
Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p250-254.
10. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA1
  
400,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 15 16 		227) Fungi "Ascomycota" {aS-KO-mI-KO-Tu6 } (ancestor of yeasts, truffles,
Penicillium, and morels {mu reLZ7 }).8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ascomycota&submit=Submit
7. ^ "morel." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 01 Jul.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/morel
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil
ascomycetes", Nature 399, 648 (17 June 1999),
doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0
.html
12. ^ T. N. Taylor, H. Hass & H. Kerp, "The oldest fossil ascomycetes", Nature
399, 648 (17 June 1999),
doi:10.1038/21349 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v399/n6737/full/399648a0
.html
13. ^ Redecker D, Kodner R, Graham LE. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the
Ordovician". Science 289 (5486): 1920–21. Bibcode 2000Sci...289.1920R.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920. PMID
10988069. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3077684
14. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1009my)
15. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1140my)
16. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)

MORE INFO
[1] Kirk, et al., "Dictionary of Fungi", 2008, p142
earliest fossils: (Rhynie chert) Aberdeenshire, Scotland11   
400,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 		237) Vascular plants ferns evolve (club mosses, ferns and horsetails).2
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
{Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p110.
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c390 (360
for living species)
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c390)
6. ^ Taylor, Thomas N.;
Edith L. Taylor. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. 332–334. ISBN 0-13-651589-4.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.full
(318mybn)
[2] Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (350mybn)
  
392,000,000 YBN
4 5 		359) Cartilaginous fishes: "Selachii" {SelAKEE1 or I2 } evolve, (ancestor of
all sharks: includes great white, hammerhead, mako, tiger and nurse sharks).3
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachii&submit=Submit
2. ^ "Selachii." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 26 Aug. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/selachii-2
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^ Prothero, D.R., and C.D. Buell. Evolution: What the Fossils Say
and Why It Matters. Columbia University Press, 2007, p198.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=selachimorpha&submit=Submit
  
385,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		405) The first forests. Earliest large tree fossils.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed
Landing2 & Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma
of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
8. ^ William E. Stein1, Frank Mannolini2, Linda VanAller Hernick2, Ed Landing2
& Christopher M. Berry3, "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the
Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa", Nature 446, 904-907 (19 April
2007) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05705.html
{385 mybn}
9. ^ Palmet et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p111.
10. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {380mybn}
earliest fossils: Gilboa, New York, USA7   
385,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 		411) The first flying animal, an arthropod insect. Ancestor of all winged
insects (Pterygota {TARiGOTu8 }) (Mayflies, Dragonflies, Damselflies).9 10 11
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
3. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
7. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pterygota&submit=Submit
9. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p148. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA157
10. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
11. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
12. ^ Knecht, R. J., Engel, M. S., & Benner, J. S. (2011). Late carboniferous
paleoichnology reveals the oldest full-body impression of a flying insect.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 108 (16),
6515-6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015948108
13. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in
the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic
(Insecta: Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
14. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146
15. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p163. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA163
16. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.
17. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
18. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {315 MYBN}
19. ^ Regier,
et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial crustaceans and
maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February 22; 272(1561):
395–401. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
20. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p142.

MORE INFO
[1] Engel MS, Grimaldi DA (2004) New light shed on the oldest insect.
Nature 427: 627–630
[2] Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects (Cambridge
Univ. Press, Cambridge)
[3] Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I (2005) Discovery of the oldest known
Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech
Republic (Insecta: Archoaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8
[4] "Orthoptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/orthoptera-1
[5] David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA159
earliest fossils: (Wamsutta Formation) southeastern Massachusetts12 and Upper
Silesian Basin, Czech Republic13   
375,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		380) The first tetrapods (organisms with four feet), the amphibians, evolve in
fresh water.5 The first vertebrate limbs (arms and legs) and fingers.6
Ancestor of caecillians, frogs, toads, and salamanders.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
6. ^ Ted
Huntington.
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
9. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The origin and
evolution of model organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (November
2002) http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v3/n11/full/nrg929.html {Hedges_2002.p
df} {375(360+-15) mybn}
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329. {340 mybn}
11. ^ P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod
or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298
- 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html {368
mybn (fossil}
12. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
{368 mybn (fossil}
13. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
 {368 mybn (fossil}
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)8   
367,000,000 YBN
2 3 		408) Mass extinction caused by ice age.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record
(and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344,
No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting
(Apr. 29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {367 mybn}
3. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {360 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass
Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
363,000,000 YBN
5 6 		379) The first vertebrates live on land (an amphibian).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
5. ^
http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/Amphibia/fossilrecord.html
 {363mybn}
6. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/tetrafr.html {360mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] P. E. Ahlberg, "Tetrapod or near-tetrapod fossils from the Upper
Devonian of Scotland", Nature 354, 298 - 301 (28 November
1991) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v354/n6351/abs/354298a0.html
[2] http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/tetrapods/amphibfr.html
Fresh water, Greenland (on the equator)4   
360,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 		226) Fungi "Basidiomycota" {Bo-SiDEO-mI-KO-Tu5 } (ancestor of many mushrooms:
button, chanterelle {saNTRreL6 }, cremini{KremENE7 }, enoki {inoKE8 }, fly
agaric {uGaRiK9 }, oyster, porcino {PORCEnO 10 }, portabella, psilocybe,
puffball, shiitake {sEToKE11 }, woodear, rusts, and club fungi).12 13 14
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
2. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
3. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=basidiomycota&submit=Submit
6. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chanterelle&submit=Submit
7. ^ "cremini." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/cremini
8. ^ "enoki?s=t". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random
House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/enoki?s=t
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=agaric&submit=Submit
10. ^ "porcino." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/porcino
11. ^ "shiitake." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/shiitake
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of
Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
15. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985) Studies of
Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi from
the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot
72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef
ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t
he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734
16. ^ Stubblefield SP, Taylor TN, Beck CB (1985)
Studies of Paleozoic fungi. V. Wood-decaying fungi in Callixylon newberryi
from the Upper Devonian. Am J Bot
72:1765–1774 http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/taylorPDFs%5C%5B1985%5D%20Stubblef
ield%20et%20al.-Wood%20decaying%20fungi%20in%20Callixylon%20newberryi%20from%20t
he%20Upper%20Devonian.pdf AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2443734
17. ^ Michael Krings, Nora Dotzler, Jean Galtier and
Thomas N. Taylor, "Oldest fossil basidiomycete clamp connections", Mycoscience,
Volume 52, Number 1 (2011), 18-23, DOI:
10.1007/s10267-010-0065-4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/725614321xj0604w/

18. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (968my)
19. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and
Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849 (2002);
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002). (1210my)
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (700my)

MORE INFO
[1] "Basidiomycota". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota
[2] McLAUGHLIN, DAVID J., ALAN BECKETT, and KWON S. YOON. “Ultrastructure and
Evolution of Ballistosporic Basidiospores.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society 91.1-2 (1985):
253–271. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01149.
x/abstract
earliest fossils: Indiana15   
360,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 		6353) The Neoptera, folding wing insects.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
2. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig,
and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
3. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of
Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology
Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702.
Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
5. ^ David A.
Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
6. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
7. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
8. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
9. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001. Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to
Hennig, and beyond. Journal of Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
10. ^ Regier, et al, "Pancrustacean phylogeny: hexapods are terrestrial
crustaceans and maxillopods are not monophyletic", Proc Biol Sci. 2005 February
22; 272(1561): 395–401.
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1561/395
11. ^ Garwood, Russell, and Mark Sutton. “X-ray Micro-tomography of
Carboniferous stem-Dictyoptera: New Insights into Early Insects.” Biology
Letters 6.5 (2010): 699 –702.
Print. http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/699.full

MORE INFO
[1] Video: Virtual fossil of Archimylacris eggintoni,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yR-_nq2UsOc
earliest fossils: (Archimylacris eggintoni, Coseley Lagerstätte)
Staffordshire, UK3   
359,200,000 YBN
2 		124) End of the Devonian (416-359.2 mybn), and start of the Carboniferous
(359.2-299 mybn) Period.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
359,000,000 YBN
20 21 		243) The first plant seed evolves. Ancestor of all seed plants.9 10 11 12

The earliest fossil seed is from a seed fern (Pteridosperm {TARiDOSPRM13 }).14
15 16 17
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
2. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
3. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29,
201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
4. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
5. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and
Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
6. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
7. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64, 29,
201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
8. ^ "Pteridosperms." McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005.
Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
9. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and
Stephen E. Scheckler. “The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
10. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
11. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
12. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pteridospermae
14. ^ Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler.
“The earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
15. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
16. ^ A. G. Long, Trans. Royal Soc. Edinburgh V64,
29, 201, 261 (1960); ibid, V64, 281 (1961), V64, 401.
17. ^ "Pteridosperms."
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc., 2005. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pteridosperms
18. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
19. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>.
20. ^ Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577 {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}
21. ^ "Genomosperma kidstonii." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica,
2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229254/Genomosperma-kidstonii>. {359
MYBN (Lower Carboniferous}

MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
[3] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (c320 (360 for living species)
[4] Hwan Su
Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A
Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular
Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
[5] Dr. Singh, Dr. Pande & Dr.
Jain, "Diversity and Systematics of Seed Plants",
2005. http://books.google.com/books?id=GTUgfghg80gC
[6] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
earliest fossils: Scotland18 19   
350,000,000 YBN
3 		361) Ray-finned fishes, Sturgeons and Paddlefish.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {350 MYBN}
  
350,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 12 		6355) The Neoptera: Dictyoptera {DiKTEoPTRu4 } (ancestor of Cockroaches,
Termites, and Mantises).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
3. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dictyoptera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
6. ^ Grimaldi, D. 2001.
Insect evolutionary history from Handlirsch to Hennig, and beyond. Journal of
Paleontology
75:1152-1160. http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/content/75/6/1152
AND www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Grimaldi_2001_insect_evolution_history
.pdf
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
8. ^ David A. Grimaldi,
Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
9. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p143.
10. ^ Prokop J, Nel A, Hoch I
(2005) Discovery of the oldest known Pterygota in the Lower Carboniferous of
the Upper Silesian Basin in the Czech Republic (Insecta:
Archaeorthoptera). Geobios
38:383–387. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001669950500028
8 {324 MYBN}
11. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
12. ^ Palmer, et al, "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.

MORE INFO
[1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti
on-and-paleontology>
  
340,000,000 YBN
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 		384) The hard-shell egg evolves.9 The Amniota {aMnEOtu10 } (ancestor of
reptiles, mammals and birds).11 The hard-shell egg is waterproof.12 This is
the start of vertebrate internal fertilization, because on land the egg cannot
be fertilized as most fishes and amphibians do, by a male swimming near the
eggs and spraying them with sperm.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
3. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
4. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234.
5. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
6. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
7. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
8. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007, p234.
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004).
10. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=amniota&submit=Submit
11. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=50568&tree=0.1
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
13. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters",
2007, p234.
14. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678
(07 December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
15. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported Found in Scotland",
NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html
16. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p232.
17. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html {338
MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
18. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil Reported
Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338 MYBN (oldest reptil fossil}
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
20. ^
"Eryops". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryops
{295 MYBN (verify}
21. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree", 2009.
22. ^ Benton, Michael J., and
Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.”
Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Romer, Alfred Sherwood, Price, Llewellyn Ivor, "The oldest vertebrate
egg", Am J Sci 1939 237:
826-829. http://www.ajsonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/237/11/826?maxtoshow=&hi
ts=10&RESULTFORMAT=1&title=The+oldest+vertebrate+egg&andorexacttitle=and&andorex
acttitleabs=and&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevanc
e&resourcetype=HWCIT
[2] Karl F. Hirsch, "The Oldest Vertebrate Egg?", Journal of Paleontology, Vol.
53, No. 5 (Sep., 1979), pp. 1068-1084. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1304086
[3] Robert R. Reisz, Johannes Müller, Molecular
timescales and the fossil record: a paleontological perspective, Trends in
Genetics, Volume 20, Issue 5, 1 May 2004, Pages 237-241, ISSN 0168-9525,
10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.007. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
168952504000757)
[4] "fenestrae." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fenestrae>
[5] "orbit." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 08 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orbit>
earliest fossils: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland14 15   
335,000,000 YBN
10 11 		6331) The tetrapod Amniota divide into the Sauropsida {SOR-roP-SiDu4 } (which
includes reptiles and birds) and the Synapsida {Si-naP-Si-Du5 } (which includes
mammals).6

The Sauropsids have two major lineages: the Parareptilia (turtles) and the
Eureptilia (dinosaurs, crocodiles and birds).7 The Synapsids also have two
major lineages: pelycosaurs (sail-backed) and therapsids (mammal-like).8
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropsida&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=synapsida&submit=Submit
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
7. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p108-109.
8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119.
9. ^ Carroll, R.L., 1964, The ear1iest
reptiles: Jour. Linn. Soc (Zool.), v. 45, p.
61-83. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1964.tb00488.x/ab
stract
10. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p232.
11. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological
Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1
(2007): 26 -53. Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract

MORE INFO
[1] Prothero, "Evolution What the Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2007,
p271
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p263
[3] Reisz RR. Pelycosaurian reptiles from the Middle
Pennsylvanian of North America. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harv
1972;144:27-62. http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object
_id=47789&local_base=GEN01-MCG02
[4] "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,
1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
earliest possible Synapsid fossils: (Cumberland group, Joggins formation)
Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada9   
330,000,000 YBN
4 		6307) The Synapsids Pelycosauria {PeLiKuSOREu1 } evolve (includes Edaphosaurus
{eDaFoSORuS2 } and Dimetrodon).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Pelycosaur." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pelycosaur>.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=edaphosaurus&submit=Submit
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p119-122.
  
325,000,000 YBN
3 4 		381) Earliest extant Amphibians: Caecilians evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p302-329.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p302-329.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {325 MYBN}
4. ^ Roelants, K., Gower, D.
J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L., &
Bossuyt, F. (2007). Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern
amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 104 (3),
887-892. URL http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104 {370 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Andrea E. Feller, S. Blair Hedges, Molecular Evidence for the Early
History of Living Amphibians, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 9,
Issue 3, June 1998, Pages 509-516, ISSN 1055-7903, DOI:
10.1006/mpev.1998.0500. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055
790398905000)
  
320,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 13 14 		238) Seed plants: Gymnosperms (ancestor of all Cycads, Ginkgos and the
Conifers5 6 ).7 8

The most primitive extant Gymnosperms, the Cycads evolve now.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
2. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2012.
Answers.com 23 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
5. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
6. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
8. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and
Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes",
Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf}
10. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008.
11. ^ Norstog K, Nicholls TJ.
1997.The biology of cycads. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
12. ^ Pant, D.D., R.
Osborne, and Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany. An Introduction to
Gymnosperms, Cycas, and Cycadales. Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany,
2002. BSIP Monograph. http://books.google.com/books?ei=twN6UJqpA5D2qQGvhYHoAQ
13. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The
plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of
Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 {Chase_Mark_2004.pdf} (c320 (360 for
living species)
14. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gymnosperms". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperms
[2] Gillespie, William H., Gar W. Rothwell, and Stephen E. Scheckler. “The
earliest seeds.” Nature 293.5832 (1981) :
462-464. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v293/n5832/abs/293462a0.html
[3] Henry N. Andrews, "Early Seed Plants", Science, New Series, Vol. 142, No.
3594 (Nov. 15, 1963), pp. 925-931. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1711577
[4] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Overview/3213.htm
  
320,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		6356) The Neoptera: Orthoptera evolve (ancestor of crickets, grasshoppers,
locusts, and walking sticks).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
2. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p191. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6Jl6wKb88C&pg=PA191
4. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
5. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p208.

MORE INFO
[1] "orthopteran". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433540/orthopteran/39576/Evoluti
on-and-paleontology>
[2] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/orthopteroids.html#A
  
317,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 		385) Sauropsids Reptiles evolve (ancestor of all turtles, crocodiles,
pterosaurs, dinosaurs and birds3 ).4 5

Reptiles are a group of air-breathing amniotes with internal fertilization and
scales covering part or all of their body.6 7 8 Like amphibians, the earliest
reptiles are cold-blooded.9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p108.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Benton, Michael
J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of
Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
6. ^ "reptile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 21 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498684/reptile>.
7. ^ "reptile." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/reptile
8. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p163.
9. ^ Douglas Palmer, "The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
and Prehistoric Animals", 1999, p59.
10. ^ Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J.
Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular
Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
11. ^ Prothero, "Evolution What The Fossils Say and Why It Matters", 2009,
p232.
12. ^ T. R. Smithson, "The earliest known reptile", Nature 342, 676 - 678 (07
December
1989). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v342/n6250/abs/342676a0.html
{338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
13. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Oldest Reptile Fossil
Reported Found in Scotland", NY Times, Nov 17,
1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/17/us/oldest-reptile-fossil-reported-found
-in-scotland.html {338MYBN (oldest reptile fossil}
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {310 MYBN}
15. ^
Benton, Michael J., and Philip C. J. Donoghue. “Paleontological Evidence to
Date the Tree of Life.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 24.1 (2007): 26 -53.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/26.abstract
earliest fossils: (Joggins Formation) Nova Scotia, Canada10   
314,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 12 		240) Gymnosperms: Pinophyta {PInoFiTu1 } (ancestor of the Conifers: includes
Pine, Fir, Spruce, Redwood, Cedar, Juniper, Hemlock, Larch, Yew, and Cypress.2
3 ).4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=pinophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ "conifer." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/conifer
3. ^ "Pinophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia
University Press., 2012. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pinophyta
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
6. ^ SCOTT,
ANDREW. “The Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974):
707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html
7. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806.
8. ^ SCOTT, ANDREW. “The
Earliest Conifer.” Nature 251.5477 (1974):
707–708. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v251/n5477/abs/251707a0.html
9. ^ Lyons, Paul C. et al. “Radiometric Ages of the Fire Clay Tonstein
Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous), Westphalian, Duckmantian. ^: A Comparison
of U–Pb Zircon Single-crystal Ages and 40Ar/39Ar Sanidine Single-crystal
Plateau Ages.” International Journal of Coal Geology 67.4 (2006):
259–266. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166516206000140
10. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor, and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and
Evolution of Fossil Plants. Elsevier Science, 2008, p806.
11. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445.,
(2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.abstract (c270 (290 for
living species)
12. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele
Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)

MORE INFO
[1] Burleigh J. G. S. Mathews 2004 Phylogenetic signal in nucleotide data
from seed plants: implications for resolving the seed plant tree of life.
American Journal of Botany 91:
1599-1613 http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1599.abstract?ijkey=b60985db66551
09e270893676c522743d400bc1e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
earliest fossils: Wakefield, Yorkshire, England6 7   
310,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 9 10 		6357) The Neoptera: Paraneoptera (ancestor of lice, thrips, and the Hemiptera
{HemiPTRu2 } piercing and sucking insects: cicadas, aphids, bed bugs, and stink
bugs).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=hemiptera&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p261.
5. ^
David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p146.
6. ^
Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence
Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola
Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
7. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/hemipteroids.html
8. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p286.
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p321.
  
310,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		6359) Neoptera Holometabola {HoLomeTaBolu or HOlOmeTABolu4 5 }: Holometabolous
insects: (complete metamorphosis, ancestor of beetles, bees, true flies, and
butterflies).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 05 Jan.
2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p146,331.
4. ^ "holometabolous." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House,
Inc. 05 Jan. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/holometabolous>.
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=holometabolous+&submit=Submit
6. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146,331.
7. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146.
8. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
9. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
10. ^ Labandeira, Conrad
C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early
Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.”
Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
  
305,000,000 YBN
5 		242) Amphibians: Anura {unRu2 } (Frogs and Toads) evolve.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anura&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ "frog." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/frog
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {305 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Neil H. Shubin and Farish A. Jenkins, Jr (7 September 1995). "An
Early Jurassic jumping frog". Nature 377 (6544): 49–52.
doi:10.1038/377049a0.http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6544/full/377049
a0.html
[2] "Pliensbachian Stage." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 27 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/464801/Pliensbachian-Stage>
  
300,000,000 YBN
3 4 		1310) Stramenopiles Golden algae (Chrysophyta {KriSoFiTu1 }).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=chrysophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
3. ^ Brown JW, Sorhannus U (2010) A Molecular Genetic Timescale for the
Diversification of Autotrophic Stramenopiles (Ochrophyta): Substantive
Underestimation of Putative Fossil Ages. PLoS ONE 5(9): e12759.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012759
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/chrysophyta.html
  
299,000,000 YBN
2 		125) End of the Carboniferous (359.2-299 mybn), and start of the Permian
(299-251 mybn) Period.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
299,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 		6360) Holometabola: Coleoptera {KOlEoPTRu4 5 } (Beetles).6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Coleoptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
3. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
4. ^ "Coleoptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/coleoptera-2
5. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=coleoptera&submit=Submit
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
7. ^ Béthoux, Olivier.
“The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of Paleontology 83.6 (2009):
931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1
8. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous
Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major
Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
9. ^ Béthoux, Olivier. “The Earliest Beetle Identified.” Journal of
Paleontology 83.6 (2009):
931–937. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/08-158.1
10. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p146.
11. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
earliest fossils: (Pennsylvanian deposit) Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA7   
290,000,000 YBN
3 4 		239) Gymnosperms: Ginkgos.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ Jeffrey D.
Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an
overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (c290 (300 for living species)
4. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah
D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular
Timeline for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and
Evolution, (2004). (c350 (300 for radiation)
  
290,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 		6358) Holometabola: Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time
Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
3. ^ David A. Grimaldi, Michael S. Engel, "Evolution of
the Insects", 2005, p146.
4. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C. “Evidence for an Earliest Late
Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early Larval Ecology and Diversification
of Major Holometabola Lineages.” Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
5. ^ http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
6. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
7. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Prehistoric Life", 2009, p283.
9. ^
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/text02/holometabola.html
  
287,000,000 YBN
2 		6308) Synapsid Therapsids evolve (Cynodonts).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p119-122.
2. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002,
p119-122.
  
274,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 14 		307) Protists: Phaeophyta {FEoFiTu4 } (Brown Algae) (includes many seaweeds
like the giant kelps5 ).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110
.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
4. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=phaeophyta&submit=Submit
5. ^ "Phaeophyta." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 12 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/phaeophyta
6. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2,
(2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2 {Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_200311
10.pdf}
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle,
"A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data",
Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full {Baldauf_Doolittle_199911
17.pdf} has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
9. ^ Linda Medlin,
et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae' (haptophytes, heterokont
chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics and Evolution
(Supplement), v11, 1997, p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf
{genetic) 274 mybn}
10. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale
for eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record",
Proc. R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {genetic) 200 mybn}
11. ^ Zhu Shixing and Chen Huineng, "Megascopic
Multicellular Organisms from the 1700-Million-Year-Old Tuanshanzi Formation in
the Jixian Area, North China", Science , New Series, Vol. 270, No. 5236 (Oct.
27, 1995), pp.
620-622. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888330 {Shixing_Huineng_19950331.pdf}
{Fossil) 1600-1800 mybn}
12. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). {Alveolates) 1956mybn} {Alveolates and
Plants) 1956mybn}
13. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of Life", 2009.
http://www.timetree.org/book.php {1345 my}
14. ^ Cécile Gueidan, Constantino
Ruibal, G.S. de Hoog, Harald Schneider, Rock-inhabiting fungi originated during
periods of dry climate in the late Devonian and middle Triassic, Fungal
Biology, Volume 115, Issue 10, October 2011, Pages 987-996, ISSN 1878-6146,
10.1016/j.funbio.2011.04.002. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
/S1878614611000675) {822.5 my}

MORE INFO
[1] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A
Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science,
Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/290/5493/972.full has heterkonts
before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
[2] Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. et al. “The
timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile
proteins and fossils?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America 101.43 (2004): 15386
-15391. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.long
[3] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[4] Hackett JD, Yoon HS, Butterfield NJ, Sanderson MJ,
Bhattacharya D, "Plastid endosymbiosis: Sources and timing of the major
events.", in: Falkowski P, Knoll A, editors. "Evolution of primary producers in
the sea.", Elsevier; 2007, p120
[5] "Phaeophyta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeophyta
[6] Michael Sleigh, "Protozoa and Other Protists", (London; New York: Edward
Arnold, 1989)
[7] "Brown algae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_algae
[8] http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/apbio30.html
  
266,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		308) Protists: Diatoms.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
2. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883
3. ^ Kooistra, W. H. C. F. and Medlin, L. K. (1996). Evolution of the diatoms
(Bacillariophyta) : IV. A reconstruction of their age from small subunit rRNA
coding regions and the fossil record. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 6, 391-407.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790396900883 {no
earlier than) 266 MYBN}
4. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and
Jason L Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of
complex multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
{Hedges_Venturi_Shoe_20031110.pdf} (1973mybn) {Alveolates) 1956mybn}
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
(1600mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/4/2
  
260,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		232) Earliest endothermic (or "warm-blooded") and hair growing animal, a
therapsid.3 4

Endothermy is the physiological maintenance by a body, of a constant
temperature independent of the external environmental temperature. Hair for
insulation is correlated to endothermy.5

Both birds and mammals are endothermic (also called "warm blooded") as opposed
to many other vertebrates which are ectothermic (or "cold blooded) and cannot
internally generate heat.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
2. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
3. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441
4. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
5. ^ "mammal." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 07 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360838/mammal>.
6. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids: Evidence for Late Permian
Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp.
207-229. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
7. ^ Willem J. Hillenius, "Turbinates in Therapsids:
Evidence for Late Permian Origins of Mammalian Endothermy", Evolution, Vol. 48,
No. 2 (Apr., 1994), pp. 207-229. Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2410089
8. ^ Ruben J.A. 1995. The evolution of endothermy in mammals and birds: from
physiology to fossils. Ann Rev Physiol
57:69–95. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.0
00441 {c250 MYBN (Late Permian}
9. ^ Ted Huntington. {230 MYBN (between crocodilia
240mybn and pterosaur 220mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Schweitzer, Mary Higby, and Cynthia Lee Marshall. “A molecular
model for the evolution of endothermy in the theropod-bird lineage.” Journal
of Experimental Zoology 291.4 (2001) :
317-338. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jez.1132/abstract
  
256,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 11 		6362) Holometabola: Diptera4 {DiPTRe5 } true flies, single pair of wings:
ancestor of mosquito, gnat, fruit fly, and house fly)6 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
2. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
3. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07
May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
5. ^ "Diptera."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
6. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
7. ^ Hedges and Kumar, "Time Tree of Life", 2009, p260-263.
8. ^ Labandeira, Conrad C.
“Evidence for an Earliest Late Carboniferous Divergence Time and the Early
Larval Ecology and Diversification of Major Holometabola Lineages.”
Entomologica Americana 117.1 & 2 (2011):
9–21. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1664/10-RA-011.1
9. ^ "Diptera." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 07 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/diptera
10. ^ Wiegmann, Brian M. et al. “Episodic Radiations in the Fly Tree of
Life.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2011): n.
pag. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/03/15/1012675108.full.pdf+html
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469.

MORE INFO
[1] Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p197
  
251,400,000 YBN
3 4 5 		102) Largest mass extinction of history.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
3. ^ Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH (2000). "Pattern of
Marine Mass Extinction Near the Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China".
Science 289 (5478): 432–436. Bibcode 2000Sci...289..432J.
doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432. PMID 10903200. {251.4 MYBN}
4. ^ Bowring SA, Erwin
DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998). "U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and
Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction". Science 280 (5366): 1039–1045.
doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039. {251.4 MYBN}
5. ^ David Jablonski and W. G.
Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction
Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {245 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
[2] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/06/060601174729.htm
[3] http://www.ia.ucsb.edu/pa/display.aspx?pkey=1073
  
251,000,000 YBN
2 		54) End of the Paleozoic and start of the Mesozoic Era, and the end of the
Permian (299-251 mybn) and start of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn) period.1
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
251,000,000 YBN
452) The supercontinent Pangea (PaNJEe) forms.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
235,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 		304) Protists "Haptophyta" {HaPTuFITu6 } (Coccolithophores) {KoK-o-lit-u-FORZ7
}.8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
3. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L
Shoe, "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=haptophyta&submit=Submit
7. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=coccolithophores&submit=Submit
8. ^ S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004).
9. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
10. ^ Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J. Roger, I.
Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of Eukaryotes Based
on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972, (2000).has
heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch
11. ^ Taylor, E.L., T.N. Taylor,
and M. Krings. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.
Elsevier Science, 2008, p145. http://books.google.com/books?id=_29tNNeQKeMC
12. ^ Yoon, Hwan Su et al. “A Molecular Timeline for
the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.” Molecular Biology and Evolution
21.5 (2004): 809 -818.
Print. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract {c1050 mybn}
13. ^
Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for eukaryote
evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc. R. Soc. B
August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {920 mybn}
14. ^ S. Blair Hedges and Sudhir Kumar, "The TimeTree of
Life", 2009, p117-118. http://www.timetree.org/book.php {genetic)1382 mybn}
15. ^ De
Vargas, Aubry, Probert, Young, "Origin and Evolution of Cocolithophores: From
Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers", Chapter 12, p251. in: Paul G. Falkowski,
Andrew H. Knoll, "Evolution of primary producers in the sea",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=5tRSAr1JMhwC {DNA)1900mybn}
{genetic)1900mybn}
16. ^ Linda Medlin, et al, "Phylogenic relationships of the 'golden algae'
(haptophytes, heterokont chromophytes) and their plastids", Plant Systematics
and Evolution (Supplement), v11, 1997,
p187-219. http://epic.awi.de/2100/1/Med1997c.pdf {DNA)1750 mybn} {genetic)1750
mybn}
17. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {possible
fossil) 318mybn}
18. ^ Cédric Berney and Jan Pawlowski, "A molecular time-scale for
eukaryote evolution recalibrated with the continuous microfossil record", Proc.
R. Soc. B August 7, 2006 273:1867-1872;
doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3537 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/273/1
596/1867.short {genetic) 920 mybn}
19. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/
{possible fossil) 318mybn}
20. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/prymnesiophyta.html {certain fossil)
201mybn}
21. ^ http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/ {certain fossil) 201mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] S Blair Hedges, Jaime E Blair, Maria L Venturi and Jason L Shoe, "A
molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex
multicellular life", BMC Evolutionary Biology 2004, 4:2
doi:10.1186/1471-2148-4-2, (2004). (1973mybn)
[2] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (1600mybn)
[3] Sandra L. Baldauf, A. J.
Roger, I. Wenk-Siefert, W. F. Doolittle, "A Kingdom-Level Phylogeny of
Eukaryotes Based on Combined Protein Data", Science, Vol 290, num 5493, p 972,
(2000). (has heterkonts before ciliophora and apicomplexa branch)
[4]
http://www.life.umd.edu/labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/Haptophyta.html
  
228,000,000 YBN
14 15 16 		412) Reptiles: Dinosaurs evolve.8 9 10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
4. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
5. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
7. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
8. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
9. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
10. ^ "dinosaur." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 25 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/dinosaur
11. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
12. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and
the early evolution of Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
13. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
14. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
15. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN}
16. ^ Benton,
"Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}
earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto
Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina12 13   
228,000,000 YBN
5 		6282) Dinosaurs divide into two major lines: Ornithischians {ORnitiSKEiNZ1 }
(Bird-hipped dinosaurs) and Saurischians {SoriSKEiNZ2 } (Lizard-hipped
dinosaurs).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ornithischian." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 10 Jun.
2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ornithischian>.
2. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
3. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K. Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C
4. ^ Harold Levine, "The Earth Through Time", 2006, p417.
5. ^ James O. Farlow, M. K.
Brett-Surman, "The Complete Dinosaur", 1999,
p210. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FOViD-lDPy0C {Carnian:
average of) 235-228 mybn}
  
228,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 		6283) Saurischian {SoriSKEiN1 } Dinosaurs split into two major lines: The
Sauropodomorpha (SoroPiDimORFu2 } and the Therapoda {tiRoPiDu3 }.4

Sauropodomorphs are divided into prosauropods and sauropods, are mostly
plant-eating, and include the large, long-necked dinosaurs like Apatosaurus.5

Theropod {tERePoD6 } dinosaurs are bipedal and carnivorous and include
Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Velociraptor. All birds descend from a Therapod
ancestor.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "saurischian." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/saurischian
2. ^ "sauropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/sauropod
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=theropoda
4. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
5. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates",
2002, p115-116.
6. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
7. ^ "theropod." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
8. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", 2002, p115-116.
9. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al. “Primitive
dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria.”
Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html
10. ^ Benton, "Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154.
11. ^ Sereno, Paul C. et al.
“Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of
Dinosauria.” Nature 361.6407 (1993) :
64-66. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6407/abs/361064a0.html {228
MYBN}
12. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {228 MYBN}
13. ^ Benton,
"Vertebrate Paleontology", 2005, p154. {230-220 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sauropodomorpha&submit=Submit
earliest fossils: (Ischigualasto Formation) Valley of the Moon, Ischigualasto
Provinvial Park, northwestern Argestina9 10   
225,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		126) Mammals evolve.4 First mammary gland.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
2. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper
Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
5. ^ Ted Huntington.
6. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper
Triassic of West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology,
Vol. 13, No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis,
Ltd. on behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514
7. ^ Spencer G. Lucas and Zhexi Luo, "Adelobasileus from the Upper Triassic of
West Texas: The Oldest Mammal", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Vol. 13,
No. 3 (Sep. 23, 1993), pp. 309-334 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on
behalf of The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4523514 {225 MYBN}
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p197.
9. ^ Palmer, Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Shedlock2009Chap52.pdf

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.abqtrib.com/albq/nw_science/article/0,2668,ALBQ_21236_4546322,00.html

earliest fossils: (Dockum Formation) Kalgary, Crosby County, Texas, USA6   
225,000,000 YBN
3 4 		369) Ancestor of all (Ray-Finned) teleost (TeLEoST) fishes evolves.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p197.
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal
actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of
the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:
110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003317
  
220,000,000 YBN
5 6 		387) Reptiles Testudines {TeSTUDinEZ2 }: Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins.3 4
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=testudines&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^ "turtle." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 10 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/turtle
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p196.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p262. {300
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "terrapin." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/terrapin
  
220,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 		389) Reptiles: Tuataras {TUeToRoZ}.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ "tuatara." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 27 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tuatara
3. ^ "tuatara." Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29 Jan. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/608113/tuatara>.
4. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford
University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301. {255 MYBN}
(Islands of) New Zealand2   
220,000,000 YBN
9 10 		428) The first flying vertebrate (Pterosaur).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
2. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
3. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?”
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055
4. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
5. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
6. ^ Unwin, David M. “Pterosaurs: back to the traditional model?”
Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14.7 (1999) :
263-268. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534799016055
7. ^ Éric Buffetaut, "Evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs", Geological
Society, 2003, p107. http://books.google.com/books?id=8CKYxcylOycC
8. ^ Steven M. Stanley, "Earth System History", Third edition,
2009, p390.
9. ^ Peter Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p59-60,166. {220MYBN}
10. ^
http://www.dinodata.net/DNM/dallav.htm {215 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://dipbsf.uninsubria.it/paleo/dvecchia.htm
[2] Eberhard Frey, Helmut Tischlinger, Marie-Céline Buchy, and David
M. Martill, "New specimens of Pterosauria (Reptilia) with soft parts with
implications for pterosaurian anatomy and locomotion ", Geological Society,
London, Special Publications 2003, 217:233-266;
doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.14
  
210,000,000 YBN
3 		390) Reptiles Iguania evolve: (iguanas, chameleons, and spiny lizards).2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301. {210 MYBN}
  
210,000,000 YBN
3 		391) Reptiles: Scleroglossa evolve (snakes, skinks, and geckos).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {210 MYBN}
  
210,000,000 YBN
2 		6313) Teleosts: Bonytongues.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).

MORE INFO
[1] Inoue, JG, Miya, M, Tsukamoto, K, Nishida, M (2003) "Basal
actinopterygian relationships: A mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of
the ldquoancient fish.rdquo" Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:
110-120 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003317
  
201,600,000 YBN
2 3 4 		127) Mass extinction.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ Whiteside, Jessica H.; Paul E. Olsen, Timothy Eglinton, Michael E.
Brookfield, and Raymond N. Sambrotto (March 22, 2010). "Compound-specific
carbon isotopes from Earth's largest flood basalt eruptions directly linked to
the end-Triassic mass extinction". PNAS 107 (15): 6721–5.
doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107. PMC 2872409. PMID 20308590. {201.4 MYBN}
4. ^ David
Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148 {208 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] David Jablonski, "Lessons from the Past: Evolutionary Impacts of Mass
Extinctions", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, Vol. 98, No. 10 (May 8, 2001), pp.
5393-5398. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3055638
  
201,600,000 YBN
2 		228) End of the Triassic (251-201.6 mybn), and start of the Jurassic
(201.6-145.5 mybn) Period.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] USGS "Divisions of Geologic Time— Major Chronostratigraphic and
Geochronologic Units", July
2010. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3059/pdf/FS10-3059.pdf
  
201,600,000 YBN
6 7 		6372) Ornithischians Thyreophora {tIRrEoFeru1 } evolve; ancestor of the armored
ankylosaurs {ANKilOSORZ2 } and the plated stegosaurs {STeGeSORZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=thyreophora&submit=Submit
2. ^ "ankylosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ankylosaurus
3. ^ "stegosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/stegosaur
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p271.
5. ^ Colbert, "A primitive
ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum
of Northern Arizona), No 53, 1981.
6. ^ Colbert, "A primitive ornithischian dinosaur
from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", Bulletin (Museum of Northern Arizona),
No 53, 1981, p56-57.
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.

MORE INFO
[1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. pp. 134–135.
ISBN 1-84028-152-9
(Kayenta Formation) Arizona, USA5   
200,000,000 YBN
3 		370) Teleosts: eels and tarpons evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {200 MYBN}
  
200,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		392) Reptiles: Crocodilia {KroKoDiLEu2 } evolve (Crocodiles, allegators, and
caimans {KAmeNS}).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301.
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=crocodilia&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p261-301.
4. ^ "crocodile." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 29
Jan. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143679/crocodile>.
5. ^ Cracraft, J., and M.J. Donoghue. Assembling the Tree of Life.
Oxford University Press, USA, 2004. Nueva Colecci�n Labor,
p452. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lXTP0YU6_kC&pg=PA452
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p261-301. {245 MYBN}
  
195,000,000 YBN
9 10 		246) Sauropods {SoRuPoDZ1 } evolve; ancestor of the large, long-necked
dinosaurs like Apatosaurus {uPaTuSORuS2 }, Brachiosaurus {BrAKEuSORuS3 }, and
Diplodocus {DiPloDiKuS4 }.5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sauropod." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 14 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Sauropod>.
2. ^ "apatosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apatosaurus
3. ^ "brachiosaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 11 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/brachiosaurus
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diplodocus&submit=Submit
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p115-116, 2002.
7. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative
Life", 2009, p224.
8. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primative Life", 2009, p224.
10. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {150 MYBN}
western USA8   
195,000,000 YBN
4 		6373) Ornithischians Ornithopoda {ORnitoPiDu1 } evolve; the duck-billed
dinosaurs, ancestor of the Hadrosaurs.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ornithopoda
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.
3. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates",
p115-116, 2002.
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p224.
  
190,000,000 YBN
3 		371) Teleosts: herrings and anchovies.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {190 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=201773&tree=0.1
  
190,000,000 YBN
4 		6289) Supercontinent Pangea splits into Laurasia and Gondwana. The northern
part, Laurasia will form North America and Europe. The southern part, Gondwana
will form South America and Africa.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
2. ^ Harold
Levin, "The Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
3. ^ Harold Levin, "The
Earth Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375.
4. ^ Harold Levin, "The Earth
Through Time", Eighth Edition, 2006, p176,375. {190 mybn}
Pangea3   
190,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 11 12 13 		6347) Holometabola Lepidoptera {lePiDoPTRu4 } evolve (moths, butterflies,
caterpillars).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
2. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
3. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
4. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=lepidoptera&submit=Submit
5. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the
insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol
Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
6. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed
molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p556.
8. ^ Palmer, et al,
"Prehistoric Life", 2009, p224.
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects",
2005, p556.
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p469.
11. ^ Hedges and
Kumar, "TimeTree of Life", 2009, p262.
12. ^ Douzery et al., "The timing of
eukaryotic evolution: does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and
fossils?", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,
2004. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/43/15386.abstract
13. ^ Gaunt et al., "An insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects
and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks.", Mol Biol Evol,
2002. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/5/748.full.pdf {Gaunt_Insects_2
002.pdf}
earliest fossils: Dorset, England7   
180,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		456) Earliest extant mammals, Monotremes {moNeTrEMZ3 } evolve.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), 238-260.
3. ^ "monotreme." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), 238-260.
5. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {180 MYBN}
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
8. ^
Hedges, Tree of Life, 2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Monotremata". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotremata
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea5   
170,000,000 YBN
3 		372) Teleosts: carp, minnows, piranhas.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {170 MYBN}
  
170,000,000 YBN
3 		373) Teleosts: salmon, trout, pike.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
  
170,000,000 YBN
3 4 		383) Amphibians: Salamanders evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p225.
4. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{305 MYBN}
  
165,000,000 YBN
5 6 		358) Cartilaginous fishes: batoidea {BuTOEDEu1 } evolve, ancestor of all rays,
skates, and sawfishes.2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=batoidea&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363.
3. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl
4. ^ Douady, Christophe J. et al. “Molecular
Phylogenetic Evidence Refuting the Hypothesis of Batoidea (rays and Skates) as
Derived Sharks.” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26.2 (2003):
215–221. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790302003330
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p360-363. {190
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?name=Elasmobranchii
  
150,000,000 YBN
3 		374) Teleosts: Lightfish and Dragonfish.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {150 MYBN}
  
150,000,000 YBN
4 		393) Birds evolve. The first feather.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {245 MYBN} {245 MYBN (bird and croc split}

MORE INFO
[1] Xu, X., Z. Tang, and X. Wang. 1999a. A therizinosauroid dinosaur with
integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399350-354
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and
RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves:
Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.”
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[4] Hedges, S. Blair et al. “Continental breakup and the ordinal
diversification of birds and mammals.” Nature 381.6579 (1996) :
226-229. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v381/n6579/abs/381226a0.html
[5] Ivanov, M., Hrdlickova, S. & Gregorova, R. (2001) The Complete Encyclopedia
of Fossils. Rebo Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 312
[6] Zhang, Z., Gao, C., Meng, Q.,
Liu, J., Hou, L., & Zheng, G. (2009). Diversification in an early cretaceous
avian genus: evidence from a new species of Confuciusornis from china. Journal
of Ornithology , 150 (4), 783-790. URL
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x
[7] Hou L, Zhou Z, Gu Y, Zhang H (1995a) Confuciusornis sanctus, a new Late
Jurassic sauriurine bird from China. Chin Sci Bull 40:1545–1551
  
145,000,000 YBN
15 16 17 18 19 		245) Seed plants angiosperms. The first flowering plant.9 10 11

Almost all grains, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices come from
plants with flowers. Much of our clothing, and many commercial dyes and drugs
come from flowering plants.12

Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants
now living.13 The fruit is the ovary of a plant which encloses seeds.14
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^ http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
11. ^ N Wikstrom,
V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
12. ^
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html
13. ^ "Article". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"angiosperm", Encyclopedia Britannica 2012.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24667/angiosperm/24667main/Article
14. ^ "fruit". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
"fruit", Encyclopedia Britannica,
2012. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221056/fruit
15. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p607-613.
16. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
17. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short (175mybn) {Gymno-angio spilt)
320 mybn (radiation at 180my}
18. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia
Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004). http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/5/809.abstract (c100mybn)
{320-290 mybn (radiation at 100 mybn}
19. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009,
p135. http://timetree.org/pdf/Magallon2009Chap11.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. “An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG
III.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161.2 (2009):
105–121. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339
[3] Kumar, Hedges, "Time Tree of Life", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
Israel, Morocco, Libya, and possibly China  
144,000,000 YBN
128) End of the Jurassic (201.6-145.5 mybn), and start of the Cretaceous
(145.5-65.5 mybn) Period.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
  
143,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 12 13 		6288) Earliest extant flower "Amborella".5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia,
Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the Origin of
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D.
Hackett, Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline
for the Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution,
(2004).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (175mybn) {179mybn}
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (175mybn)
13. ^ Hwan Su Yoon, Jeremiah D. Hackett,
Claudia Ciniglia, Gabriele Pinto and Debashish, "A Molecular Timeline for the
Origin of Photosynthetic Eukaryotes", Molecular Biology and Evolution, (2004).
(c100mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] "Fruit". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit
[2] Sun, G. , Dilcher, D. L. , Zheng, S.-L. & Zhou, Z.-K. In search of the
first flower: A Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China.
Science 282, 1692–1695
(1998). http://www.sciencemag.org/content/282/5394/1692
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2896858
  
140,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		247) Flowers: Nymphaeales {niM-FE-A-lEZ4 } (water lilies).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ based on: http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase,
"The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal
of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ based on:
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=nymphaeaceae
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
8. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
9. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (171mybn)
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E.
Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points
of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (165mybn)
  
140,000,000 YBN
4 5 		421) The Ornithiscian1 Ceratopsian dinosaurs evolve (ancestor of
Triceratops).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kardong, "Vertebrates", p116, 2002.
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p282.
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
5. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {80 MYBN}
Mongolia, China3   
140,000,000 YBN
12 13 14 15 16 17 		457) Ancestor of all Marsupials.6 First nipple and breast.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
4. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph
on Diseases of the Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special
Reference to Cancer. Bale, 1894,
p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
5. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the Placenta. OUP
Oxford, 2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237.
7. ^ Williams, W.R. A Monograph on Diseases of the
Breast: Their Pathology and Treatment, with Special Reference to Cancer. Bale,
1894, p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=QB01AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9
8. ^ Loke, Y.W. Life�s Vital Link: The Astonishing Role of the
Placenta. OUP Oxford,
2013. http://books.google.com/books?id=ELoP_omQfkoC&pg=PP34
9. ^ Rincon, Paul (2003-12-12). "Rincon, P., Oldest Marsupial Ancestor Found,
BBC, Dec 2003". BBC News. Retrieved
2010-03-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3311911.stm
10. ^ "Pickrell, J., Oldest Marsupial Fossil Found in China, National
Geographic, December 2003". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/12/1215_031215_oldestmarsupial.ht
ml
11. ^ "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of
Natural History. Retrieved
2010-10-21. http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/sinodelphys.html
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237. {140 MYBN}
13. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A
Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature
476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf} {165MYBN}
14. ^ Hedges, Tree of Life,
2009 http://timetree.org/pdf/Madsen2009Chap68.pdf
15. ^ van Rheede, T. et al. The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and
Indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and therians. Mol.
Biol. Evol. 23, 587–597 (2006). {143-178MYBN}
16. ^ Phillips, M. J., Bennett, T. H. & Lee,
M. S. Y. Molecules, morphology, and ecology indicate a recent, amphibious
ancestry for echidnas. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 17089–17094 (2009).
{193-186}
17. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
China9 10 11   
136,000,000 YBN
3 		460) Birds Enantiornithes {iNaNTEORNitEZ1 } evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=enantiornithes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
3. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.500.html#Enantiornithes
{136 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil-Pictures/Birds/Protopteryx/Protopteryx-fengni
ngensis.htm
  
134,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		250) Flowers: "Magnoliids" {maGnOlEiDZ4 } evolve (ancestor of nutmeg, avocado,
sassafras, cinnamon, black and white pepper, camphor, bay (or laurel) tree, and
magnolia.5 6 ).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 20 May. 2012. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
http://www.amjbot.org/content/91/10/1437.short
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
4. ^ "magnoliid>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. "magnoliid." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton
Mifflin Company. 20 May. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/magnoliid>.
5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088868/
6. ^ "Magnoliid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliid
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). entire group is called magnoliids
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). entire group is called magnoliids {179 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
133,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		253) Flowers Eudicots {YUDIKoTS4 } evolve (the largest lineage of flowers).5 6


The two main groups of the Eudicots are the "rosids" and the "asterids".7
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"eudicot." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin
Company. 29 Dec. 2011. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ "eudicot>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v
1.1). Random House, Inc. "eudicot." The American Heritage® Science
Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 29 Dec. 2011.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/eudicot>.
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
9. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (153mybn) {155 mybn}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2]
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=eudicot&submit=Submit
  
130,000,000 YBN
5 		375) Teleosts: Perch, seahorses, flying fish, pufferfish, and barracuda.3 4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
4. ^
http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=44719&tree=0.1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
  
130,000,000 YBN
3 		376) Teleosts: cod, anglerfish.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {130 MYBN}
  
125,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 		163) The Eutheria. Placental mammals evolve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth
Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms
with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
2. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon
Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major
Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996).
3. ^ Russell F.
Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining
Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of Living Organisms with a Protein
Clock", Science, (1996).
4. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic
eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature
476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf}
5. ^ Luo Z, Yuan C, Meng Q & Ji Q (2011), "A Jurassic eutherian mammal and
divergence of marsupials and placentals", Nature 476(7361): p.
42–45. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v476/n7361/full/nature10291.html
 {nature10291.pdf} {160MYBN}
6. ^ Russell F. Doolittle, Da-Fei Feng, Simon Tsang, Glen
Cho, Elizabeth Little, "Determining Divergence Times of the Major Kingdoms of
Living Organisms with a Protein Clock", Science, (1996). {130MYBN}
7. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p282.
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p225.

MORE INFO
[1] Nature. "Ji, Q., et al., The Earliest Known Eutherian Mammal, Nature,
416, Pages 816-822, Apr 2002". Nature.com.
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6883/full/416816a.html
earliest fossils: (Daxigou) Jianchang County, Liaoning Province, China4   
120,000,000 YBN
5 		463) Neornithes {nEORnitEZ3 } evolve (modern birds: the most recent common
ancestor of all living birds).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=neornithes&submit=Submit
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.800.html#Neornithes
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from) {120 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny
of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[3] Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David
Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern
avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
  
112,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		252) Flowers Monocotyledons (or "Monocots") evolve: Flowering plants that have
a single cotyledon (or seed leaf) in the embryo.4 5 6

Monocots are the second largest lineage of flowers after the Eudicots, and
include lilies, palms, orchids, and grasses.7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry,
http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
6. ^ "Monocotyledon", Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry,
http://www.answers.com/topic/monocotyledon
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
10. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (154mybn)

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
108,000,000 YBN
9 10 11 		254) Flowers: "Basal Eudicots" evolve (includes buttercup, clematis, poppy,
macadamia, lotus, and sycamore).5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution
of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
6. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The
Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849;
doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009.
http://timetree.org/book.php
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (145mybn) {147 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] wiki
  
106,000,000 YBN
11 12 		267) Flowers "Core Eudicots" (cactus, caper, buckwheat, rhubarb, venus flytrap,
old world pitcher plants, beet, quinoa, spinach, grape plants).6 7 8 9 10
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
2. ^ S. Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution
of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929,
(2002).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
5. ^ wiki
6. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
7. ^ S.
Blair Hedges, "The Origin and Evolution of Model Organisms", Nature Reviews
Genetics 3, 838-849; doi:10.1038/nrg929, (2002).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845
10. ^ wiki
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/268/1482/2211.abstract (145my)
{124 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). http://www.jstor.org/stable/4123845 (128mybn)
  
105,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 		491) Ancestor of all placental mammal Afrotheres evolves.3

Afrotheres originate in Africa and are the earliest extant placental mammals.4

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p224-229.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p224-229.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p224-229. {105 MYBN}
7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy,
Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and
the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
8. ^
Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science,
(2003).
Africa5   
100,000,000 YBN
5 		465) Birds "Ratites" evolve (ostrich, emu, cassowary {KaSOwaRE3 }, kiwis).4
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from)
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=cassowary&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from)
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (estimate from) {100 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/350Aves/350.900.html#Ratites
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order
phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative
anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean
Society 149.1 (2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[3] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
  
95,000,000 YBN
10 11 12 		498) Placental Mammals "Xenarthrans" {ZeNoRtreNZ5 } evolve (ancestor of Sloths,
Anteaters, and Armadillos).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p219-223.
3. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
4. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=xenarthran
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p219-223.
7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
8. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004), p219-223.
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004),219-223. {95 MYBN}
11. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy,
Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and
the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
12. ^
Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science,
(2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Cornelis, Guillaume et al. “Ancestral Capture of syncytin-Car1, a
Fusogenic Endogenous Retroviral Envelope Gene Involved in Placentation and
Conserved in Carnivora.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
109.7 (2012): E432–E441. http://www.pnas.org/content/109/7/E432.abstract
[2] Delsuc, Frédéric et al. “Molecular Phylogenetics Unveils
the Ancient Evolutionary Origins of the Enigmatic Fairy Armadillos.”
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62.2 (2012):
673–680. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790311004799
[3] Shattuck, Milena R., and Scott A. Williams. “Arboreality Has Allowed for
the Evolution of Increased Longevity in Mammals.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 107.10 (2010): 4635–4639.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4635.abstract
South America9   
93,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 		256) Flowers: "Rosids" evolve (Basal Rosids include: pomegranate, clove,
guava, allspice, and eucalyptus).4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
6. ^ THE
ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
7. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
8. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
9. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
(122mybn) {117} {109}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
9 10 		261) Rosids "Fabales" {FoBAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of beans, pea, peanut, soy,
and lentil).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=fabaceae
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {94 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 8 		265) Flowers "Base Monocots" evolve (ancestor of vanilla, orchid, asparagus,
onion, garlic, agave, aloe, and lily).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree
of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W.
Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American
Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
5. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the
Insects", 2005, p612.
6. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
7. ^
Kumar and Hedges, "Time Tree", 2009. http://timetree.org/book.php
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (153my) {141 MYBN} {154 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards), Angiosperm
Phylogeny Website. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/welcome.html
  
93,000,000 YBN
9 10 		266) Monocots "Commelinids" {KomelIniDZ5 } evolve (palms, coconut, corn, rice,
barley, oat, wheat, rye, sugarcane, bamboo, grass, pineapple, papyrus, turmeric
{TRmRiK6 }, banana, ginger).7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
2. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
3. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
4. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
5. ^ "Commelinidae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/commelinidae
6. ^ "turmeric." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/turmeric
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001). (153my) {94 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
11 12 		275) Basal Asterids "Ericales" {AReKAlEZ6 7 } (kiwi, ebony, persimmon,
blueberry, cranberry, brazil nut, new world pitcher plants, tea).8 9 10
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
2. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ericaceae&submit=Submit
7. ^ "Ericales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ericales-1
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
12. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {113 MYBN} {100 MYBN} {114 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
9 10 		283) Asterids "Apiales" {APEAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of dill, celery, cilantro,
carrot, parsnip, fennel, parsley, and ivy).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apiaceae+&submit=Submit
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ Grimaldi, Engel,
"Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn) {95 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
93,000,000 YBN
9 10 		285) Asterids "Asterales" {aSTRAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of tarragon, daisy,
artichoke, sunflower, lettuce, and dandelion).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Asterales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/asterales
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^
Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.
10. ^ wiki

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
91,000,000 YBN
10 11 		259) Rosids: "Malpighiales" {maLPiGEAlEZ5 } evolve 6 7 8 (ancestor of coca,
rubber tree, cassava, poinsettia, willow, poplar, and aspen).9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Malpighiaceae." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Malpighiaceae."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malpighiaceae-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ wiki
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {90 MYBN} {81
MYBN} {91 MYBN}
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
90,000,000 YBN
11 		270) Rosids "Brassicales" {BraSiKAlEZ6 } evolve (ancestor of horseradish,
mustard, cabbage, broccoli, radish, and papaya).7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ wiki
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=brassicacea
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ wiki
10. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis
and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of
view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {88 MYBN} {90
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
  
89,000,000 YBN
9 10 		262) Rosids "Rosales" {ROZAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of hemp, hop, jackfruit,
fig, strawberry, rose, raspberry, apple, pear, plum, cherry, peach, and
almond).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Rosales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/rosales-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87
MYBN} {76 MYBN} {89 MYBN}
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of the Insects", 2005,
p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
89,000,000 YBN
9 		279) Asterids "Gentianales" {JeNsinAlEZ5 } evolve (includes oleander, and
coffee).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Gentianales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gentianales-1
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87
MYBN} {89 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
  
86,000,000 YBN
9 		278) Asterids "Solanales" {SOlanAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of bell pepper,
tomato, tobacco, potato, and eggplant).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=solanacea
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {87 MYBN} {86 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
85,000,000 YBN
9 10 		263) Rosids "Cucurbitales" (KYUKRBiTAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of melon,
cucumber, pumpkin, squash, and zucchini).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "cucurbit." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "cucurbit." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/cucurbit
6. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW
Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol
Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
7. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An
update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
8. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
9. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {85 MYBN} {65 MYBN}
10. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution
of the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
85,000,000 YBN
10 11 		264) Rosids "Fagales" {FaGAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of many flowers that produce
edible nuts: Birch, Hazel {nut}, Chestnut, Beech {nut}, Oak, Walnut, Pecan
{PEKoN6 }, and Hickory).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
2. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the
angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ "Fagales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/fagales-1
6. ^ "pecan." The American Heritage�
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 04 Jan. 2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/peca
7. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
8. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
9. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*,
"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and
families of flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean
Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
10. ^
Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of
life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). {85 MYBN} {61 MYBN}
11. ^ Grimaldi, Engel, "Evolution of
the Insects", 2005, p612.

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
  
85,000,000 YBN
5 		466) Birds "Galliformes" {GaLliFORmEZ3 } evolve (Chicken, Turkey, Pheasant,
Peacock, Quail).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=galliformes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN (estimate from}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.100.html#Galloanser
ae
  
85,000,000 YBN
5 		467) Birds "Anseriformes" {aNSRiFORmEZ3 } evolve (ancestor of ducks, geese, and
swans).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "Anseriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/anseriformes-1 and
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=anseriformes&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {85 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/360Galloanserae/360.500.html#Anseriform
es
  
85,000,000 YBN
5 6 		499) Ancestor of all placental mammal "Laurasiatheres" evolves.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
5. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004),
p200. {85 MYBN}
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
Laurasia4   
84,000,000 YBN
454) The Rocky mountains start to form.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
82,000,000 YBN
13 		271) Rosids "Malvales" {moLVAlEZ6 } evolve (ancestor of okra, marsh mallow
{malO7 }, durian {DUREiN8 }, cotton, balsa, and cacao {KoKoU9 }.10 11 12
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
2. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
3. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
4. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
5. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
6. ^ "Malvales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/malvales-1
7. ^ "mallow." Dictionary.com Unabridged.
Random House, Inc. 13 Jun. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mallow>.
8. ^ "Durian", The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright ©
2004. Licensed from Columbia University Press
http://www.reference.com/browse/Durian?s=ts
9. ^ "cacao." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cacao
10. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
11. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
12. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
13. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen,
MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc
Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {83 MYBN} {68 MYBN} {82 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
[3] wiki
Americas  
82,000,000 YBN
11 		272) Rosids "Sapindales" {SaPiNDAlEZ6 } evolve (ancestor of maple, lychee,
mahogany, cashew, mango, pistachio, and the citrus trees: orange, lemon, and
grapefruit).7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sapindales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ wiki
6. ^ "Sapindales."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sapindales-1
and http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=sapindaceae
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ wiki
11. ^ N Wikstrom, V
Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family
tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). {80 MYBN} {61
MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
[2] N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution
of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov
7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102mybn)
Americas  
82,000,000 YBN
420) Ornithopods {ORnitePoDZ1 } Hadrosaurs, (duck-billed) dinosaurs.2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "ornithopod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ornithopod
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
82,000,000 YBN
5 6 		500) Laurasiatheres "Insectivora" evolves (ancestor of shrews, moles, and
hedgehogs).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
2. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree
of Life", Science, (2003).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {82 MYBN}
6. ^ Michael
J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
  
80,000,000 YBN
4 		422) Therapod {tERePoD1 } Dromaeosaurs {DrOmEoSORZ2 } evolve: Raptors.3
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=dromaeosaur&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {80 MYBN}
  
80,000,000 YBN
6 		482) Marsupials: New World Opossums.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
2. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
4. ^ Hedges and Kumar, Time Tree of Life,
2009. http://timetree.org/pdf/Springer2009Chap70.pdf
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p230-237.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p230-237. {80 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Didelphimorphia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelphimorphia
Americas5   
75,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		492) Afrotheres: Aardvark.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {75 MYBN}
5. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
Africa3   
74,000,000 YBN
10 		280) Asterids "Lamiales" {lAmEAlEZ5 } evolve (ancestor of many spices: mint,
basil, marjoram {moRJ uruM6 }, oregano, rosemary, sage, savory, thyme, teak,
sesame, olive, ash, lilac and jasmine).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
2. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms:
calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20.,
(2001).
3. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny
Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II",
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141 Page 399 - April
2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
4. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and
Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view",
American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
5. ^ "Lamiales." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/lamiales
6. ^ "marjoram." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/marjoram
7. ^ N Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase,
"Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree", Proc Biol Sci.
2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001).
8. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP*, "An update
of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of
flowering plants: APG II", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society Volume 141
Page 399 - April 2003 doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339, (2003).
9. ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer,
Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant tree of life: an overview and
some points of view", American Journal of Botany. 2004;91:1437-1445., (2004).
10. ^ N
Wikstrom, V Savolainen, MW Chase, "Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating
the family tree", Proc Biol Sci. 2001 Nov 7;268(1482):2211-20., (2001). (102my)
{74 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase, "The plant
tree of life: an overview and some points of view", American Journal of Botany.
2004;91:1437-1445., (2004). (128mybn)
  
73,000,000 YBN
6 		484) Marsupials: Bandicoots and Bilbies {BiLBEZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=bilby&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {73 MYBN}
Australia5   
70,000,000 YBN
6 		424) Two Therapods {tERePoDZ1 } are top predators: Tyrannosaurus rex
{TiraNiSORuS reKS2 } in North America and Giganotosaurus {JiGuNOTuSORuS3 } in
South America.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "theropod." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/theropod
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=tyrannosaurus+rex&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=giganotosaurus&submit=Submit
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
5. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
6. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {70
MYBN}
Americas5   
70,000,000 YBN
426) Marine reptiles Mosasaurs {mOSeSORZ1 } evolve.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "mosasaur." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/mosasaur
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ "Mosasaurs". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosasaurs
  
70,000,000 YBN
4 		469) Birds "Podicipediformes" {PoDiSiPeDeFORmEZ1 } (grebes {GreBS2 }).3
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Podicipediformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 23 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/podicipediformes-1
2. ^ "grebe." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/grebe
3. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {70 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
70,000,000 YBN
5 6 		507) Placental Mammals: Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas {PIKuZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "pika." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/pika
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN}
6. ^ Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
70,000,000 YBN
5 		516) Placental Mammals: Tree Shrews and Colugos {KolUGOZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "colugo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/colugo-1
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {70 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Colugo". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugo
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[5] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
[6] "Colugos". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colugos
  
66,000,000 YBN
3 		120) Largest Pterosaur, Quetzalcoatlus {KeTZLKWoTLuS1 }.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=quetzalcoatl
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Wellnhofer, "Pterosaurs", 1991, p142.
  
65,500,000 YBN
3 		129) Mass extinction.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the Fossil Record (and
Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 344, No.
1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks Anniversary Meeting (Apr.
29, 1994), pp. 11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
2. ^ David Jablonski and W. G. Chaloner,"Extinctions in the
Fossil Record (and Discussion)", Philosophical Transactions: Biological
Sciences, Vol. 344, No. 1307, Estimating Extinction Rates: Sir Joseph Banks
Anniversary Meeting (Apr. 29, 1994), pp.
11-17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/56148
3. ^ http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16macro.htm {65.5 MYBN}
  
65,500,000 YBN
3 		397) End of the Mesozoic and start of the Cenozoic Era, and the end of the
Cretaceous (145.5-65.5 mybn), and start of the Tertiary {TRsEARE1 } (65.5-1.8
mybn) Period.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
2. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
3. ^ The geological Society of America 2009 Time
Scale http://www.geosociety.org/science/timescale/timescl.pdf
  
65,000,000 YBN
2 3 		429) Start of rapid diversification of mammals.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {65 MYBN}
3. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
  
65,000,000 YBN
5 		468) Birds "Gruiformes" {GrUiFORmEZ3 } (cranes and rails).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ "Gruiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/gruiformes-1
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
  
65,000,000 YBN
4 		485) Marsupial moles.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia3   
65,000,000 YBN
6 		486) Marsupials: Tasmanian Devil, Numbat {nuMBaT3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=numbat&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia5   
65,000,000 YBN
6 		488) Marsupials "Diprotodontia" {DIPrOTODoNsEu3 } evolve (Wombats, Kangeroos,
Possums, Koalas).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=diprotodontia&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
Australia5   
65,000,000 YBN
13 14 		508) Placental Mammals rodents evolve.
Rodents: "Myomorpha" {MIemORFu8 } (rats, mice,
gerbils, voles {VOLZ9 }, lemmings, hamsters).10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^ "vole." The
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^ "Myomorpha."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/myomorpha-2
9. ^ "vole." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vole
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
11. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
12. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
13. ^ Richard
Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
{65 MYBN}
14. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
63,000,000 YBN
5 		587) Primates evolve.3 Opposable thumb.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=63my) {63 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] http://anthro.palomar.edu/earlyprimates/first_primates.htm
[2]
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html
Africa or India4   
60,000,000 YBN
7 8 		470) Birds "Strigiformes" {STriJiFORmEZ4 } evolve (owls).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Strigiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/strigiformes-1
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {65 MYBN(need to check with fossil
record 2}

MORE INFO
[1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals
Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[2] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny of
modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
  
60,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		504) Laurasiatheres "Carnivora" {KoRniVRu4 } (ancestor of Cats, Dogs, Bears,
Weasels, Hyenas, Seals, and Walruses).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the
Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ "carnivora?s=t&ld=1089". Dictionary.com Unabridged
(v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/carnivora?s=t&ld=1089
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {75 MYBN}
10. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia7   
58,000,000 YBN
5 		524) Primates: Tarsiers {ToRSERZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "tarsier." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/tarsier
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {58 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "Tarsier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsier
  
55,000,000 YBN
7 8 		471) Birds "Apodiformes" {oPoD-i-FORmEZ4 } (hummingbirds, swifts).5 6
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Apodiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/apodiformes-1 AND
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=apodiformes&submit=Submit
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
55,000,000 YBN
7 8 		476) Birds "Piciformes" {PESiFORmEZ4 } (woodpeckers, toucans).5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
4. ^ "Piciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/piciformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=piciformes&submit=Submit
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}

MORE INFO
[1] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals
Their Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
  
55,000,000 YBN
11 12 		477) Birds "Passeriformes" {PaSRiFORmEZ5 } (perching songbirds) evolve. This
order includes many common birds: crows, jays, sparrows, warblers,
mockingbirds, robins, orioles, bluebirds, vireos {VEREOZ6 }, larks, finches.7 8

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
2. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
3. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^ "Passeriformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/passeriformes-1
AND http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=passeriformes&submit=Submit
6. ^ "vireo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/vireo
7. ^ "Passeriformes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passeriformes
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
9. ^ Boles, Walter E. (1997):
Fossil Songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia. Emu
'97'(1): 43–50. doi:10.1071/MU97004
10. ^ L. Christidis, A. Cooper, M. Irestedt, et al., "A
Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic
New Zealand wrens" Proceedings of the Royal Society B, February 2002:235–241.
11. ^ Palmer,
et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
12. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)

MORE INFO
[1] Ericson, Per G. P. et al. “A Gondwanan Origin of Passerine Birds
Supported by DNA Sequences of the Endemic New Zealand Wrens.” Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269.1488 (2002):
235–241. http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/269/1488/235.abstract

earliest fossils: Australia9 |Gondwana10   
55,000,000 YBN
7 8 9 10 		495) Afrotheres: Elephants.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
2. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
3. ^ Mark S. Springer,
William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ Delmer, C., Mahboubi, M., Tabuce, R. & Tassy,
P. 2006. "A new species of Moeritherium (Proboscidae, Mammalia) from the Eocene
of Algeria: new perspectives on the ancestral morphotype of the genus."
Palaeontology 49 (2),
421-434. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00548.x/ab
stract
6. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
7. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
8. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and
Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). {62
MYBN}
9. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003).
10. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of
Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 238. ISBN
1-84028-152-9.

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004)
Algeria, Africa5 |Africa6   
55,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 		497) Afrotheres: Manatee and Dugong.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen
J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ Palmer, et al.,
"Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {59 MYBN}
6. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003).
7. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
  
55,000,000 YBN
18 19 20 		502) Laurasiatheres "Cetartiodactyla" {SiToRTEODaKTilu7 } evolve (ancestor of
all Artiodactyla {oRTEODaKTiLu8 } also called "even-toed ungulates" {uNGYUlATS9
 or uNGYUliTS10 }11 : camels, pigs, ruminants {includes deer, giraffe, cattle,
sheep, and antelope12 }, hippos, and all Cetacea {SiTASEu or SiTAsEu13 }:
Whales, and Dolphins).14 15 16
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
3. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
5. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
6. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary
for Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific
Writers and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
7. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetartiodactyla&submit=Submit
8. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=artiodactyla&submit=Submit
9. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
10. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
11. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
12. ^ "artiodactyla." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 08 Jan. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/artiodactyla-1
13. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cetacea&submit=Submit
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating
the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
16. ^ "Cetartiodactyla", Oxford Dictionary for
Scientific Writers and Editors. New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers
and Editors. © 1991 http://www.answers.com/topic/cetartiodactyla
17. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
18. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009,
p360.
19. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218. {78 MYBN}
20. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala,
"Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia17   
55,000,000 YBN
13 14 15 		503) Laurasiatheres "Perissodactyla" {PeriSODaKTilu5 } evolve (also called
"odd-toed ungulates6 ) {uNGYUlATS7 or uNGYUliTS8 } (Horses, Tapirs {TAPRZ 9 },
Rhinos).10 11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
2. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
4. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree
of Life", Science, (2003).
5. ^ "Perissodactyla." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific
and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/perissodactyla-2
6. ^ "ungulate." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
7. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=ungulate&submit=Submit
8. ^ "ungulate." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 16 Jun.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ungulate
9. ^ "tapir." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tapir
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p199-218.
11. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the
Tree of Life", Science, (2003).
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218.
13. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life",
2009, p360.
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p199-218. {76 MYBN}
15. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J.
Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia12   
55,000,000 YBN
5 6 7 		509) Rodents: Beavers.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009,
p360.
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {65 MYBN}
7. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the
Tree of Life", Science, (2003). {65 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
  
55,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 		511) Rodents: Dormouse, Mountain Beaver, Squirrel and Marmot {moRmuT2 }.3
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=marmot&submit=Submit
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {58 MYBN}
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003). {58 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
  
55,000,000 YBN
4 5 		585) Birds Psittaciformes {SiTaS-iFORmEZ1 } (Parrots).2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Psittaciformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 19 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/psittaciformes-1
2. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael Sorenson, and David
Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous origin of modern
avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6
3. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive
Life", 2009, p360.
5. ^ Brown, Joseph, Joshua Rest, Jaime G. Moreno, Michael
Sorenson, and David Mindell. "Strong mitochondrial DNA support for a Cretaceous
origin of modern avian lineages." BMC Biology 6 (January 2008):
6:6. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/6

MORE INFO
[1] LIVEZEY, BRADLEY C., and RICHARD L. ZUSI. “Higher-order phylogeny
of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II.
Analysis and discussion.” Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 149.1
(2007) :
1-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x/full
[2] Hackett, Shannon J. et al. “A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their
Evolutionary History.” Science 320.5884 (2008) : 1763 -1768.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/320/5884/1763
[3] "Neornithes." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/neornithes
[4] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (estimate from)
  
55,000,000 YBN
2 		6381) Horses evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {55 MYBN}
  
54,000,000 YBN
3 4 		810) Last common ancestor between hippos with dolphins and whales.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (=54) {54 MYBN}
4. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J.
Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal
diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4
2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=53) {53 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
53,500,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 		812) Earliest marine mammal.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia,
Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
3. ^
http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm
4. ^ S. Bajpai and P. D. Gingerich. 1998. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia,
Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
95:15464-15468 http://www.pnas.org/content/95/26/15464.abstract
5. ^ http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc98/10_10_98/fob3.htm (=53.5) {53.5
MYBN}
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (=50) {50 MYBN}
7. ^ Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo
Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (=52)
{52 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
earliest fossils: (Subathu Formation) Northern India3   
52,000,000 YBN
8 9 10 		501) Laurasiatheres "Chiroptera" {KIroPTRu4 } (fruit bats, echolocating bats).5
6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
4. ^ "Chiroptera." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and
Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/chiroptera-1
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
6. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
8. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p360.
9. ^
Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004). {80 MYBN}
10. ^ Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of
Life", Science, (2003).

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Laurasiatheria". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheria
Laurasia7   
51,000,000 YBN
3 		513) Rodents: Old World Porcupines.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {51 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
50,000,000 YBN
4 		438) Himalayan {HiMolAYeN1 } mountains start to form.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Himalayan." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 06 Jan. 2013.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Himalayan>.
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {50 MYBN}
Himalyia Mountains, India3   
50,000,000 YBN
2 		816) Ambulocetus (an early whale).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp
2. ^
http://www.ncseweb.org/resources/articles/5359_71_miller_1999_iof_panda_12_6_200
4.asp (=40)
  
49,000,000 YBN
5 6 		474) Birds "Falconiformes" {FaLKoNiFORmEZ3 } (falcons, hawks, eagles, Old World
vultures).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^ "Falconiformes." McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
2003. Answers.com 30 Dec. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/falconiformes-1
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life",
2009, p361.
6. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {49 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
49,000,000 YBN
5 		515) Rodents: New World porcupines, guinea pigs, capybaras {KaPuBoRoZ3 }.4
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "capybara." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capybara
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {49 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[4] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
  
40,000,000 YBN
6 		525) Ancestor of all Primates "New World Monkeys" (Sakis, Spider, Howler and
Squirrel monkeys, Capuchins {KaP YU CiNZ3 }, and Tamarins).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "capuchin." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/capuchin
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004), p147 (guess is in Africa).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {40 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "New world monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_world_monkey
Africa5   
37,000,000 YBN
2 3 		442) Dogs evolve.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {37 MYBN}
3. ^ Palmer, et
al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
  
37,000,000 YBN
5 		475) Birds: Cuculiformes {KUKUliFORmEZ3 } evolve (cuckoos, roadrunners).4
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
2. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
3. ^
http://howjsay.com/index.php?word=cuculiformes&submit=Submit
4. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2)
5. ^
http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/370Gruimorpha/370.100.html#Gruimorpha
(from need to check with fossil record 2) {37 MYBN (need to check with fossil
record 2}
  
34,000,000 YBN
4 		813) Toothed and Baleen whale lines split.1

Toothed whales include dolphins, sperm, and killer whales. Baleen whales
include blue, humpback, and gray whales.2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ "toothed whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/toothed-whale
3. ^ "baleen whale." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica,
Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 15 Jul. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baleen-whale
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (=34) {34 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
  
30,000,000 YBN
3 4 		444) Cats evolve.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
2. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p361.
4. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
  
30,000,000 YBN
3 		520) Primates: True Lemurs.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) {30 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[2] "Strepsirrhini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini
[3] "Lemuridae". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuridae
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] "Lemur". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemur
[6] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (63 mybn) (=63 mybn)
[7] Mark S.
Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J. O'Brien,
"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary",
PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003). (70 mybn) (=70 mybn)
[8] Michael J. Benton
and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003). (70 mybn)
(=70 mybn)
  
25,000,000 YBN
6 		531) Ancestor of all Primates "Old World Monkeys" (Macaques, Baboons,
Mandrills, Proboscis and Colobus {KoLiBeS3 } monkeys).4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "colobus monkey." The American Heritage® Dictionary of
the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 06 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/black-and-white-colobus
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {25 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Michael J. Benton and Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life",
Science, (2003)
[2] "Euarchontoglires". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[3] Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in and out of
Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages R582-R588,
(1998) . see image
[4] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[5] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
(perhaps around Lake Victoria) Africa5   
24,000,000 YBN
4 		662) The ancestor of all Hominoids (Gibbons and Hominids) loses its tail.3
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). (based on Aegyptopithecus=22my) {24 MYBN
(based on Aegyptopithecus=22my}
  
23,000,000 YBN
4 		478) Monotreme: Echidna.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "monotreme." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/monotreme
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}
Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea3   
23,000,000 YBN
4 		479) Monotreme: Duck-Billed Platypus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ "platypus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the
English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com
30 Jul. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/platypus
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {23 MYBN}
Australia and Tasmania3   
22,000,000 YBN
3 4 5 6 		559) Hominoid Proconsul.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate
evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July
1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998). (c22-c16mybn)
5. ^
http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/apes/proconsul/ 22-10 mybn (22-10 mybn)
6. ^
"Proconsul (genus) 27-17 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proconsul_%28genus%29 27-17 mybn (27-17mybn)
  
18,000,000 YBN
6 		537) Primates: Gibbons.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate evolution - in
and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July 1998, Pages
R582-R588, (1998) .
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Caro-Beth Stewart and Todd R. Disotell, "Primate
evolution - in and out of Africa", Current Biology Volume 8, Issue 16, 30 July
1998, Pages R582-R588, (1998) .
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's
Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {18 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Euarchontoglires".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euarchontoglires
[4] "Old World monkey". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_monkey
[5] "Gibbon". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbon
[6] "Placentalia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentalia
[7] http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/
South-East Asia5   
14,000,000 YBN
6 7 8 9 		542) Earliest extant Hominid: Orangutans.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Begun, "African and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of
the Hominidae", in Louis de Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny
of the Neogene hominoid primates of Eurasia", p232.
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ Begun, "African
and Eurasian Miocene hominoids and the origins of the Hominidae", in Louis de
Bonis, George D. Koufos, Peter Andrews, "Phylogeny of the Neogene hominoid
primates of Eurasia", p232.
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {14 MYBN}
7. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama
M, Inoue E, Shih C-C, et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively
Reveal the Phylogeny of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10
.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419
8. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442.
9. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P.
Douzery, Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix
of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume
53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1055790309003169)

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
South-East Asia5   
10,000,000 YBN
4 5 6 7 8 9 		543) Hominids: Gorillas evolve.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
4. ^ P-.H. Fabre, A. Rodrigues, E.J.P. Douzery,
Patterns of macroevolution among Primates inferred from a supermatrix of
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume
53, Issue 3, December 2009, Pages 808-825, ISSN 1055-7903,
10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.004. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S1055790309003169)
5. ^ Palmer, "Primitive Life", 2009, p442.
6. ^ Suwa, Gen et al. "A New Species of
Great Ape from the Late Miocene Epoch in Ethiopia." Nature 448.7156 (2007):
921–924. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7156/full/nature06113.htm
l
7. ^ Kunimatsu, Yutaka et al. "A New Late Miocene Great Ape from Kenya and Its
Implications for the Origins of African Great Apes and Humans." Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences 104.49 (2007): 19220 –19225.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/49/19220.abstract
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {7 MYBN}
9. ^ Chan Y-C, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih C-C,
et al. (2010) Mitochondrial Genome Sequences Effectively Reveal the Phylogeny
of Hylobates Gibbons. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14419.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014419 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10
.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0014419

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Gorilla".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla
[4] Prothero, "Bring Fossils To Life", Second
Edition, 2004, p34
Africa3   
6,000,000 YBN
8 9 		544) Hominids: Chimpanzees evolve. Last common ancestor of chimpanzees and
humans.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). 6mybn
2. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
4. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
6. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4)
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn
8. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). 6mybn (6mybn) {6 MYBN}
9. ^
http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/fr/pres/compress/Toumai/Tounaigb/lienparengb.html (8
mybn see image 4) (8mybn) {8 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Africa7   
4,400,000 YBN
23 24 		546) Hominid: Ardipithecus.15 16 17 18 19 20 Earliest bipedal primate.21
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
2. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
3. ^ Perlman, David (July 12, 2001). "Fossils From Ethiopia May Be Earliest
Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
4. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949):
75–86. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
5. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a new
species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
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Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
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hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332, 145-152
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First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
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new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
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13. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
14. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
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Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282
16. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
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Human Ancestor". National Geographic News. Retrieved July 2009.
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/07/0712_ethiopianbones.html
18. ^ White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Haile-Selassie, Yohannes;
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; WoldeGabriel, Giday (2009). "Ardipithecus ramidus
and the Paleobiology of Early Hominids.". Science 326 (5949): 75–86.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
19. ^ White, T. D.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B. (1994). "Australopithecus ramidus, a
new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia". Nature 371 (6495): 306.
Bibcode 1994Natur.371..306W. doi:10.1038/371306a0.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/326/5949/64.abstract
20. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p93.
21. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and
Y. Coppens , First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R.
Acad. Sci. Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
22. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
23. ^ Pickford, M. & Senut, B. The geological and faunal context of Late
Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIa 332,
145-152
(2001). http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015282 {6
MYBN}
24. ^ B. Senut, M. Pickford, D. Gommery, P. Mein, K. Cheboi and Y. Coppens ,
First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya). C. R. Acad. Sci.
Paris, série IIa 332 (2001), pp.
137–144. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1251805001015294
{6 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Haile-Selassie, Y. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash,
Ethiopia. Nature 412, 178-181 (2001).
http://www.nature.com/uidfinder/10.1038/35084063
Lukeino Formation, Tugen Hills, Kenya, Africa22   
4,000,000 YBN
11 12 13 14 		547) Hominid: Australopithecus (x-STrA-lO-PitiKuS5 }.6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
4. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
5. ^ "Australopithecus." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
Terms. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 31 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/australopithecus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
7. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot
bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
8. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
9. ^ Clarke, R.J. and P.V. Tobias (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of
the oldest South African hominid. Science 269,
521–524. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/269/5223/521
10. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612.
11. ^ Partridge, T.C., Granger, D.E., Caffee, M.W. and Clarke, R.J. (2003),
"Lower Pliocene Hominid Remains from Sterkfontein", Science, Vol. 300, pp. pp.
607–612. {4MYBN}
12. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). {4MYBN}
13. ^ "Australopithecus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus {3.9 to 3my}
14. ^ "Australopithecus
afarensis". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis (3.9 to 3my)

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Sterkfontein, South Africa9 10   

SCIENCE
3,390,000 YBN
4 		269) Hominids use stones as tools.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
2. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
3. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
4. ^ McPherron, Shannon P. et al. “Evidence for stone-tool-assisted
consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika,
Ethiopia.” Nature 466.7308 (2010) :
857-860. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7308/full/nature09248.html
{3.39 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
[2] "Stone Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Age
[3] "Paleolithic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic
Dikika, Ethiopia3   
2,700,000 YBN
6 		564) Hominid: Paranthropus {Pa raN tru PuS3 }; a line of extinct early bipedal
hominids.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
2. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
3. ^
http://www.howjsay.com/index.php?word=paranthropus&submit=Submit
4. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
5. ^ "Paranthropus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus
6. ^ Palmer, et al., "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.

MORE INFO
[1] Thure E. Cerling, Emma Mbua, Francis M. Kirera, Fredrick Kyalo
Manthi, Frederick E. Grine, Meave G. Leakey, Matt Sponheimer, and Kevin T. Uno.
Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa; PNAS 2011;
published ahead of print May 2, 2011, doi:10.1073/pnas.1104627108
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/04/27/1104627108.full.pdf+html?sid=71bf86
4d-bcc2-420e-9c3d-6c390c4a31c3
[2] Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage To the Dawn of
Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 90. ISBN 0-297-82503-8
Africa5   
2,500,000 YBN
5 		455) Oldest formed stone tools.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
2. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
3. ^ "Homo erectus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_erectus
4. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html
5. ^ Semaw, S. et al. 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia.
Nature 385, 333–336 (1997)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6614/abs/385333a0.html {2.5 MYBN}
Gona, Ethiopia4   
2,200,000 YBN
15 		447) Humans.8 Hominid: Homo habilis evolve (earliest member of the genus
"Homo"9 ).10

This is when the human brain begins to get bigger.11
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
2. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
4. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
5. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
6. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
8. ^ "human." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 04 May.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/human-1
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
10. ^
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
11. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
12. ^ F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C.
Antón, I. McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi & L. N. Leakey (2007-08-09).
"Implications of new early Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana,
Kenya". Nature 448 (7154): 688–691. doi:10.1038/nature05986. PMID
17687323 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7154/full/nature05986.html
13. ^ Donald C. Johanson, Fidelis T. Masao, Gerald G. Eck, Tim D. White, Robert
C. Walter, William H. Kimbel, Berhane Asfaw, Paul Manega, Prosper Ndessokia &
Gen Suwa (21 May 1987). "New partial skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai
Gorge, Tanzania". Nature 327 (6119): 205–209. doi:10.1038/327205a0. PMID
3106831
14. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p78
15. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
(Kenya12 and Tanzania13 ) Africa14   
2,000,000 YBN
6 		545) Hominids: Bonobos {BunOBOZ3 }.4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
3. ^ "bonobo." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/bonobo
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004).
5. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004).
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). {2 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Mark S. Springer, William J. Murphy, Eduardo Eizirik, and Stephen J.
O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
[3] "Bonobo".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonobo
Africa5   
1,800,000 YBN
130) End of the Tertiary {TRsEARE1 } (65-1.8 mybn), and start of the Quaternary
{KWoTRnARE or KWoTRNRE2 } (1.8 mybn-now) Period.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Tertiary period." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/tertiary-1
2. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
3. ^ The geological Society of America
  
1,800,000 YBN
8 9 10 		563) Homo erectus {hOmO ireKTuS5 } evolves in Africa.6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
3. ^ "Homo erectus." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p68-71
5. ^ "Homo erectus." The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com 10 Sep. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/homo-erectus
6. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p68-71
7. ^ Brown, Frank et al. “Early Homo Erectus Skeleton from
West Lake Turkana, Kenya.” Nature 316.6031 (1985):
788–792. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v316/n6031/abs/316788a0.html
8. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4
MYBN}
9. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p445.
10. ^ "Homo ergaster 1.9-1.4 mybn".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_ergaster 1.9-1.4
mybn (1.9-1.4mybn) {1.9-1.4 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
[2] Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p416
[3] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa
again and again.” Nature 416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
[4] Vekua, Abesalom et al. “A New Skull of Early Homo from Dmanisi,
Georgia.” Science 297.5578 (2002): 85–89. Print. New Series
Lake Turkana, East Africa7   
1,700,000 YBN
10 		449) Homo erectus moves into Eurasia from Africa.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
2. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
3. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
5. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
6. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
7. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004).
8. ^ Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
416.6876 (2002) :
45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/full/416045a.html
9. ^ G. Philip Rightmire, "The Dispersal of Homo erectus from Africa and the
Emergence of More Modern Humans", Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 47,
No. 2, A Quarter Century of Paleoanthropology: Views from the U.S.A. (Summer,
1991), pp. 177-191 Published by: University of New Mexico Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3630324
10. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). {1.7 MYBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004), p69-77
[2] Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble,
2001.
  
1,500,000 YBN
5 		583) Controlled use of fire.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for
the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
2. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
3. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
4. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the
earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
5. ^ Brain, C. K., and A. Sillent. “Evidence from the Swartkrans
cave for the earliest use of fire.” Nature 336.6198 (1988) :
464-466. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v336/n6198/abs/336464a0.html
{1.0-1.5 MYBN} {Brain_Sillent_19881201.pdf}
(Swartkrans cave) Swartkrans, South Africa4   
1,000,000 YBN
4 5 		589) Homo erectus evolves less body hair.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
2. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
3. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale",
(Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
4. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The
Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004). p69-70,273-275
{1 MYBN}
5. ^ Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S, "Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and
the time since loss of human body hair." Curr Anthropol
2004;45:105-108. http://www.jstor.org/pss/10.1086/381006 {1.2 MYBN}
  
970,000 YBN
8 9 10 		200) Humans wear clothing.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
2. ^ Pallab Ghosh, "Humans' early arrival in Britain", BBC News,
07/07/2010 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10531419
3. ^ Parfitt, Simon A., Nick M. Ashton, Simon G. Lewis, Richard L. Abel, G.
Russell Coope, Mike H. Field, and others, ‘Early Pleistocene Human Occupation
at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
229-233 . http://nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7303/full/nature09117.html
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at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466 (2010),
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Occupation at the Edge of the Boreal Zone in Northwest Europe’, Nature, 466
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Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK7   
400,000 YBN
6 7 8 		615) Spear.3
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1. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
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2. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
3. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
4. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting Technology.”
Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
5. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
6. ^ Wilkins, Jayne et al. “Evidence for Early Hafted Hunting
Technology.” Science 338.6109 (2012):
942–946. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6109/942
7. ^ Thieme, Hartmut, ‘Lower Palaeolithic Hunting Spears from Germany’,
Nature, 385 (1997), 807-810
. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385807a0.html {Thieme_19
970227.pdf} {400,000YBN}
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes
to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}

MORE INFO
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Letters to Nature. Nature 385, 807 - 810 (27 February 1997);
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Kathu Pan 1, South Africa4 |(Schöningen, Germany.5 )  
302,000 YBN
3 		6517) There are 1 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.1 2
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200,000 YBN
16 17 18 		548) Homo sapiens evolve in Africa.9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
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2. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
3. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence
Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.
4. ^ Tim D.
White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa
& F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia",
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
6. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
7. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence
Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct. 2011.
8. ^ Tim D.
White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D. Richards, Gen Suwa
& F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia",
Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
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placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
11. ^ University Of Utah. "The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human
Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago." ScienceDaily, 28 Feb. 2005. Web. 9 Oct.
2011.
12. ^ Tim D. White, Berhane Asfaw, David DeGusta, Henry Gilbert, Gary D.
Richards, Gen Suwa & F. Clark Howell, "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle
Awash, Ethiopia", Nature 423, 742-747 (12 June
2003) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v423/n6941/full/nature01669.html
13. ^ Day, M. H. "Omo human skeletal remains." Nature 222, 1135–1138 (1969)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v222/n5199/pdf/2221135a0.pdf
14. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
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the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
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the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia.” Journal of Human
Evolution 55.3 (2008) :
409-420. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248408001024
17. ^ Ian McDougall, Francis H. Brown & John G. Fleagle, "Stratigraphic
placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia", Nature 433, 733-736
(17 February
2005). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/abs/nature03258.html
{200,000 YBN}
18. ^ Richard Dawkins, "The Ancestor's Tale", (Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004), p65. (165,000 YBN) {200,000 YBN}

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O'Brien, "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary
boundary", PNAS,Feb. 4 2003,100,3,1056-1061, (2003)
[2] Michael J. Benton and
Francisco J. Ayala, "Dating the Tree of Life", Science, (2003)
Ethiopia, Africa13 14 15   
200,000 YBN
590) Human language of thirty short sounds begins to develop.4 All words are
single syllable.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ (The vast majority of Sumerian language is made of
one-syllable words) Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
4. ^ Ted Huntington
5. ^ (The vast
majority of Sumerian language is made of one-syllable words) Archaic
Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
  
130,000 YBN
5 6 		450) Homo Neanderthalensis evolves in Eurasia.3
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1. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
2. ^ Douglas Palmer, et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p464.
3. ^ Donald Johanson,
"Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?",
ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
4. ^ Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
5. ^Donald Johanson, "Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of
Africa?", ActionBioscience.org, May 2001
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000}
6. ^
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals

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Europe and Western Asia4   
101,000 YBN
[99000 BC] 6 7 8 		594) Homo sapiens move out of Africa into Eurasia.4 This is the beginning of
differences in race within the human species.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
2. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
3. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human
evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
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4. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
5. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution:
bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
-6006. http://www.pnas.org/content/85/16/6002.short
6. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
7. ^ http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html {000 YBN}
8. ^
Cavalli-Sforza, L L et al. “Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing
together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 85.16 (1988) : 6002
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[2] Templeton, Alan. “Out of Africa again and again.” Nature
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45-51. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v416/n6876/abs/416045a.html
  
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 3 4 		257) Oldest Homo sapiens skull outside Africa; in Israel.1
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1. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
2. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)
3. ^ N. Mercier, H.
Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer, J.-L. Joron,
Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel,
Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2, March 1993, Pages
169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
4. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (92,000-115,000)

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[1] Bar-Yosef, O. in The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in
Europe and the Greater Mediterranean (eds Bar-Yosef, O. & Pilbeam, D.)
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Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J. D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A. M.
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R. Rosenberg, L. A. Schepartz, J. J. Shea, F. H. Smith, E. Trinkaus, N. M.
Whalen and L. Wilson. 199. The Excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel (and
Comments and Replies). Current Anthropology
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[5] McCown, Keith, "The Stone Age of Mount Carmel", Vol II, 1939
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Nature 338.6218 (1989):
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(Skhul Cave) Mount Carmel, Israel2   
100,000 YBN
[98000 BC] 6 7 8 		6333) Theory of Gods.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the
Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
5. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
6. ^ Philip Lieberman, "Uniquely human: the evolution of speech, thought, and
selfless behavior", 1993, p163.
7. ^ Stringer, C. B. et al. “ESR Dates for the
Hominid Burial Site of Es Skhul in Israel.” Nature 338.6218 (1989):
756–758. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v338/n6218/abs/338756a0.html
8. ^ N. Mercier, H. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, C. Stringer,
J.-L. Joron, Thermoluminescence Date for the Mousterian Burial Site of
Es-Skhul, Mt. Carmel, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 20, Issue 2,
March 1993, Pages 169-174, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1006/jasc.1993.1012. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03054
40383710125
(Es-Skhul) Mount Carmel, Israel4 5   
61,000 YBN
[59000 BC] 9 10 11 12 13 		614) Bow and arrows.5 6
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1. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

2. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
3. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

4. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
5. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

6. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
7. ^ "Stone-Age arrows found", News, University of Johannesburg. See also
Antiquity
84:635-648 http://www.uj.ac.za/EN/Newsroom/News/Pages/Stone-Agearrowsfound.aspx

8. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
9. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008). "Middle
Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South
Africa". ScienceDirect.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440307002142
10. ^ "Modern culture emerged in Africa 20,000 years earlier than thought", LA
Times,
07/30/2012 http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-modern-cult
ure-africa-20120730,0,4412702.story?track=rss
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in South Africa", PNAS, July 30,
2012. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/07/23/1202629109.abstract
12. ^ Lucinda Backwella, Francesco d'Erricob and Lyn Wadley (june 2008).
"Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave,
South Africa". ScienceDirect. {10,000YBN}
13. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention
: from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000
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MORE INFO
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p86. books.google.com/books?id=D9yQiKTtprAC&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86
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setting (Revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521201551
Sibudu Cave, South Africa7 8   
53,300 YBN
[51300 BC] 3 		557) Homo Erectus extinct.1
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1. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
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AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/2891688
3. ^ Swisher, C. C. et al. “Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential
Contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia.” Science 274.5294 (1996)
: 1870 -1874. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/274/5294/1870
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Ngandong, Indonesia2   
50,000 YBN
[48000 BC] 2 		6399) Start of mass extinction of large mammals due in part to humans.1
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df
2. ^ Koch, Paul L. and Anthony D. Barnosky. "Late Quaternary Extinctions :
State of the Debate." (2006):
215-252. http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Koch%20%20and%20Barnosky%202006.p
df
  
46,000 YBN
[44000 BC] 7 8 9 		577) Earliest water ship. Sapiens reach Australia from Southeast Asia.5 6
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1. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
2. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
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3. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
4. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
5. ^ http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,1169905,00.html
6. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and
climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February
2003)
7. ^ Bowler, James M. et al 2003, "New ages for human occupation and climatic
change at Lake Mungo, Australia", Nature 421, 837-840 (20 February 2003)
8. ^
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POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters", Annual Review of
Genomics and Human Genetics, Vol. 3: 129 -152 (Volume publication date
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2002) http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.10320
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[2] Peter A. Underhill and Toomas Kivisild, "Use of Y Chromosome and
Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations", Annual
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43,000 YBN
[41000 BC] 6 7 8 		1187) Earliest mine.1 2
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1. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
2. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
3. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
4. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
5. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9WyyamT93REC&pg=PA1
6. ^ Swaziland Natural Trust Commission, "Cultural Resources - Malolotja
Archaeology, Lion Cavern," Retrieved August 27, 2007.
http://www.sntc.org.sz/cultural/malarch.asp
7. ^ Peace Parks Foundation, "Major Features: Cultural Importance." Republic of
South Africa: Author. Retrieved August 27,
2007 http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?mid=168&pid=148
8. ^ F. Yachir, "Mining in Africa Today: Strategies and Prospects", 1988,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=9WyyamT93REC&pg=PA1
Swaziland, Africa3 4 5   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 		598) Earliest sapiens fossils in Europe.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
2. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from the Peştera Cu Oase,
Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
3. ^ Benazzi, Stefano et al. “Early Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe and
Implications for Neanderthal Behaviour.” Nature 479.7374 (2011):
525–528. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10617.htm
l
4. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “The Earliest Evidence for Anatomically Modern Humans
in Northwestern Europe.” Nature 479.7374 (2011):
521–524. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v479/n7374/full/nature10484.htm
l
5. ^ Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the Vindija G1
Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006):
553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/3/553.abstract
6. ^ Tool to convert C14 age to calendar
age: ht41264tp://radiocarbon.ldeo.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/radcarbcal?id=0&fig=1&en
try_type=0&add=1&age=34000&std=100
7. ^ JOHN NOBLE WILFORD, "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than
Thought", NY Times, November 2,
2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-euro
pe-earlier-than-thought.html
8. ^ http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (40,000 YBN)
9. ^
http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html
10. ^ Palmer, "primtive Life", 2009, p472.
Peştera cu Oase, Romania2 (and baby tooth: Grotta del Cavallo, Italy3 , jaw:
Kent's Cavern, UK4 )  
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 5 6 7 		604) Oil lamp.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall
White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
 {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf}
5. ^ Sophie A. de Beaune and Randall White, "Ice Age Lamps", Scientific
American, March
1993. http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/42/17/69/PDF/Sc.Amer.1993.pdf
 {Beaune_White_199303xx.pdf} {40,000YBN}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
{79,000BCE}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient oil lamp". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_oil_lamp
Southwest France4   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 9 10 		1262) Painting.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
2. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
3. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
4. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
5. ^ BBC News "Red dot becomes 'oldest cave art' ",
6/15/2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-18459492
6. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
7. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
8. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
9. ^ Pike, A. W. G. et al. “U-Series Dating of Paleolithic Art in 11 Caves in
Spain.” Science 336.6087 (2012): 1409 –1413.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6087/1409.abstract
10. ^ "Chauvet Cave". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cave
(The Panel de las Manos) El Castillo Cave, Spain7 |Southern France8   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 14 15 16 		5871) Earliest musical instrument, a flute.9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
3. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
4. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
5. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
7. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
8. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
9. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm
11. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
12.
^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
13. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2
14. ^ Daniel S. Adler, "Archaeology: The earliest musical tradition", Nature
460, 695-696(6 August
2009) doi:10.1038/460695a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v460/n7256/full
/460695a.html?free=2 {40000YBN}
15. ^
http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6MhTK_oltyMTR7POcAgfbT5XeZQ
{35000BCE}
16. ^ Mark Evan Bonds, "A History of Music in Western Culture", 2003, p1.
{34000BCE}
Hohle Fels Cave, Germany13   
40,000 YBN
[38000 BC] 4 5 		6483) Humans catch fish.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern
humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html
2. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik
Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the Diets of European Neanderthals and Early
Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106.38
(2009): 16034–16039. http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16034.abstract
3. ^ Trinkaus, Erik et al. “An Early Modern Human from
the Peştera Cu Oase, Romania.” Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 100.20 (2003):
11231–11236. http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11231
4. ^ Richards, Michael P., and Erik Trinkaus. “Isotopic Evidence for the
Diets of European Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences 106.38 (2009): 16034–16039.
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16034.abstract
5. ^ First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern
humans in China PhysOrg.com, 6 July 2009. http://phys.org/news166120605.html

MORE INFO
[1] Higham, Tom et al. “Revised Direct Radiocarbon Dating of the
Vindija G1 Upper Paleolithic Neandertals.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103.3 (2006):
553–557. http://www.pnas.org/content/103/3/553.abstract
Peçstera cu Oase2 , Romania3   
39,000 YBN
[37000 BC] 6 7 8 9 10 		599) Sapiens reach China.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave,
Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16
(2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
2. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
3. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan
Cave, Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
104.16 (2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
4. ^ Shen, G et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi,
Southern China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829.
Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC
pa7qfBZuHb2.6
5. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p23. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
6. ^ Shang, Hong et al. “An Early Modern Human from Tianyuan Cave,
Zhoukoudian, China.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104.16
(2007): 6573 –6578.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/16/6573.full?sid=be561296-85f1-4b9a-8eee
-04e66b845307
7. ^ "Ancient human unearthed in China". BBC news. April 2, 2007. Retrieved
February 26, 2011.
8. ^ Palmer et al, "Primitive Life", 2009, p473.
9. ^
http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/billings_africa.html (30,000 YBN)
10. ^ Shen, G
et al. “U-Series Dating of Liujiang Hominid Site in Guangxi, Southern
China.” Journal of human evolution 43.6 (2002): 817–829.
Print. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/12473485/reload=0;jsessionid=lswboz0xC
pa7qfBZuHb2.6

MORE INFO
[1] Hu, Y. .; Shang, H. .; Tong, H. .; Nehlich, O. .; Liu, W. .; Zhao, C.
.; Yu, J. .; Wang, C. . et al. (Jul 2009). "Stable isotope dietary analysis of
the Tianyuan 1 early modern human". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 106 (27): 10971–4. Bibcode 2009PNAS..10610971H.
DOI:10.1073/pnas.0904826106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2706269. PMID 19581579
(Tianyuan Cave) Zhoukoudian, China3 (Tongtianyan Cave, Liujiang County,
Guangxi Zhuang4 5 )  
32,000 YBN
[30000 BC] 8 9 10 11 12 		602) Weaving, textiles and coloring dyes.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
2. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
3. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
4. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
5. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
6. ^ Michael Balter, "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man", Science 11 September 2009:
325 (5946), 1329. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1329.1
7. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta
Boaretto, Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani,
"30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359
8. ^ Eliso Kvavadze, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Anna Belfer-Cohen, Elisabetta Boaretto,
Nino Jakeli, Zinovi Matskevich, and Tengiz Meshveliani, "30,000-Year-Old Wild
Flax Fibers", Science 11 September 2009: 325 (5946),
1359. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5946/1359 {32,000 YBN}
9. ^ ADOVASIO J.
M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced
woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526–534. {000 YBN} {26,000 YBN}
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention
: from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000
YBN}
11. ^ {9000YBN}
12. ^ E. J. W. Barber, "Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in
the Neolithic and Bronze ...",
1991. http://books.google.com/books?id=HnSlynSfeEIC {7000YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] "textile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 31 Jul. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile>
Dzudzuana Cave, Georgia7   
31,700 YBN
[29700 BC] 5 6 		42) Humans raise dogs.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
2. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
3. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
4. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380)
5. ^ Mietje Germonpré, Mikhail V. Sablin, Rhiannon E. Stevens, Robert E.M.
Hedges, Michael Hofreiter, Mathias Stiller, Viviane R. Després, Fossil dogs
and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia:
osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes, Journal of Archaeological Science,
Volume 36, Issue 2, February 2009, Pages 473-490, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440308002380) {31,700 YBN}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7. {10,000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication
Goyet cave, Belgium4   
29,000 YBN
[27000 BC] 5 6 		6215) Earliest ceramic object, the Venus figurines.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381
2. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381
3. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
4. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The
Origins of Ceramic Technology at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24
November 1989: 246 (4933), 1002-1008.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937
5. ^ O. Soffer, J. M. Adovasio, D. C. Hyland, "The “Venus” Figurines:
Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic", Current
Anthropology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (August/October 2000), pp. 511-537 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/317381 {29,000}
6. ^ PAMELA B. VANDIVER, OLGA
SOFFER, BOHUSLAV KLIMA, and JIŘI SVOBODA, "The Origins of Ceramic Technology
at Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia", Science 24 November 1989: 246 (4933),
1002-1008. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/246/4933/1002.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/1704937 {26,000}
Dolni Věstonice, Czechoslovakia4   
28,000 YBN
[26000 BC] 3 4 		451) Neanderthals extinct.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm
2. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006).
"Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF).
Nature 443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID
16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html
3. ^ Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, et al. (October 2006). "Late
survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe" (PDF). Nature
443 (7113): 850–3. doi:10.1038/nature05195. PMID
16971951. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7113/abs/nature05195.html
{000 YBN}
4. ^ http://www.uky.edu/KGS/education/timeline2.htm {000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Garrod, D. A. E., Buxton, L. H. D., Elliot Smith, G. & Bate, D. M. A.
Excavation of a Mousterian Rock-shelter at Devil's Tower, Gibraltar. J. R.
Anthropol. Inst. 58, 91–113 (1928) http://www.jstor.org/stable/4619528
[2] Busk, G. On a very ancient cranium from
Gibraltar. Report of the 34th Meeting of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science (Bath, 1864) 91–92 (1865)
Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, Spain2   
26,000 YBN
[24000 BC] 4 		6224) "Fired" clay (clay dried and hardened by fire).1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre
technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000
years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534.
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables
of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p5.
3. ^ ADOVASIO J. M.,
SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre technology: Interlaced
woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70:
526–534.
4. ^ ADOVASIO J. M., SOFFER O., KLÍMA B., 1996: Upper Paleolithic fibre
technology: Interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000
years ago. Antiquity 70: 526–534. {26000 YBN}
Dolní Věstonice, Pavlov, Czech Republic3   
23,000 YBN
[21000 BC] 4 		6231) Stone wall.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
2. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
3. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html
4. ^
http://news.discovery.com/history/oldest-man-made-structure-found-in-greek-cave.
html {23,000 YBN}
(Theopetra Cave) Kalambaka, Greece3   
19,000 YBN
[17000 BC] 4 5 		6175) Cereal gathering.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
2. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
3. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
4. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. “How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?” Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {19000 YBN}
5. ^
Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World:
The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile
Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67.
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Near East (Southwest Asia Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia)3
  
18,000 YBN
[16000 BC] 6 7 8 9 		603) Pottery.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm
5. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu,
Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul
Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS
2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46
6. ^ Elisabetta Boaretto, Xiaohong Wu, Jiarong Yuan, Ofer Bar-Yosef, Vikki Chu,
Yan Pan, Kexin Liu, David Cohen, Tianlong Jiao, Shuicheng Li, Haibin Gu, Paul
Goldberg, and Steve Weiner, "Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen
associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China PNAS
2009 106 (24) 9595-9600;" published ahead of print June 1, 2009,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900539106
http://www.pnas.org/content/106/24/9595.full?sid=4a6f1743-94c2-4be8-b046-575b4
f27ab46 {18,000}
7. ^ "pottery." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pottery {17,500YBN}
8. ^
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8077168.stm {17,500YBN}
9. ^ Trevor I. Williams,
"A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York:
Checkmark Books, 2000). {8000 YBN}
(Yuchanyan cave), Daoxian County, Hunan Province, China4 5   
17,000 YBN
[15000 BC] 10 		6225) Rope.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.),
Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
2. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
3. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
4. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J.
ALLAIN, eds.), Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
5. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
6. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o
Acumulación?", Zephyrus, 47
(1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
7. ^ LEROI-GOURHAN, A., Lascaux Inconnu (A. LEROIGOURHAN & J. ALLAIN, eds.),
Xlle Suppl. à Gallia Préhistoire, CNRS: Paris, 1979, p183.
8. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
9. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521
10. ^ Bahn, Paul G., "Lascaux: ¿Composición o Acumulación?",
Zephyrus, 47 (1994) http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/handle/10366/71521 {17000 YBN}
Lascaux, France7 8 9   
17,000 YBN
[15000 BC] 2 3 		6516) There are 10 million humans on Earth, all hunter-gathering people.1
FOOTN
OTES
1. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
2. ^
Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^ Kremer,
Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to
1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
  
14,000 YBN
[12000 BC] 6 		6227) Map.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gladkih, M. I., Kornietz, N. L., and Soffer, 0. "Mammoth Bone Dwellings
on the Russian Plain." Scientific American (1984): 251.
2. ^ Bibikov, S. N.
(Sergei Nikolaevich) (1981). Drevneishii Muzykalnyi Kompleks iz Kostei Mamonta:
Ocherk Materialnoi i Dukhovnoi Kultury Paleoliticheskogo Cheloveka (The Oldest
Musical Complex Made of Mammoth Bones). Akademiia Nauk Ukrainskoi SSR, Institut
Arkheologii. Kiev, Ukraine: Naukova Dumka. In Russian. Contains summary in
English and French; table of contents also in English and French.
3. ^ Alexander
Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and
Schuster, 1991, p7.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of
Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p7.
5. ^
http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventions/
6. ^ http://www.infoukes.com/history/inventions/ {12,000 BC (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1998) Upper Palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth
bones in the Ukraine: Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and
Mezhirich, Oxford: J. and E. Hedges. ISBN 0-86054-949-6
[2] Pidoplichko, I. H. (1978) The
Mezhirich mammoth-bone houses, U.S. Geological Survey. ISBN B0006WZGIS
[3] (Ukrainian)
(1972). Icтopiя мicт i ciл Укpaїнcькoї CCP - Черкаськa
область (History of Towns and Villages of the Ukrainian SSR - Cherkasy
Oblast), Kiev
[4] "Mezhyrich". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhyrich
Mezhirich, Ukraine4 5   
14,000 YBN
[12000 BC] 5 		6439) Cement.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kingery, W D, Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of
Pyrotechnology, Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988):
219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
2. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
3. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
4. ^ Bar-Yosef, O., and A. N. Goring-Morris 1977 "Geometric Kebaran
Occurrences,"in O. Bar-Yosef and J. L. Phillips, eds., Prehistoric
Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Qedem 7. Monographs of the
Institute of Archaeology Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 331-368.
5. ^ Kingery, W D,
Pamela B. Vandiver, and Martha Prickett. "The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology,
Part Ii: Production and Use of Lime and Gypsum Plaster in the Pre-Pottery
Neolithic Near East." Journal of Field Archaeology. 15.2 (1988): 219-244.
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/archaeology/Publications/General/Lime%20and%20Gypsum
%20Plaster%20in%20the%20Pre-Pottery%20Neolithic%20near%20East.pdf AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/530304
Geometric Kebaran site Lagama North VIII, Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai, Egypt3
4   
13,000 YBN
[11000 BC] 12 13 14 		578) Humans enter America.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in
Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
3. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
4. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
6. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
7. ^ Eliza Barclay (September 3, 2008). "Oldest Skeleton in Americas
Found in Underwater Cave?". National Geographic News (National Geographic).
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/09/080903-oldest-skeletons.html
8. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
9. ^ http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/
10. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm
11. ^ Michael Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine
bioregions and the destruction of the Southern California Bight, Futures,
Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN
0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382)
12. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2538323.stm {13000 YBN}
13. ^
http://edition.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/08/ancient.woman/ {13000 YBN}
14. ^ Michael
Vincent McGinnis, Negotiating ecology: Marine bioregions and the destruction of
the Southern California Bight, Futures, Volume 38, Issue 4, Futures of
Bioregions, May 2006, Pages 382-405, ISSN 0016-3287, DOI:
10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.016. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi
i/S0016328705001382) {13000 YBN}
Mexico City10 and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California, USA11
  
11,500 YBN
[9500 BC] 9 10 11 12 		829) Humans shape metal objects.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
2. ^ Cyril Stanley Smith, "Metallurgy as a human experience", Metallurgical and
Materials Transactions A Volume 6, Number 4 (1975), 603-623, DOI:
10.1007/BF02672281 http://www.springerlink.com/content/4r60p045832k01l6/
3. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
4. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period",
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium:
Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp.
37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
5. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonacobre/pasado.asp
6. ^ Linda Braidwood and Robert Braidwood, "Prehistoric Village
Archaeology in south-eastern Turkey: The eight-millennium B.C> site at
Çayönü, its chipped and ground stone undustries and faunal remains:, 1982,
p4,10-11.
7. ^ "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
8. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>.
9. ^ Rolf E. Hummel, "Understanding Material Science", 2004,
p5. http://203.158.253.140/media/e-Book/Engineer/Material/Understanding%20Mater
ials%20Science.pdf
10. ^ Noël H. Gale, "Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period",
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research , No. 282/283, Symposium:
Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp.
37-61. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
11. ^ "Bronze Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/81017/Bronze-Age>.
12. ^ http://www.codelco.com/english/cu_zonacobre/pasado.asp {700 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/Iran%20information/iranian_copper_iran_exports.htm
(Shanidar Cave) North East Iraq3 |(Çayönü) Anatolia (modern Turkey)4
|Northern Iraq5 6 7 |Eastern Anatolia8   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 6 7 		606) Oldest city, Jericho.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19
Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000
BC}
5. ^ "Jericho." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 31 Jul. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/jericho
6. ^ "Jericho." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/302707/Jericho>. {9,000 BC}
7. ^ Trevor
I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {000 YBN} {8,000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Kathleen Kenyon, "Excavations at Jericho", 1981,
p6. {Kenyon_Excavations_At_Jericho_1981.pdf}
Jericho, (modern West Bank4 ) Palestine5   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 6 7 		608) Saddle quern {KWRN1 } (a flat stone and rounded stone used to grind grain
into flour).2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quern." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ "saddle quern". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 16 Jun.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515851/saddle-quern>.
4. ^ "quern." A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. Oxford University Press,
1995, 2003, 2005. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/quern
5. ^ British Museum: The oldest
known tool for making flour found in the Middle
East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que
rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx
6. ^ British Museum: The oldest known tool for making flour found in the Middle
East http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe/q/que
rn_stone_for_making_flour.aspx
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Abu Hureyra, Syria5   
11,000 YBN
[9000 BC] 3 4 5 		617) Goats raised.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the
Domestication of Goats". About.com.
3. ^ Hirst, K. Kris. "The History of the Domestication
of Goats". About.com.
4. ^ Breeds of Livestock; Goats: (Capra hircus). Oklahoma State
University Board of Regents
5. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in
the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey| (11,000 bp), and the Zagros
Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000).2   
10,500 YBN
[8500 BC] 3 4 		610) Flax grown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf.
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press,
2000, p126-132. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
3. ^ Zohary, D., and M. Hopf. Domestication of
Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West
Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, 2000,
p126-132. 2012 edition: http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria2   
10,500 YBN
[8500 BC] 4 5 		6315) Sheep raised.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an introductory
text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
3. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an
introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
5. ^ Per Jensen (2009). The ethology of domestic animals: an
introductory text. CABI. pp. 162–. ISBN 9781845935368.
http://books.google.com/books?id=FuJKSEgccUEC&pg=PA162#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] Krebs, Robert E. & Carolyn A. (2003). Groundbreaking Scientific
Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31342-3
Northern Zagros to southeastern Anatolia2 |(Middle East) Eastern Mediterranean3
  
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 6 7 		205) Pigs raised.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April
2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
2. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L
(April 2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
3. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith,
J. Robins, S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy,
L. Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar
Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618.
doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID
15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5715/1618.full.pdf
4. ^ G. Larson, K. Dobney, U. Albarella, M. Fang, E. Matisso-Smith, J. Robins,
S. Lowden, H. Finlayson, T. Brand, E. Willerslev, P. Rowley-Conwy, L.
Andersson, A. Cooper (March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar
Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". Science 307 (5715): 1618.
doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID
15761152. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/307/5715/1618.full.pdf
5. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
6. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
7. ^ Giuffra E, Kijas JM, Amarger V, Carlborg O, Jeon JT, Andersson L (April
2000). "The origin of the domestic pig: independent domestication and
subsequent introgression". Genetics 154 (4): 1785–91. PMC 1461048. PMID
10747069. http://www.genetics.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10747069
(Near East) Eastern Mediterranean2 3 and Island South East Asia4 |southeastern
Anatolia5   
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 6 7 8 9 		1259) Clay tokens that represent products used in Mesopotamia.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
2. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing:
Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M.
Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
4. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
5. ^ Nissen, et al, "Archaic
Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
6. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25.
7. ^ Nissen, et
al, "Archaic Bookkeeping", 1993, p11.
8. ^
http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
eastern Iran, southern Turkey, Israel, Sumer (modern Iraq)4 |Babylonia5 |Syria,
Sumer and Highland Iran  
10,000 YBN
[8000 BC] 4 5 		6316) Cows raised.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
3. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the
Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences
105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
4. ^ Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean
Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. http://www.pnas.org/content/105/33/11597
5. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/cattle.htm
upper Euphrates Valley3   
9,800 YBN
[7800 BC] 4 5 6 		607) Flint sickle.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and
Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
3. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985). "Microscopic Striations on Flint
Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant Cultivation: Preliminary Results".
World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6.
doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99
79955
4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. The Cradle of
Agriculture. Science 288.5471 (2000): 16021603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.summary
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ Unger-Hamilton, Romana (July 1985).
"Microscopic Striations on Flint Sickle-Blades as an Indication of Plant
Cultivation: Preliminary Results". World Archaeology 17 (1): 121-6.
doi:10.1080/00438243.1985.9979955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1985.99
79955 http://www.jstor.org/stable/124680

MORE INFO
[1] Banning, E.B. (1998). "The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of
Architecture, Agriculture, and Art". Near Eastern Archaeology 61 (4):
188–237. doi:10.2307/3210656. JSTOR
3210656. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3210656 AND
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210656
Tell Aswad (modern Syria)|Palestine3   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 7 8 9 10 		612) Wheat grown.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
2. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
3. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
4. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
5. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?"� Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short
6. ^ Which came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
7. ^ Lev-Yadun, Simcha, Avi Gopher, and Shahal Abbo. "The Cradle of
Agriculture." Science 288.5471 (2000): 1602�1603.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5471/1602.full
8. ^ Tanno, Ken-ichi, and George Willcox. "How Fast Was Wild Wheat
Domesticated?" Science 311.5769 (2006) : 1886.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/311/5769/1886.short {9300 YBN}
9. ^ Which
came first, monumental building projects or farming?". Archaeo News.
2008-12-14.
10. ^ "First farmers discovered". BBC News.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/489449.stm

MORE INFO
[1] Diamond, Jared. "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and
Animal Domestication." Nature 418.6898 (2002):
700�707. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/full/nature01019.htm
l
[2] Moore, Andrew Michael Tangye, Gordon C. Hillman, and Anthony J. Legge.
Village on the Euphrates: from foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford:
Oxford University Press xvii, 2000, p.
528. http://www.amazon.com/Village-Euphrates-Foraging-Farming-Hureyra/dp/019510
8078
[3] Ozkan, H; Brandolini, A; Sch�fer-Pregl, R; Salamini, F (October 2002).
"AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of
emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey". Molecular Biology and
Evolution 19 (10): 1797�801. PMID 12270906
[4] Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria4 |southeastern Turkey and northern Syria5 (Nevali
Cori, Turkey6 )  
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 4 5 6 7 		613) Millet grown.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al.
(2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East
Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li,
Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al. (2009). "Earliest domestication of common
millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East Asia extended to 10,000 years ago".
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
106 (18): 7367–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
4. ^ Lu, H; Zhang, J; Liu, KB; Wu, N; Li, Y; Zhou, K; Ye, M; Zhang, T et al.
(2009). "Earliest domestication of common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in East
Asia extended to 10,000 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 106 (18): 7367–72.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900158106. PMC 2678631. PMID
19383791. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678631/
5. ^ Chang, P.K.C. et al. The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An
Archaeological Perspective. Yale University Press, 2005. The Culture and
Civilization of China Series.
p206. http://books.google.com/books?id=sP-PN2StH2cC
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
7. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000).
Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated
Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University
Press. pp. 83-88. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC {Zohary_Hopf_Domestica
tion_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
Cishan, North China3   
9,500 YBN
[7500 BC] 3 4 		6185) Barley grown.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 59-69. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA59
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
2. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
3. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the
Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 67. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA67
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria2   
9,240 YBN
[7240 BC] 5 6 		1478) Squash grown in Peru.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
4. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {9240}
6. ^
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/28/science/28cnd-squash.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&oref=s
login&adxnnlx=1183057296-Up92joKUeK1fZr+Wt4cXsQ (10000ybn)
Paiján, Peru4   
8,000 YBN
[6000 BC] 3 4 		605) Oldest known boat, a dug-out boat.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ "Oudste bootje ter wereld kon werkelijk varen". Leeuwarder Courant. ANP.
12 April 2001. http://www.archeoforum.nl/Pesse10.html
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Netherlands2   
8,000 YBN
[6000 BC] 4 		6220) Earliest drum.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
2. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
3. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>.
4. ^ "drum." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 12 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172045/drum>. {6000 BC}
Moravia, Czeck Republic3   
7,700 YBN
[5700 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 		719) Rice grown in China.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
2. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
3. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
4. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
5. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
6. ^ Normile, Dennis.
“Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.” Science 275.5298 (1997)
: 309. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
7. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q et al. “The Domestication Process and Domestication
Rate in Rice: Spikelet Bases from the Lower Yangtze.” Science 323.5921
(2009):
1607–1610. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5921/1607.short {Fuller_Dom
estication_Rice_2009.pdf}
8. ^ Y. Zheng, G. Sun, X. Chen, Chin. Sci. Bull. 52, 1654 (2007).
9. ^ Domestication
and the origins of agriculture: an appraisal Progress in Physical Geography 1
March 1999: 37-56.
http://ppg.sagepub.com/content/23/1/37.short {Mannion_Agriculture_1999.pdf}
10. ^ Normile, Dennis. “Archaeology: Yangtze Seen as Earliest Rice Site.”
Science 275.5298 (1997) : 309.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/275/5298/309.full {11500}
{Normile_Earliest_Rice_1997.pdf}
11. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3500 YBN}
12. ^ Zohary, Daniel; Maria
Hopf (2000). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of
Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford
University Press. pp. 91. ISBN
0-19-850357-1. http://books.google.com/?id=C1H6_XWJS_gC&pg=PA91
{Zohary_Hopf_Domestication_of_Plants_in_the_Old_World_2000.pdf}
13. ^ Zohary, D., M. Hopf, and E. Weiss. Domestication of Plants in the Old
World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe,
and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford, 2012,
p74. http://books.google.com/books?id=tc6vr0qzk_4C
Kuahuqiao, Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province4 5 |Yangtze (in Hubei and Hunan
provinces), China6   
7,100 YBN
[5100 BC] 5 6 		720) Corn grown in Mexico.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient
Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
2. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
3. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of
Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
4. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest
archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass
spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short
5. ^ Pope, Kevin O. et al. �Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient
Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica.� Science 292.5520 (2001):
1370�1373. Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1370.abstract
6. ^ Piperno, D. R., and K. V. Flannery. “The earliest
archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico: New accelerator mass
spectrometry dates and their implications.” Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 98.4 (2001) : 2101 -2103.
Print. http://www.pnas.org/content/98/4/2101.short {6250}

MORE INFO
[1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
San Andrés, Mexico3 |(Oaxaca, Mexico4 )  
7,000 YBN
[5000 BC] 5 6 7 8 		627) Metal melting and casting (copper).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
2. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
3. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
4. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986)
5. ^ Miljana Radivojević, Thilo Rehren, Ernst Pernicka, Dušan Šljivar,
Michael Brauns, Dušan Borić, On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new
evidence from Europe, Journal of Archaeological Science, Volume 37, Issue 11,
November 2010, Pages 2775-2787, ISSN 0305-4403,
10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0
305440310001986) {c7000 YBN}
6. ^ P.t., Craddock. “From hearth to furnace :
evidences for the earliest metal smelting technologies in the Eastern
Mediterranean.” Paléorient (2000) : 151-165.
Print. http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_2
000_num_26_2_4716 {8000BCE} {article_paleo_0153-9345_2000_num_26_2_4716.pdf}
{5500BCE}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
8. ^ "Copper (5000
BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper (5000
BCE) (=5000bce) {5000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcolithic Period Noël H.
Gale Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 282/283,
Symposium: Chalcolithic Cyprus (May - Aug., 1991), pp. 37-61 Published by: The
American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1357261
Belovode, Eastern Serbia4   
6,900 YBN
[4900 BC] 5 6 7 		648) Sail boat.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of bituminous
boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).”
Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
2. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/h3sabiyah.htm
3. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative geochemical study of
bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz
(Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p9.
5. ^ Connan, Jacques et al. “A comparative
geochemical study of bituminous boat remains from H3, As-Sabiyah (Kuwait), and
RJ-2, Ra’s al-Jinz (Oman).” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 16.1 (2005):
21-66. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2005.00041.x/abst
ract {Connan_Norman_200505xx.pdf} {5300-4900 BC}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan
Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p9. {5000-4001 BC}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone
axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC}
Mesopotamia3 4   
6,000 YBN
[4000 BC] 4 		6232) Sun-dried mud brick and mud-brick house.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
2. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
4. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. {4000 BC}
Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)3   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 7 8 9 10 11 		233) Writing (on clay objects). First numbers. First stamp (or seal).2

The first writing begins as symbols for numbers on clay bulla (hollow clay
containers that hold clay tokens). These symbols represent the quantity and
kind of tokens inside the bulla.3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp13-14.
3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp13-14.
4. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise.
"Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of
Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
5. ^ Fischer, "A History of Writing", 2001, p25-27.
6. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp13-14.
7. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm {5500 YBN}
8. ^ Denise
Schmandt-Besserat, "Reckoning Before Writing", Archaeology. May/June 1979, Vol.
32, No. 3, p. 22-31. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Reckoning_before_writing
9. ^ "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web.
20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing>. {3500
BC}
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {for stamp)3500BC}
11. ^ Schmandt-Besserat,
Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins
of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020117/02a00010/0
(sexagesimal.pdf)
[2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish
Academic Press, 1993)
[3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning
in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[4] "sigillography."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543584/sigillography>
[5]
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html
[6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#History
Mesopotamia (Babylonia)6 |Sumer (Syria, Sumer, Highland Iran)  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 6 7 8 		294) Sundial, earliest timekeeping device.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
2. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
3. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10.
5. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica
Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>.
6. ^ "sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE}
7. ^
"sundial." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic
Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573826/sundial>. {-3500 BCE}
8. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p10. {2600-2501 BC}

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p15
China3 4 and Chaldea5   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 3 		621) Earliest plow.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Lal, R., D.C. Reicosky, and J.D.
Hanson. “Evolution of the Plow over 10,000 Years and the Rationale for
No-till Farming.” Soil and Tillage Research 93.1 (2007):
1–12. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198706002522
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).

MORE INFO
[1] M. Green/H. J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk
(ATU 2; Berlin 1987)
Mesopotamia2   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 3 		622) Irrigation.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Middle east (eastern part of Mediterranean)2   
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 2 		625) Donkeys raised and used for transport.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 3 		634) The Egyptian calendar (12 months of 30 days, plus 5 extra days1 ).2
FOOTNO
TES
1. ^ O. Neugebauer, "A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy: Volume 2",
p1975, 1064 http://books.google.com/books?id=vO5FCVIxz2YC&pg=PA1064
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A
history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark
Books, 2000).
  
5,500 YBN
[3500 BC] 12 13 		646) The earliest known wheel, a pottery wheel.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
2. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
3. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
4. ^ Sir Leonard
Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000). (3500BCE)
6. ^ http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm
(3500BCE)
7. ^ Sir Leonard Woolley, "Ur 'of the Chaldees"', 1982, p27.
8. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
9. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
10. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE)
11. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE)
12. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500BCE) (=3500BCE) {35000BCE}
13. ^
http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventions/a/wheel.htm (3500BCE) (=3500BCE)
{35000BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Margaret Sax, Nigel D. Meeks and Dominique Collon , "The Early
Development of the Lapidary Engraving Wheel in Mesopotamia", Iraq, Vol. 62,
(2000), pp. 157-176 Published by: British Institute for the Study of
Iraq Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200487
[2]
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/image_archive/ue/uea.html
[3] Stuart Piggott, "The earliest wheeled transport : from the Atlantic Coast
to the Caspian Sea", Thames and Hudson, 1983
[4] "WORLD'S OLDEST WHEEL FOUND IN
SLOVENIA" March
2003 http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_relations/background_information/culture/w
orlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/
Mesopotamia10 11 (and a similar pottery wheel from Choga Mish, Iran)  
5,490 YBN
[3490 BC] 5 6 		702) Cotton grown.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
2. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
3. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas C. Andres, and David E. Williams,
"Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and Cotton in Northern Peru", Science
29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
5. ^ Tom D. Dillehay, Jack Rossen, Thomas
C. Andres, and David E. Williams, "Preceramic Adoption of Peanut, Squash, and
Cotton in Northern Peru", Science 29 June 2007: 316 (5833),
1890-1893. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5833/1890.abstract {5490 YBN}
6. ^
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN}
Northwestern Peru3 |Indus valley4   
5,350 YBN
[3350 BC] 15 16 17 18 		1261) Writing on clay tablets.7 8 9

Symbols that represent a product (such as cows, sheep, and cereals10 ), drawn
with a stylus on clay tablets, are the earliest record of what will become the
modern alphabet.11 12

Training of scribes is an early school.13
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
2. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
3. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
4. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
5. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
6. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
7. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
8. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online.
9. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of Writing: Plain and Complex
Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
10. ^ Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh:
Scottish Academic Press, 1993).
11. ^ Schmandt-Besserat, Denise. "Two Precursors of
Writing: Plain and Complex Tokens", in The Origins of Writing / edited by Wayne
M. Senner. 1991: 27-41.
http://en.finaly.org/index.php/Two_precursors_of_writing:_plain_and_complex_to
kens#n_1_a
12. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
13. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, p105.
14. ^ "Sumerian writing>.".
Encyclopedia wrBritannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing/53659/Sumerian-wr
iting>.
15. ^ Denise Schmandt-Besserat, "The Earliest Precursor of Writing", Scientific
American. June 1977, Vol. 238, No. 6, p.
50-58. http://en.finaly.org/index.php/The_earliest_precursor_of_writing
16. ^ http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm (3300bce)
17. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al.
Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in
the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false
18. ^ "writing". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

MORE INFO
[1] http://cdli.ucla.edu:16080/wiki/index.php/The_Late_Uruk_period
[2] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning in the
Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[3] Archaic Bookkeeping,
Nissen, 1993, pp13-14
Uruk14   
5,310 YBN
[3310 BC] 6 7 8 		704) Ox pulled vehicles with wheels.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest
Wheeled Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
5. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled
Transport", 1983, p40,62-63.
6. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled Transport",
1983, p40,62-63. {c3530-3310 BC}
7. ^ Stuart and Piggott, "The Earliest Wheeled
Transport", 1983, p40,62-63. {Standard of Ur) 2600-2400 BC}
8. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {4000 YBN}

MORE INFO
[1] Zettler, Richard L.; Horne, Lee; Hansen, Donald P.; Pittman, Holly.
Treasures from the royal tombs of Ur, pp. 45-47. UPenn Museum of Archaeology,
1998. ISBN 9780924171543
[2]
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/t/the_stand
ard_of_ur.aspx
(TRB - Funnel Beaker culture) Bronocice, Krakow, Poland5   
5,100 YBN
[3100 BC] 3 		641) The earliest record of a belief in Gods and Goddesses.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of
Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of Chicago Press,
1994, p5, 20-21,116.
2. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and
Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East. University of
Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116.
3. ^ Nissen, H.J. et al. Archaic Bookkeeping: Early
Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East.
University of Chicago Press, 1994, p5, 20-21,116.
Uruk2   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 6 7 		569) Stringed musical instrument (lyre and harp).3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
2. ^ Yenne and
Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17.
3. ^ Curt Sachs,
"The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p17.
5. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of
Musical Instruments", 1940, p78-80.
6. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical
Instruments", 1940, p78-80. {-3000 BC}
7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That
Shaped World History", 1993, p17. {-3000 BC}

MORE INFO
[1] C. Leonard Woolley, "Ur Excavations. Vol. II. The Royal Cemetery.",
1934 {Ur_Excavations_Royal_Cemetary_1934.pdf}
[2] http://www.penn.museum/long-term-exhibits/267-iraq.html
Sumer (modern Iraq)5   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 5 6 		596) Written symbols combined to form words.2 Transition from word-writing to
sound-writing.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series.
p47-48.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993, p117.
3. ^ Fischer, S.R. A History of
Writing. Reaktion, 2001. Globalities Series. p47-48.
4. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson,
1993, 9.
5. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nisson, 1993 (during writing phase Uruk III
3000bce)
6. ^ "Sumer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer
(3200bce)

MORE INFO
[1] encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565349/Alphabet.html
Jemdet Nasr4   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 7 8 9 		628) Bronze (copper and tin) melted and casted.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
2. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
3. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
4. ^ Edwards I. E. S, "The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3", 1970.
http://books.google.com/books?id=slR7SFScEnwC&pg=PA342&lpg=PA342&dq=Tell+Judai
dah+bronze&source=bl&ots=nsUpGgmod8&sig=hHbgeyEJy95EC7mkTgsuvCaMFR0&hl=en&sa=X&e
i=MPkRT5anJamoiAKilaXXDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Tell%20Judaidah%20bro
nze&f=false
5. ^ "Artifacts provide insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago
News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
6. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
7. ^ "Artifacts provide
insights on Fertile Crescent", University of Chicago News Office, Jan. 12,
2005 http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/05/050112.oi-objects.shtml
8. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 BCE) (=3500bce)
9. ^ "Bronze (late 3000
BCE)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze (late
3000 BCE) (late 3000bce) {Late 3000 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Copper". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper
[2] V. Gordon Childe, "The Bronze Age", Cambridge University Press, 2011
http://books.google.com/books?id=Fxb9brYSPVYC
[3] "Bronze". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze
(late 3000 BCE)
[4] "Bronze Age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age
[5] http://www.asa3.org/archive/ASA/199604/0288.html
Tell Judaidah, Turkey5 |Egypt6   
5,000 YBN
[3000 BC] 3 4 5 		6222) Inclined plane (ramp).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
2. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p9.
3. ^
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {3000 BC}
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan
Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991,
p11. {2900 BCE (based on Pyramid of Giza}
5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions
That Shaped World History", 1993, p9. {2.4 Million BC}
Egypt?  
4,980 YBN
[2980 BC] 4 		654) The earliest pyramid in Egypt, designed by the earliest known scientist,
Imhotep.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
2. ^ "pyramid". Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.,
2012. Web. 04 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484720/pyramid>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p.1.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p.1. {flourished 2980-2950 BCE}
Sakkara, Egypt3   
4,800 YBN
[2800 BC] 3 4 		6565) Musical reed instruments.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
2. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
3. ^ Wade-Matthews, M. Music: An Illustrated History. Hermes House, 2002,
p34-35.
4. ^ Landels, J.G., and J.G. Landels. Music in Ancient Greece and Rome. Taylor
& Francis, 2002. http://books.google.com/books?id=NIJCJ1acjisC&pg=PA25
Greece2   
4,750 YBN
[2750 BC] 4 		320) Earliest metal saw.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Deshayes, Jean, "Les outils de bronze, de l'Indus au Danube (IVe au IIe
millénaire)", Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner/Paris,
1960 {Deshayes_Les_Outils_1960.pdf}
2. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
3. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html
4. ^ Wells, H. Bartlett, "The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete
in the History of Tool Making", Expedition, 16.4, 1974,
p2-8. http://www.penn.museum/expedition-back-issues/114-volumes-11-20/560-exped
ition-volume-16-number-4-summer-1974.html {2750 BC}
Mesopotamia3   
4,500 YBN
[2500 BC] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 		635) Iron melted and casted.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.” Anatolian
Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
2. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The Beginnings of
Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
3. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
4. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
5. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
6. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
7. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
8. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
9. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
10. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
11. ^ Wertime, Theodore A. “The
Beginnings of Metallurgy: A New Look.” Science 182.4115 (1973): 875–887.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1737722
12. ^ Arik, Remzi O. Les Fouilles D'alaca Höyük Entreprises Par La
Société D'histoire Turque: Rapport Préliminaire Sur Les Travaux En 1935.
Ankara, 1937.
13. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British School of Archaeology in Egypt,
1928. Egyptian Research Account.
14. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of
Iron.” American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
15. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron Smelting Slag Formation at Tell
Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006), (Proceedings) 34th International Symposium
on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May 2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando
el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma. Diputacion de Zaragoza:
Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/
16. ^ Xander Veldhuijzen and Eveline van der Steen, "Iron Production Center
Found in the Jordan Valley", Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Sep.,
1999), pp. 195-199 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental
Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210714
17. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron,
Prehistoric and Ancient.” American Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934):
555–583. http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191
18. ^ Yalçın, Ünsal. “Early Iron Metallurgy in Anatolia.”
Anatolian Studies 49 (1999): 177–187. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3643073
19. ^ Petrie, W.M.F. Gerar. British
School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1928. Egyptian Research Account, p14-16, Plate
25-32. {Petrie_Gerar_1928.pdf}
20. ^ Rickard, T. A. “The Primitive Smelting of Iron.” American Journal of
Archaeology 43.1 (1939): 85–101. http://www.jstor.org/stable/499136
21. ^ Veldhuijzen, HA and Rehren, T , "Iron
Smelting Slag Formation at Tell Hammeh (Al-Zarqa), Jordan". (2006),
(Proceedings) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, 3-7 May
2004. (pp. 245 - 250). Institucion 'Fernando el Catolico' (CSIC) Excma.
Diputacion de Zaragoza: Zaragoza. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/11494/ {930/910
BCE}
22. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (3500 YBN)
23. ^
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/fe.htm (3000 YBN) (3000)
24. ^ "Iron (3500
YBN)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron (3500
YBN) (3500)
25. ^ "Iron Age". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 08 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294368/Iron-Age>.
26. ^ Richardson, Harry Craig. “Iron, Prehistoric and Ancient.” American
Journal of Archaeology 38.4 (1934): 555–583.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/498191

MORE INFO
[1] "Iron age". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_age
Alaca Höyük in northern Anatolia (modern Turkey)10 11 12 |Palestine13 14
|Tell Hammeh (az-Zarqa), Jordan15 16 |Central Europe and north Assyria17   
4,345 YBN
[2345 BC] 3 4 5 6 		800) Writing on papyrus.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
2. ^ Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards, "Egypt and its monuments: pharaohs, fellahs
and explorers", 1891,
p195. http://books.google.com/books?id=QIwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA195
3. ^ "papyrus." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology. Oxford University
Press, 2002, 2003. Answers.com 25 May. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/papyrus
4. ^ http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/Egerton/BellSkeat2.html
5. ^
http://www.travellersinegypt.org/archives/2005/07/prisse_davennes.html (=3300)
6. ^
"Djedkare Isesi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi (=2407 or 2419)
Egypt2   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 5 6 7 8 9 10 		667) Glass making; glass beads.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE PRIMARY
PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
2. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
3. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
4. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
5. ^ J. Henderson, J. Evans and K. Nikita, "ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE
PRIMARY PRODUCTION, PROVENANCE AND TRADE OF LATE BRONZE AGE GLASS IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN", Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.
1‐24. 2010. http://www.rhodes.aegean.gr/maa_journal/Henderson%2010_1.pdf
{4300 YBN}
6. ^ P. R. S. Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries.
The Archaeological Evidence", Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1994,
p190. {Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries_Moorey_1994.pdf}
AND {Moorey-Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Industries-1994.pdf} {c4000YBN}
7. ^ James
Owen, "Ancient Egyptian City Yields World's Oldest Glassworks", National
Geographic News June 16,
2005 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/06/0616_050616_egyptglass.htm
l {35000 YBN}
8. ^ Thilo Rehren and Edgar B. Pusch, "Late Bronze Age Glass
Production at Qantir-Piramesses, Egypt", Science New Series, Vol. 308, No. 5729
(Jun. 17, 2005), pp. 1756-1758 Published by: American Association for the
Advancement of Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3841666
{35000 YBN}
9. ^ http://glassonline.com/infoserv/history.html {5500YBN}
10. ^ Trevor I.
Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New
York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {5000YBN}
Mesopotamia4   
4,300 YBN
[2300 BC] 8 9 10 11 12 		1271) The earliest written stories. These consist of epics and myths, hymns and
laments, proverbs and wisdom.3

These stories record a belief in a Heaven and an Under World4 and include the
Sumerian flood myth.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
2. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
3. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
4. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
5. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American
Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
6. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270.
7. ^ Kramer, S.N.
Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third
Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ... American Philosophical Society, 1944.
Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
8. ^ Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian grammar and texts, 1990, p270. (there is also
a 2000 edition {Hayes_Sumerian_2000.pdf})
9. ^ Kramer, S.N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and
Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium, B.C. c by. ^ S. N. Kramer ...
American Philosophical Society, 1944. Memoirs of the American Philosophical
Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=77aDgCLAZS8C
10. ^ Kramer, Samuel N. Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary
Achievement in the Third Millennium B.c. New York: Harper, 1961.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/986108
11. ^ Thomson, G.A. First Writers-The Sumerians: They Wrote on Clay. iUniverse,
2011, p xi.
12. ^ Alexander, T.D., and D.W. Baker. Dictionary of the Old Testament:
Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity
Press, 2002. The IVP Bible Dictionary Series, p608.

MORE INFO
[1] "Ancient literature". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_literature
[2] Arno Poebel, "Historical and grammatical texts", vols 1-5, 1914. vol 1:
http://books.google.com/books?id=tg0TAAAAYAAJ vol 4:
http://books.google.com/books?id=mxwYAAAAYAAJ vol 5:
http://books.google.com/books?id=_A0TAAAAYAAJ
[3] Jeffrey H. Tigay, "The evolution of the Gilgamesh epic",
http://books.google.com/books?id=cxjuHTH6I2sC
[4] Kramer, S. N. "Sumerian Literature; A Preliminary Survey of the Oldest
Literature in the World." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
85.3 (1942): 293�323. http://www.jstor.org/stable/985008
Lagash6 |Nippur7   
4,130 YBN
[2130 BC] 4 		6234) Musical horn.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Curt Sachs, "The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73.
2. ^ Curt Sachs,
"The History of Musical Instruments", 1940, p73.
3. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l
agash.aspx
4. ^
http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/g/gudea,_king_of_l
agash.aspx {around) 2130 BCE}
Lagash, Mesopotamia3   
4,100 YBN
[2100 BC] 3 4 		1279) Health science text.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p60.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p60. (=toward the end
of the 3rd millenium) (=toward the end of the 3rd millenium)
4. ^
http://www.uic.edu/classes/osci/osci590/11_1OldestPrescription.htm (The tablet
was inscribed toward the end of the dynasty founded by Sargon the Great, some
time during the last quarter of Third Millennium B.C)
Nippur2   
4,100 YBN
[2100 BC] 3 		6376) The first place value number system, a sexagesimal (base 60) number
system.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.
2. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen,
1993, pp5,142-143.
3. ^ Archaic Bookkeeping, Nissen, 1993, pp5,142-143.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.jstor.org/view/00030279/ap020117/02a00010/0
(sexagesimal.pdf)
[2] Barbara Watterson, "Introducing Egyptian hieroglyphs", (Edinburgh: Scottish
Academic Press, 1993)
[3] Roy MacLeod, "The Library of Alexandria Centre of Learning
in the Ancient World", (New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000)
[4] "sigillography."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/543584/sigillography>
[5]
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Babylonian_numerals.html
[6] "Numeral system#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_system#History
[7] http://www.earth-history.com/Clay-tablets.htm
[8] "writing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649670/writing>
[9] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000)
Babylonia2   
4,050 YBN
[2050 BC] 3 		1278) Recorded laws.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday
Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
2. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at Sumer", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
3. ^ Samual Kramer, "History Begins at
Sumer", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959), p52.
Ur2   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 3 4 		706) Horse riding.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
2. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
3. ^ Outram, Alan K. et al. “The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking.”
Science 323.5919 (2009): 1332 –1335.
Print. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/323/5919/1332.short
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/25471639
4. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
Kazakhstan2   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 9 10 		733) Lock and key.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
2. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
3. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
4. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
5. ^ "article 4263". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-4263
6. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
7. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh)
8. ^ "Nineveh." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 May. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nineveh
9. ^
http://www.usgennet.org/usa/topic/preservation/science/inventions/chpt8.htm
(=4000ybn/nineveh) {4000 YBN(nineveh}
10. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention :
from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
(=1200bce/egypt) {1200 BCE (egypt}
Nineveh,7 Assyria on the Tigris River8   
4,000 YBN
[2000 BC] 3 		6236) Metal traded as money.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {older than) 2000 BCE}
Babylonia2   
3,531 YBN
[1531 BC] 8 9 		639) First planet recognized, Venus.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
2. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
3. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
4. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
5. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
6. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
7. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
8. ^ Russell Hobson, THE EXACT TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM
B.C.E., Published PhD Thesis. Department of Hebrew, Biblical and Jewish
Studies. University of Sydney, 2009,
p6. http://www.caeno.org/_Eponym/pdf/Gasche_Ammizaduga%20new%20chronology.pdf
9. ^ Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford
University Press. pp. 296–7. ISBN 9780195095395.
http://books.google.com/books?id=nS51_7qbEWsC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=babylon+gree
k+astronomy&hl=en#v=onepage&q=babylon%20greek%20astronomy&f=false
Babylon7   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 4 		624) Oven-baked mud brick ("burned brick").1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
2. ^ "burnt brick." McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction.
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 27 Dec. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/burnt-brick-1
3. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>.
4. ^ "brick and tile." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Dec. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/79195/brick>. {1500 BC}
Ur, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)3   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 5 6 		723) Pulley.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
2000).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ Sir Austen Henry Layard, "Nineveh and
its remains: with an account of a visit to the Chaldean ...", 1850,
p219. http://books.google.com/books?id=-J5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA219
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {1500 BC}
6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p21. {before 260 BC}
Nimroud, Assyria3 4   
3,500 YBN
[1500 BC] 5 6 		6228) Water clock (Clepsydra {KlePSi-Dru1 }).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quaternary." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 17 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/quaternary
2. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
3. ^
Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p27.
4. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17.
5. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped
World History", 1993, p27. {1500 BC}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p17.
{1450-1401 BC}
Egypt3 4   
3,000 YBN
[1000 BC] 4 		6237) Lens.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
2. ^ D. Brewster (1852). "On an account of a rock-crystal lens and
decomposed glass found in Niniveh" (in German). Die Fortschritte der Physik
(Deutsche Physikalische
Gesellschaft). http://books.google.com/books?id=bHwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA355&dq=ni
niveh+lens&hl=en#v=onepage&q=niniveh%20lens&f=false
3. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC News.
Retrieved 2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm
4. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999-07-01). "World's oldest telescope?". BBC
News. Retrieved
2008-05-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/380186.stm {3000YBN}
Nimrud, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq)3   
2,785 YBN
[785 BC] 3 		771) Eclipses predicted.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
2. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco:
Summit Books, 1987).
3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San
Francisco: Summit Books, 1987).
  
2,690 YBN
[690 BC] 4 5 		1066) Aquaduct, a channel to move water from one place to another1 .2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ "aqueduct." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 01 Jul. 2012.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aqueduct>.
2. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
3. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
4. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
5. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent)
Jerwan, Nineveh3   
2,690 YBN
[690 BC] 4 5 		6378) Concrete.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
2. ^ Peter Roger Stuart Moorey, "Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries:
The Archaeological Evidence", 1999,
p331. http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC&pg=PA331&lpg=PA331 {Moorey
_plaster_1999.pdf}
3. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
4. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan,
Oriental Institute Publication 24, University of Chicago Press,
1935 http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/oip24.pdf
5. ^ "Aquaduct". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct (7th cent)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sennacherib". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534613/Sennacherib/6562/Building
-and-technological-achievements>
[2] "cement". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 12 Jul.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/101833/cement>
Jerwan, Nineveh3   
2,651 YBN
[651 BC] 5 6 		6337) All planets visible to the naked eye (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn) are clearly distinguished from stars.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient
World (May 2, 1974), pp. 43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
2. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary
astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
3. ^ A. Sachs, "Babylonian Observational
Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series
A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of
Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
4. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
5. ^ A.
Sachs, "Babylonian Observational Astronomy", Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences , Vol.
276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp.
43-50 http://www.jstor.org/stable/74273
6. ^ David Brown, "Mesopotamian planetary astronomy-astrology", 2000, p55-56.
Babylonia3 4   
2,622 YBN
[622 BC] 4 5 6 		826) Old Testament.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
2. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
3. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
4. ^ "biblical literature". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64496/biblical-literature/73158/
The-history-of-canonization>.
5. ^ Richard Elliott Friedman, "Who wrote the Bible?", (San Francisco: Summit
Books, 1987).
6. ^ "Hebrew Bible". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259039/Hebrew-Bible>.
Judah2 |(Israel3 )  
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 3 		630) Metal coin money.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {7th Century BC}
Lydia, Anatolia2   
2,600 YBN
[600 BC] 5 		762) Universe explained without theory of Gods.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Thales". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales
3. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
4. ^ "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
5. ^ estimate on guess of 30
years old when realizes to remove Marduct

MORE INFO
[1] Ueberweg, F. et al. A History of Philosophy: From Thales to the
Present Time. C. Scribner’s sons, 1891. A History of Philosophy: From
Thales to the Present Time,
p32. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ah_7Od24BXsC&pg=PA32
Miletus, Greece4   
2,580 YBN
[580 BC] 3 		764) Earth-centered Universe theory. Theory that humans evolved from fish.1
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ estimate on guess of 30 years old when makes science
contributions

MORE INFO
[1] "Cosmos", Carl Sagan
Miletus2   
2,529 YBN
[529 BC] 8 		772) Earth described as a sphere.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^ "Pythagoras." Biographies.
Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 11 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/pythagoras
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). {529 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "Polycrates". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrates
[2] "Pythagorean theorem". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem
Croton, Italy7   
2,500 YBN
[500 BC] 3 		6518) There are 100 million humans on Earth.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
  
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 9 10 		836) That stars are other Suns and made of red-hot metal is recognized.5 6
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
2. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
3. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
4. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
5. ^ Diogenes Laertius, tr: R. D. Hicks, "Lives of Eminent Philosophers Books
I-V", 137-139. (similar
translation:) http://books.google.com/books?id=JkYzAAAAYAAJ
6. ^ Popkin, R.H., S.F. Brown, and D. Carr. The Columbia History of Western
Philosophy. Columbia University Press, 1999,
p17. http://books.google.com/books?id=ok4F_SawQaEC&pg=PA17
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p8-9.
10. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (450bc+30yrs estimate for science contributions)

MORE INFO
[1] "Anaxagoras". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxagoras (=490?-430?)
Clazomenae (75 miles/120 km north of Miletus)|Athens7 |Did not move to Athens
until around 462 bce8   
2,467 YBN
[467 BC] 11 		1894) Particle (or wireless) communication. The optical telegraph.7 8 9
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth,
Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA.
Harvard University Press. 1926, lines 278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
2. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
4. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
5. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
7. ^ Aeschylus. Aeschylus, with an English
translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in two volumes. 2.Agamemnon. Herbert
Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926, lines
278-316.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0004%3Ac
ard%3D258
8. ^ "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History
9. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p33.
10. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford
Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
Answers.com 14 Nov. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus
11. ^ "Aeschylus." The Concise Oxford Companion to
Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 14 Nov.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/aeschylus {467 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Robert Hooke". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040979/Robert-Hooke
[3] "Robert Hooke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
[4] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Hooke?cat=technology
[5] http://www.libraries.uc.edu/source/volfour/oesper2.html
[6] http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/
[7]
http://freespace.virgin.net/ric.martin/vectis/hookeweb/roberthooke.htm
[8] http://www.she-philosopher.com/gallery/cyclopaedia.html
[9] "Optical telegraph#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph#History (1684)
Argos, Greece10   
2,460 YBN
[460 BC] 7 8 		841) Theory that all matter is made of atoms.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Leucippus".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
6. ^
"Leucippus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=~490bce)
8. ^ "Leucippus". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucippus (=500-450bce)
  
2,387 YBN
[387 BC] 3 		851) Plato's Academy.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=440-?? BCE)

MORE INFO
[1] "Plato". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
[2] "plato". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition),
Edward N. Zalta (ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/
Athens, Greece2   
2,358 YBN
[358 BC] 3 		856) Theory that Earth rotates.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p18.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p18.

MORE INFO
[1] "Heracleides". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleides (=387 - 312 BCE)
(Academy) Athens, Greece2 (presumably)  
2,297 YBN
[297 BC] 2 3 4 5 		902) Museum of Alexandria.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p79.
2. ^
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/Museum.html (=297bce)
3. ^
"article 29287". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-29287 (=late 200s by P1)
4. ^ "Museum of
Alexandria". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9372871/Museum-of-Alexandria (=280 by
P2)
5. ^ http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/ArticleView.cfm?AID=9 (= 283 BCE by
P2 Soter)

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009440". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009440
[2] http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/letteraristeas.html
[3]
http://www.ccel.org/c/charles/otpseudepig/aristeas.htm (translated letter)
[4] "Letter
of Aristeas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas
[5] http://www.bede.org.uk/Library2.htm has sources for LofA
[6] "Timon
(philosopher)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_%28philosopher%29
[7] "Herodas". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodas
[8] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3707641.stm
  
2,285 YBN
[285 BC] 3 4 5 		1028) Musical organ.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

2. ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145475/Ctesibius-Of-Alexandria>.

3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (=c300bce) (=c300bce)
4. ^ "Ctesibius".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctesibius (=(working
285 - 222 BCE)
5. ^ http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/31.html (flourished285-222bce)

MORE INFO
[1] "Water clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock
[2] "Pipe organ". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ
Alexandria, Egpyt2   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 6 		663) Lever.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
2. ^
Pappus, Collection, Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
3. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100
Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p16.
4. ^ Pappus, Collection,
Synagogue, Book VIII, c. AD 340.
5. ^ Asimov, I. Asimov’s Biographical
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Lives and Achievements of 1510
Great Scientists from Ancient Times to the Present Chronologically Arranged.
1982, p29
6. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p16. {before) 260 BC}
Syracuse, Sicily5   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 4 5 6 		822) Screw.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
2. ^ "hand tool." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254115/hand-tool>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982).
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22.
{260 BC}
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500)
6. ^
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon
[2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw>
[3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF)
Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water
Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient
World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html
Syracuse, Sicily3   
2,260 YBN
[260 BC] 5 		882) The rotation of the Earth around its own axis once a day and around the
Sun once a year is understood.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). {c260 BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] "article 9009438". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009438
[2] "Cleanthes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleanthes
(Mousion of Alexandria) Alexandria, Egpyt4   
2,246 YBN
[246 BC] 11 12 13 		898) The size of Earth is correctly calculated.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
2. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
3. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
5. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
6. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
7. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology; the
lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
8. ^ "Eratosthenes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes
9. ^ Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles, (1980).
10. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology;
the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists
from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (276-196,240BCE 246bce?)
12. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate
of the Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990). (c276-194BCE)
13. ^ Dutka,
Jacques. “‘Eratosthenes’ Measurement of the Earth Reconsidered’.”
Archive for History of Exact Sciences 46.1 (1993): 55–66. Web. 25 May
2012. http://www.springerlink.com/content/km185753675743p8/fulltext.pdf
(c230BCE {275-194BCE})
Alexandria, Egypt10   
2,240 YBN
[240 BC] 6 		1325) Earliest observation of a comet.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
2. ^ http://cometography.com/pcomets/001p.html
3. ^ http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971112e.html
4. ^ Graham and Hintz, "An Ancient Greek Sighting of Halley's Comet?
", Journal of Cosmology, 2010, Vol 9, 2130-2136.
http://journalofcosmology.com/AncientAstronomy106.html
5. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
6. ^ "Halley's comet 'was spotted by the ancient Greeks"'. BBC.
2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11255168
China5   
2,231 YBN
[231 BC] 4 		833) Earliest gears.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
2. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
3. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7
4. ^ Dudás, I. The Theory And Practice Of Worm Gear Drives. Kogan Page
Science, 2004. Kogan Page Science,
p7. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2NnbsyJsvAC&pg=PA7

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/enc1/hanging_gardens_of_babylon
[2] "screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 14 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw>
[3] Technology and Culture Volume 44, Number 1, January 2003 (PDF)
Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water
Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient
World" http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/toc/tech44.1.html
[4] "Archimedes screw." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 14 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32831/Archimedes-screw>
[5] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p22
[6]
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (=500)
[7]
http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Nineveh (=600)
Syracuse, Sicily3   
2,160 YBN
[160 BC] 11 		6477) Law of inertia (a body preserves its motion5 ).6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
2. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul,
1962, p74?.
3. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
4. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
5. ^ "inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Oxford
University Press, 1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 26 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia http://www.answers.com/main/cite_this_answ
er.jsp#ixzz2DN5kNYiR
6. ^ Sambursky, S. The Physical World of Late Antiquity. Routledge and K. Paul,
1962, p74?.
7. ^ "John Philoponus". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter
2003 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philoponus/#2.2
8. ^ Dimarogonas, A.D. Vibration for Engineers. Prentice Hall, 1996,
p5. http://books.google.com/books?ei=eWyyUITrL8f-2QXAroGQCQ
9. ^ American Council of Learned Societies. Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Scribner's, 2000, p425-426.
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology; the lives and achievements of 1195
great scientists from ancient times to the present, chronologically arranged",
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p33-34.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/ancient_epoch/hipparchus.html
[2] Narrien, J. An Historical Account of the Origin and Progress of Astronomy:
With Plates Illustrating, Chiefly, the Ancient Systems. Baldwin and Cradock,
1833, p206. books.google.com/books?id=gYYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206
[3] "Hipparchus." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18 Nov. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hipparchus-1
[4] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p32
[5] Lucio Russo, "The Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York:
Springer-Verlag, 2004), p88 Pliny, Naturalis historia, II 95
[6] Lucio Russo, "The
Forgotten Revolution", (Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 2004), p89
[7]
"inertia." The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science . Oxford University Press,
1998, 2006, 2007. Answers.com 11 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/inertia
[8] Edward Grant, "Motion in the Void and the Principle of Inertia in the
Middle Ages", Isis, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Sep., 1964), pp. 265-292 Published by: The
University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science
Society http://www.jstor.org/stable/228571
[9] "Simplicius of Cilicia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia
(before 141 BC) Bithynia (presumably Nicaea)9 |(observatory on) Island of
Rhodes, Greece10   
2,140 YBN
[140 BC] 9 10 11 		1070) Paper.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science
and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
2. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
3. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
4. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
5. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
6. ^
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/08/content_4937457.htm
7. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and
Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1.
Cambridge University Press, p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
8. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm
9. ^ Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin (1985). Paper and
Printing. Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and
Chemical Technology. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press,
p38. {Needham_Vol5_Part1_1954CE.pdf}
10. ^ www.apio.org/chinese05.htm (=140-87BCE)
11. ^
http://www.amateras.com/trip/china/xian-e.htm {140-87BCE}

MORE INFO
[1] David Buisseret (1998), Envisaging the City, U Chicago Press, p. 12,
ISBN 978-0-226-07993-6
Pa-chhiao near Sian in the Shensi province of China7 |Xian, China8   
2,075 YBN
[75 BC] 3 		1116) Negative numbers.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

2. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.

3. ^ "East Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238455/East-Asian-mathematics>.


MORE INFO
[1] Christopher Cullen, The Suàn shù shū , “Writings on
reckoning”: Rewriting the history of early Chinese mathematics in the light
of an excavated manuscript, Historia Mathematica, Volume 34, Issue 1, February
2007, Pages 10-44, ISSN 0315-0860,
10.1016/j.hm.2005.11.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03
15086005001084)
[2] "Negative number". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_number (100bce-50bce)
[3] "Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art
(200bce-100ce)
[4] "Suàn shù shū". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A0n_sh%C3%B9_sh%C5%AB (100ce)
[5] Shepherd, W.
Outline History of Science. Ward Lock, 1965.
p43. http://books.google.com/books?ei=R2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=Fu64AAAAIAAJ
[6] Shen, K. et al. The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art: Companion and
Commentary. Oxford University Press, 1999.
p405. http://books.google.com/books?ei=R2ypUKnUAsrY2QWvsYCQDg&id=0DlGAQAAIAAJ
China2   
2,056 YBN
[56 BC] 11 		1045) The theory that light is made of atoms that move very fast.7 8 9
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
2. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
3. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
4. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
5. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
6. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
7. ^ Titus Carus Lucretius, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum natura libri sex, Volume
1", 1866, lines 176-229, p530 http://books.google.com/books?id=oiUTAAAAQAAJ
8. ^ Titus Lucretius Carus, "T. Lucreti Cari De rerum
natura libri sex", J. Allyn, 1884,
p105. http://books.google.com/books?id=LCmRGMJBoYUC
9. ^ William Ellery Leonard, "De Rerum Natura: The Latin Text of Lucretius",
Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2008,
p439. http://books.google.com/books?id=mUsQtrxbfxIC
10. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p36-37.
11. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp36-37.

MORE INFO
[1] "Lucretius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius (=(ca. 94 BC- ca. 49 BC)
[2] "Light".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light
[3] "didactic." The American Heritage® Dictionary
of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004.
Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/didactic
[4] "hexameter." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
Literary Terms. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2004. Answers.com 07 Aug. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hexameter
Rome, Italy10   
2,040 YBN
[40 BC] 5 6 7 		1058) Waterwheel1 2 and elevator (vertical lift)3 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "waterwheel." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637559/waterwheel>.
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
3. ^ "elevator." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032371>.
4. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631310/Vitruvius>.
5. ^ "Vitruvius." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/631310/Vitruvius>. {after 27BCE}
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c70-c25) (c70-c25)
7. ^ "Vitruvius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius (=c80/70-c25)

MORE INFO
[1] "Waterwheel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterwheel
Rome4   
1,950 YBN
[50 AD] 7 8 		1078) Steam engine.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
2. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
4. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p40.
6. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982). (=c20-?)
8. ^ "Hero of Alexandria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Alexandria (=c.10-c.70(+40)

MORE INFO
[1] Carl Sagan, "Cosmos", Carl Sagan Productions, KCET Los Angeles,
(1980)
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,935 YBN
[65 AD] 4 		6432) Glass prism.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Seneca, L.A., and T. Lodge. Works, Both Moral and Natural. 1620,
p772. http://books.google.com/books?id=FElCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA886&lpg=PA886
2. ^ The Development of Newton's Theory of Color Richard S. Westfall Isis ,
Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep., 1962), pp. 339-358 URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/227786
3. ^ "Lucius Annaeus Seneca". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/534392/Lucius-Annaeus-Seneca>.
4. ^ McBeath, A. & Gheorghe, A. D., "Meteor Beliefs Project: Classical beliefs
connecting meteors with life and death", WGN, Journal of the International
Meteor Organization, vol. 34, no. 5, p.
148-150. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2006JIMO...34..148M
Rome3   
1,923 YBN
[77 AD] 2 		1083) Encyclopedia.1
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1. ^ "encyclopedia." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2012. Answers.com 03 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/encyclopedia
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
Spain?  
1,917 YBN
[83 AD] 4 5 6 7 		766) Compass.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
2. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
3. ^ Needham, Joseph and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and
civilisation in China : an abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol.
3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252.
ISBN 0-521-25272-5
4. ^ Joseph Needham, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 4, part 1,
1962, p230-268. {Needham_China_compass_1962.pdf} {83 CE}
5. ^ Yenne and Grosser,
"100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p24. {83 CE}
6. ^ Needham, Joseph
and Ronan, Colin A. (1986) The shorter Science and civilisation in China : an
abridgement of Joseph Needham's original text, Vol. 3, Chapter 1: "Magnetism
and Electricity", Cambridge University Press, p252. ISBN 0-521-25272-5
{1040-1044}
7. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). {600 BC}
China3 (more specific)  
1,609 YBN
[391 AD] 3 		1003) Library in Alexandria destroyed.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990).
2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the
Ancient Library of Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p160.
3. ^ "Theodosius I".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I
(391/392)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/rhetoric/prog-aph.htm
Alexandria, Egypt  
1,471 YBN
[529 AD] 4 		1014) Plato's Academy is closed.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
2. ^ Mostafa El-Abbadi, "The Life and Fate of the Ancient Library of
Alexandria", (Paris: UNESCO, 1990), p188.
3. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford
Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
Answers.com 26 Feb. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5
4. ^ "Justinian." The Concise Oxford Companion to
Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003. Answers.com 26 Feb.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/justinian-5

MORE INFO
[1] "Damascius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascius
[2] "Justinian I." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-I>
[3] "Justinian I". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/308858/Justinian-I>
Athens, Greece (and Alexandria,Egypt)3   
1,400 YBN
[600 AD] 4 5 6 		1111) Windmill.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
3. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63.
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The
Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p63. {600}
5. ^
Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon chips
", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (6th century) (6th century)
6. ^ "Wind mill".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_mill (6th
century)

MORE INFO
[1] Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993,
p25
Persia (Iran)3   
1,300 YBN
[700 AD] 4 5 		1118) Numerals (0 through 9), and decimal notation.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
2. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.
3. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
4. ^ "South Asian mathematics". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 18 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1238473/South-Asian-mathematics/
253515/Classical-mathematical-literature>.
5. ^ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 13 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31743/Hindu-Arabic-numerals>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Bakhshali Manuscript". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhshali_Manuscript
[2] "Indian mathematics#Bakhshali Manuscript .28200 BC - 400 CE.29". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_mathematics#Bakhshali_Manuscript_.28200_BC_-
_400_CE.29 (200 BCE - 400 CE)
[3] Ho, P.Y. Li, Qi and Shu: An Introduction to
Science and Civilization in China. Dover, 2000. Dover Science
Books. http://books.google.com/books?id=_P6C4JO4JCUC&pg=PA58
Bakhshali (near modern Peshawar, Pakistan)3   
1,249 YBN
[751 AD] 4 5 		1253) Acids prepared.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (+30) (+30)
5. ^ "Geber". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber (+30)
Kufa, (now Iraq)2 3   
1,230 YBN
[770 AD] 3 		1060) Wood-cut Printing.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>. {868}
Japan2   
1,219 YBN
[781 AD] 4 5 		1254) Lower case letters.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982). (c732-05/19/804+30)
3. ^ "804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804,
781=accepts Charlemagne invitation)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
(c732-05/19/804+30)
5. ^ "804, 781=accepts Charlemagne invitation)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin (c735-05/19/804, 781=accepts Charlemagne
invitation)

MORE INFO
[1] "Great vowel shift". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_vowel_shift
[2] "Phonological history of the English language". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_history_of_the_English_language
[3] "Carolingian minuscule". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule
Aachen, in north-west Germany, or York, England2 3   
1,200 YBN
[800 AD] 3 		6221) Bowed string instrument.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47.
2. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical
Instruments", 1989, p47.
3. ^ Mary Remnant, "Musical Instruments", 1989, p47. {no
later than 9th century) 800 CE}
River Oxus (modern) Turkmenistan (Central Asia)2   
1,185 YBN
[815 AD] 3 4 		1021) "Bayt al-Hikma" (House of Wisdom).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The
Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p69.
2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science and
Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987).
3. ^ Seyyed
Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic
Texts Society, 1987). (c815) (c815)
4. ^ Delacy O`Leary, "How Greek Science Passed to
the Arabs", (London; New York: Kegan Paul, 2001). (before 828/829) (before
828/829)

MORE INFO
[1] "House of Wisdom)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayt_al-Hikma
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom)
[2] "Harun Al-Rashid". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Al-Rashid
Baghdad2   
1,150 YBN
[850 AD] 9 10 		1144) Gunpowder.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
2. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
3. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
4. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
5. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
6. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
7. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf}
8. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7,
"Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986,
p7.
9. ^ Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), "Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A
Technological History", Aldershot: Ashgate, ISBN 0754652599,
p3. {Gunpowder_Buchanan_2006.pdf} {850}
10. ^ Joseph Needham, et al, "Science and
Civilization in China", vol 5, part 7, "Military Technology: The Gunpowder
Epic", Cambridge University Press, 1986, p7. {850}
China7 8   
1,080 YBN
[920 AD] 7 		6183) Norwegian explorers reach North America.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in
America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne
Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1
(Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
2. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
3. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
4. ^ Helge Ingstad, "The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse
Settlement in L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland", 2001.
5. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed
work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in America: Excavations at L'Anse
aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne Stine Ingstad The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1 (Summer, 1979), pp.
176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319
6. ^ Wallace, Birgitta. “L’Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson’s Home in
Vinland.” Journal of the North Atlantic 2.sp2 (2011) :
114-125. http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3721/037.002.s212
7. ^ Einar Haugen Reviewed work(s): The Discovery of a Norse Settlement in
America: Excavations at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, 1961-1968 by Anne
Stine Ingstad The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Vol. 10, No. 1
(Summer, 1979), pp. 176-178 Published by: The MIT Press Article Stable URL:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/203319 {920}
L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland5 6   
1,040 YBN
[960 AD] 6 7 		6186) Earliest rocket.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
2. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
3. ^ http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
4. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of
rocket & missile technology", 1978, p10.
5. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt
6. ^ David Baker, "The rocket: the history and development of rocket & missile
technology", 1978, p10. {960 CE}
7. ^
http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt {1045} {1045 CE}

MORE INFO
[1] "military technology". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/382397/military-technology/57612
/The-gunpowder-revolution-c-1300-1650>
China4 5   
1,000 YBN
[1000 AD] 3 		1054) Paper money.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
2. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>.
3. ^ "money." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389170/money>. {before) 1000 YBN}
China2   
962 YBN
[1038 AD] 3 4 5 6 7 		1308) The pin-hole camera.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Science
and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic Texts Society, 1987), p50.
3. ^
"Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 6. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 189-210.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2830901904&v=2.1&u=univca20&it=
r&p=GVRL&sw=w
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c965-1039) (c965-1039)
5. ^ "Ibn al
Haytham". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9005710/Ibn-al-Haytham (c965-c.1040)
6. ^ "Alhazen".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhazen (965-1039)
7. ^ Seyyed
Hossein Nasr, "Science and Civilization in Islam", (Cambridge: The Islamic
Texts Society, 1987). (c965-1039) (c965-1039)

MORE INFO
[1] "Camera obscura". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura
[2] "Heliocentrism". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism
[3] "Catoptrics". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoptrics
Cairo, Egypt2   
959 YBN
[1041 AD] 3 		1124) Movable type printing.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
2. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>.
3. ^ "printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/477017/printing>. {1041-48}
China2   
912 YBN
[1088 AD] 3 		1339) University of Bologna.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
2. ^ http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm
3. ^
http://www.unibo.it/Portale/Ateneo/La+nostra+storia/NoveSecoli.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "List of oldest universities in continuous operation". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation

[2] "University of Bologna". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna (1088)
[3]
http://www.eng.unibo.it/PortaleEn/University/Our+History/default.htm
Bologna, Italy2   
868 YBN
[1132 AD] 9 10 		1146) First cannon and gun.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
2. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
3. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
4. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
5. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
6. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
7. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
8. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}
9. ^ Peter James, Nick Thorpe, "Ancient Inventions", 1994, p236-237.
10. ^ Gwei-Djen, Lu,
Joseph Needham, and Phan Chi-Hsing. “The Oldest Representation of a
Bombard.” Technology and Culture 29.3 (1988): 594–605.
Print. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3105275 {Gwei-Djen_1988.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038534/gunpowder
[2] Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, V:7: The
Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521303583
[3] "Gunpowder". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder
Ta-tsu, Szechuan Province, China7 8   
833 YBN
[1167 AD] 3 		1340) University of Oxford.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html
2. ^ "University of Oxford." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 29 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/436492/University-of-Oxford>.
3. ^ "A brief history of the
University" http://www.ox.ac.uk/about_the_university/introducing_oxford/a_brief
_history_of_the_university/index.html

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/history.shtml (1167 but teaching
starts 1096)
Oxford, England (now: United Kingdom)2   
830 YBN
[1170 AD] 3 		1319) University of Paris.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
2. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)
3. ^ "Universities of Paris I XIII". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058484/Universities-of-Paris-I-XIII
(c1170)

MORE INFO
[1] "Peter Abelard". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9003315/Peter-Abelard
Paris, France2   
816 YBN
[11/??/1184 AD] 4 		1153) Start of the Inquisition.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "inquisition." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288915/inquisition>.
2. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
3. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.
4. ^ "Lucius III." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350632/Lucius-III>.

MORE INFO
[1] "Saint Dominic". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Dominic
[2] "Inquisition". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisition
[3] "Pope Lucius III". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III (11/1184)
Verona, Italy3   
772 YBN
[1228 AD] 11 12 13 14 15 		1392) Theory that all matter is made of light.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}", 1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
2. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
3. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
4. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
5. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
6. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
7. ^ Robert Grosseteste, tr: Clare C. Riedl, "On Light {De Luce}",
1942.
http://web.mit.edu/jwk/www/docs/Riedel%201942%20Grosseteste%20On%20Light.pdf
{Grosseteste_OnLight.pdf}
8. ^ http://www.grosseteste.com/cgi-bin/textdisplay.cgi?text=de-luce.xml
9. ^ http://www.colorado.edu/StudentGroups/lcm/lunch/deluce.html
10. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford Schools,
Volume 1, 1984, p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
11. ^ Trevor Henry Aston, J. I. Catto, The Early Oxford
Schools, Volume 1, 1984,
p442. http://books.google.com/books?id=AkJO3TAxMtwC&pg=PA442
12. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (c1168-1253) (c1168-1253)
13. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038191/Robert-Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
14. ^ "Robert
Grosseteste". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste (c1175-1253)
15. ^
http://www.grosseteste.com/bio.htm (c1170-1253)
Oxford, England10   
700 YBN
[1300 AD] 3 		1121) Mechanical clock.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987).
2. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of
invention : from stone axes to silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books,
1987).
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 1987). {around 1300}

MORE INFO
[1] "Clock#Early mechanical clocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock#Early_mechanical_clocks
[2] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (8th century) (8th century)
Europe2   
560 YBN
[02/12/1440 AD] 4 5 6 7 		1437) Space described as infinite in size, and stars described as other suns
with inhabited planets.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "De Docta Ignorantia".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia
3. ^ "Bernkastel-Kues". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernkastel-Kues
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1401-1464) (1401-1464)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1440 book) (1440 book)
6. ^ "Nicholas Of Cusa". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055730/Nicholas-Of-Cusa (1440 book)
7. ^ "De
Docta Ignorantia". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Docta_Ignorantia (02/12/1440)
Cusa, Germany2 3   
550 YBN
[1450 AD] 4 		1171) Wound spiral spring driven clocks.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
2. ^ Britten, F.J. Former Clock & Watchmakers and Their Work, Including an
Account of the Development of Horological Instruments from the Earliest
Mechanism, with Portraits of Masters of the Art: a Directory of over Five
Thousand Names and Some Examples of Modern Construction. E. & F.N. Spon, 1894,
p35. http://books.google.com/books?id=S_U9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA35
3. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.
4. ^ "clock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 25 Nov.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121951/clock>.

MORE INFO
[1] Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to
silicon chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000). (1400s century estimate)
(1400s century estimate)
[2] "Clock". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock (early 1400s)
[3] "spring." The American Heritage®
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com 28 Dec. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/spring
southern Germany or northern Italy3   
508 YBN
[10/12/1492 AD] 4 		1450) Humans from Europe reach America.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982).
3. ^ "Christopher Columbus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109621/Christopher-Columbus
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (10/12/1492) (10/12/1492)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/christopher%20columbus
(probably) San Salvador3   
478 YBN
[09/08/1522 AD] 6 7 8 		1475) Humans circumnavigate the Earth.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
4. ^ "Juan Sebastian de Elcano".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032242/Juan-Sebastian-de-Elcano
5. ^ http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano
6. ^ "Juan Sebastián Elcano". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano (09/08/1522)
7. ^ "Ferdinand
Magellan". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-225336/Ferdinand-Magellan (09/08/1522)
8. ^
http://www.answers.com/Juan%20Sebastian%20del%20Cano (09/06/1522)
Seville, Spain5   
457 YBN
[1543 AD] 5 6 		1482) Sun centered theory revived.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).
2. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus
3. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136591/Nicolaus-Copernicus/8437/
Publication-of-De-revolutionibus>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543)
5. ^ "Nicolaus Copernicus".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105759/Nicolaus-Copernicus (1543)
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1543)

MORE INFO
[1] "Nicolaus Copernicus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus
[2] "Heliocentric theory". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentric_theory
(presumably) written in (Frauenburg, East Prussia now:)Frombork, Poland3 ;
(printed in)Nuremberg, Germany4   
408 YBN
[1592 AD] 4 		1613) Thermometer.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
2. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>.
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ "thermometer." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/591653/thermometer>. {1592}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
[2] http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/indepth/Thermometer.html
[3] "Galileo Galilei". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei (1593)
Padua, Italy3   
392 YBN
[1608 AD] 6 7 		1618) Telescope.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p105.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105.
4. ^ Dick, T. The
Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
5. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
7. ^ Dick, T. The
Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland4 ) (modern: Netherlands)5   
391 YBN
[1609 AD] 6 		1619) That planets have elliptical orbits is understood.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
2. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
3. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315225/Johannes-Kepler>.
4. ^ Johannes Kepler, "Astronomia nova",
1609. http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/162514 {Astronomia_nova_seu_p
hysica_coelestis_tradita_commentariis_de_motibus_stellae_m.pdf}
5. ^ "Johannes Kepler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp105-108. (1609) (1609)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Johannes+Kepler?cat=technology
Weil der Stadt (now part of the Stuttgart Region in the German state of
Baden-Württemberg, 30 km west of Stuttgart's center)5   
390 YBN
[01/??/1610 AD] 5 		1605) Moons of Jupiter seen and their period determined.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
2. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
3. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
4. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo
5. ^ "Galileo". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105766/Galileo (01/1610)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Galileo+Galilei?cat=technology
(University of Padua) Padua, Venice, Italy4   
390 YBN
[1610 AD] 6 		6488) Microscope.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
2. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
3. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications, 1955. Dover
Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30
4. ^ Dick, T. The Telescope and Microscope. Lane & Scott, 1852,
p9-10. http://books.google.com/books?id=PjoIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9
5. ^ "Hans Lippershey". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048449/Hans-Lippershey
6. ^ King, H.C. The History of the Telescope. Dover Publications,
1955. Dover Books on Astronomy Series,
p30-31. http://books.google.com/books?id=KAWwzHlDVksC&pg=PA30

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Hans+Lippershey?cat=technology
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p105. (1608) (1608)
[3] "microscope".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 04 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380582/microscope>
Middleburgh, Zeeland (Holland4 ) (modern: Netherlands)5   
389 YBN
[06/13/1611 AD] 6 7 		1617) That the Sun rotates is known.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
2. ^ "Johannes Fabricius". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199808/Johannes-Fabricius>.
3. ^ Fabricius, J. De Maculis in Sole Observatis Narratio.
1611. http://books.google.com/books?id=aGFRAAAAcAAJ
4. ^ Walter M. Mitchell, "The history of the discovery of the solar spots",
Popular Astronomy, V24,
1916. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916PA.....24...22M {Mitchell_History_of_t
he_Discovery_of_Sun-spots_1916.pdf}
5. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010,
p30. http://books.google.com/books?id=vdDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31
6. ^ Vaquero, J.M. The Sun Recorded Through History. Springer-Verlag New York,
2009. Astrophysics and Space Science Library,
p111. http://books.google.com/books?id=iWkyiEeiyksC&pg=PA111
7. ^ Galilei, G. et al. On Sunspots. University of Chicago Press, 2010,
p31. http://books.google.com/books?id=vdDhfPxIcLQC&pg=PA31

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2]
http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/fabricius.html
[3] "David Fabricius". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fabricius (06/??/1611)
Osteel, East Frisia5 (now northwest Germany and northeast Netherlands)  
386 YBN
[1614 AD] 4 		1584) Exponential notation and logarithms.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier , -97.
2. ^
Napier, J., and H. Briggs. Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio: Et Eorum
Ad Naturales Ipsorum Numeros Habitudines; Una Cum Appendice ... Una Cum
Annotationibus ... A. Hermann,
1620. http://books.google.com/books?id=VukHAQAAIAAJ
3. ^ "John Napier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9054813/John-Napier (1614)
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982).

MORE INFO
[1] "John Napier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Napier
[2] "Simon Stevinus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Stevinus (1614)
Scotland3 (presumably)  
384 YBN
[1616 AD] 3 4 		1831) Reflecting telescope.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
2. ^ http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982). (1616) (1616)
4. ^
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zucchi.html (1616)
Rome, Italy2   
376 YBN
[1624 AD] 3 		6241) Submarine.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
2. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>.
3. ^ "submarine." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 20 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/570813/submarine>. {1624}
Thames River, England2   
369 YBN
[1631 AD] 4 		1664) Speed of sound measured.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p115.
3. ^ "Pierre Gassendi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p115. (1631) (1631)

MORE INFO
[1] "Pierre Gassendi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036159/Pierre-Gassendi
[2] http://www.answers.com/Pierre+Gassendi?cat=technology
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
365 YBN
[1635 AD] 4 		1660) Frequencies of sounds measured.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
2. ^
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Mersenne.html
3. ^ "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
4. ^ Marin Marsenne, tr: R. E. Chapman, "Harmonie Universelle", 1635,
1957.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Marin%20Mersenne
[2] "Marin Mersenne". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052176/Marin-Mersenne
(1637)
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
363 YBN
[1637 AD] 4 		1668) Cartesian coordinate system.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Discourse on the Method ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to
Dioptrique, Des Météores and La Géométrie. Original in French, because
intended for a wider public., 1637 English: tr: John Veitch, "Discourse on
the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the
Sciences", 1899 and "La
géométrie" http://books.google.com/books?id=aHBtAAAAMAAJ http://books.google
.com/books?id=DSjXAAAAMAAJ 2nd edition:
http://books.google.com/books?id=lGFxGEEK52oC
2. ^ "René Descartes." A Dictionary of Statistics. Oxford University Press,
2008. Answers.com 27 May. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes
3. ^ "Descartes". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp115-118. (1637) (1637)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/topic/ren-descartes?cat=technology
Netherlands (presumably)3   
361 YBN
[11/24/1639 AD] 4 		1708) Transit of Venus observed.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p128.
2. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
3. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks
4. ^ "Jeremiah Horrocks". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041099/Jeremiah-Horrocks (11/24/1639 (Old
Style (Julian?)

MORE INFO
[1] "Jeremiah Horrocks". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks
Hoole, Lancashire, England3 (presumably)  
359 YBN
[1641 AD] 4 5 6 7 		6244) Repeating gun.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "repeating rifle." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>.
2. ^ http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html
3. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international
encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353&
4. ^ "The new weapons of the world encyclopedia : an international encyclopedia
from 5000 B.C. to the 21st century",
2007. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Il9ubyJCisC&pg=PA353& {1641}
5. ^
http://www.earmi.it/A-Enciclopedia/ripetizione.html {1641}
6. ^ "repeating rifle."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition.
Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/498312/repeating-rifle>. {early
1600s}
7. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p49.
{1836}

MORE INFO
[1] Jeff Kinard, "Pistols: an illustrated history of their impact", 2004,
p37-38. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZVnuHX_6bG0C&pg=PA37
Netherlands3   
357 YBN
[1643 AD] 5 		1692) Earliest vacuum.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
2. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
3. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
4. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli
5. ^ "Evangelista Torricelli". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072977/Evangelista-Torricelli (1643)

MORE INFO
[1] "Evangelista Torricelli". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli
[2] "atmospheric pressure." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 05 Dec.
2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/atmospheric-pressure
Florence, Italy4   
350 YBN
[1650 AD] 3 4 5 		1675) The first air pump.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121.
2. ^ "Otto von Guericke".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp120-121. (1650) (1650)
4. ^ "Otto
von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke (1650)
5. ^ Daniel Coit
Gilman, Harry Thurston Peck, Frank Moore Colby, "The New International
Encyclopædia",
pp238-239. http://books.google.com/books?id=f2dMAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22geissler+pump%22
&pg=PA239&ci=10,460,449,440&source=bookclip (1654)

MORE INFO
[1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke
[2] http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
Magdeburg, Germany2 (presumably)  
345 YBN
[03/25/1655 AD] 3 4 5 		1763) Moon of Saturn, Titan seen.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140.
2. ^ "Christiaan Huygens".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
3. ^ http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050325.html (3/25/1655)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1656) (1656)
5. ^ "Titan". Encyclopedia Britannica.
2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072639/Titan (1655)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens
[2] "Orion nebula#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_nebula#History
The Hague, Netherlands2 (presumably)  
338 YBN
[1662 AD] 5 6 		1739) That pressure and volume of a gas are inversely related is known.1 2 3
FO
OTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136.
2. ^ Boyle, R. New Experiments
Physico-mechanical, Touching the Spring of the Air, and Its Effects: (made, for
the Most Part, in a New Pneumatical Engine). H. Hall, 1662,
p156. books.google.com/books?id=LqYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA156
3. ^ Publishing, DK. Science: The Definitive Visual Guide. DK Publishing, 2009,
p99.
4. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
5. ^ "Robert Boyle". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016071/Robert-Boyle
(1662)
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp134-136. (1662) (1662)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
[2] http://www.answers.com/Robert+Boyle?cat=technology
Oxford, England4 (presumably)  
337 YBN
[1663 AD] 4 		2247) Static electricity generator.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
2. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology
3. ^ "Otto von Guericke". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038368/Otto-von-Guericke
4. ^ "Otto von Guericke". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Otto+von+Guericke?cat=technology (1663)

MORE INFO
[1] "Otto von Guericke". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Guericke
[2] http://books.google.com/books?id=R3Yt1N-qotsC
Magdeburg, Germany3 (presumably)  
336 YBN
[1664 AD] 4 5 		1666) Theory that light is made of particles is revived.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Rene Descartes, Translated by Michael S. Mahoney, "The World or Treatise
on Light", Chapters 13 and 14.
http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/mike/texts/descartes/world/worldfr.htm AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=YUo7AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA265
2. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ
3. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi
dence-in-the-Netherlands>.
4. ^ "Rene Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 14 Oct.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes/43352/Resi
dence-in-the-Netherlands>.
5. ^ Descartes, R. Le Monde ... Ou Le Traité De La Lumière Et Des Autres
Objets Principaux Des Sens, Avec Un Discours De L’action Des Corps Et Un
Autre Des Fièvres, Composez Selon Les Principes Du Même Auteur. Michel Bobin
et Nic. le Gras, 1664. http://books.google.com/books?id=DHEPAAAAQAAJ

MORE INFO
[1] "The World (Descartes)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_%28Descartes%29
[2]
http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/Descartes/extraits/le_monde/le_monde.doc
[3] "Rene Descartes". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108563/Rene-Descartes (1633)
[4] "Rene
Descartes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 26 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes>
(in 1633:) Netherlands (presumably)3   
334 YBN
[10/??/1666 AD] 5 6 7 8 		1827) Calculus: differentiation and integration.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff.
48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
2. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
3. ^ Isaac Newton, "De Analysi per Aequationes Numero Terminorum
Infinitas" (1669; "On Analysis by Equations with an Infinite Number of Terms"),
todo: find original work, and English translation of original
work. partially described in Latin: Wallis, J. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica ... E Theatro Sheldoniano, 1693. Johannis Wallis ... Opera
Mathematica. http://books.google.com/books?id=I2BDAAAAcAAJ explained in
English: Newton, I. Two Treatises of the Quadrature of Curves and Analysis by
Equations of an Infinite Number of Terms, Explained by John Stewart. James
Bettenham, 1745. http://books.google.com/books?id=eg4OAAAAQAAJ
4. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
5. ^ Isaac Newton, "The October 1666 Tract on Fluxions", MS Add. 3958.3, ff.
48r-63v, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00100
AND http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-03958/92
6. ^ Brewster, D., and I. Newton. Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries
of Sir Isaac Newton. Constable, 1855. Memoirs of the Life, Writings and
Discoveries of Sir Isaac
Newton. http://books.google.com/books?id=4hY6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq=%E2%8
0%9COn+Analysis+by+Equations+with+an+Infinite+Number+of+Terms%E2%80%9D&source=bl
&ots=TPKbJAoHv0&sig=K_kBe8m59TO6GE8oAtLdugq3lCs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSA5UMWePIjPrQHj0o
DYDQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%E2%80%9COn%20Analysis%20by%20Equations%20with%
20an%20Infinite%20Number%20of%20Terms%E2%80%9D&f=false
7. ^ http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html (07/1669)
8. ^ "Sir
Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton (07/1669)

MORE INFO
[1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6] Abe Mizrahi and Michael Sullivan, "Calculus and Analytic
Geometry", Second Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Company, (1986), pp107-181
(Derivative), pp278-323 (Integral) {For a basic explanation of differentiation
and integration, or any modern calculus textbook}
[7] Newton, I. The Method of Fluxions
and Infinite Series: With Its Application to the Geometry of Curve-lines. By
... Sir Isaac Newton, ... Translated from the Author’s Latin Original Not Yet
Made Publick. To Which Is Subjoin’d, a Perpetual Comment Upon the Whole Work,
... By John Colson, ... Henry Woodfall; and sold by John Nourse, 1736
Cambridge, England4   
331 YBN
[1669 AD] 3 		1735) "Double refraction" is observed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134.
2. ^ "Erasmus Bartholin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9013525/Erasmus-Bartholin
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp133-134. (1669)

MORE INFO
[1] "double refraction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001617/double-refraction
Copenhagen, Denmark2   
328 YBN
[02/19/1672 AD] 5 6 7 8 9 		1829) The theory that light is made of material particles is firmly
established. Color determined to be a property of light, not of objects. White
light separated into and recreated from primary colors.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6,
1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466
Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
2. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3075
3. ^ Isaac Newton, "Mr Isaac Newtons Answer to some Considerations of
Robert Hooke. ^ upon his doctrine of Light and Colors", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 88 (18 November 1672), pp.
5084-5103. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0002
8
4. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
(02/19/1672)
5. ^ Isaac Newton, "Draft of 'A Theory Concerning Light and Colors"', Feb 6,
1671/2, in English, c. 5,137 words, 14pp. Shelfmark: MS Add. 3970.3, ff.460-466
Location: Cambridge University Library, Cambridge,
UK http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP00003
6. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In
fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>.
7. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6
8. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton/12246/In
fluence-of-the-scientific-revolution>.
9. ^ Isaac Newton, "A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton … containing his New Theory
about Light and Colors", Feb 19, 1671/2, in English, c. 5,263 words, 13pp.
Published in: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, No. 80 (19 Feb.
1671/2), pp.
3075-3087. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/view/texts/normalized/NATP0000
6 AND http://books.google.com/books?id=L1ItoQ2GjMAC&pg=PA3075

MORE INFO
[1] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[2] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[3] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[4] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[5] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[6] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p148
[7] Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp148-154. (02/19/1672)
Cambridge, England4   
328 YBN
[1672 AD] 4 		1731) The scale of our star system is measured.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isobel Black Gill, David Gill, "Six Months in Ascension",
1878. http://books.google.com/books?id=DwJFAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=gill
+ascension+date:1878-1878&lr=&ei=EsCISaSVA5OmkQTSoKSXBg
2. ^ "Giovanni Domenico Cassini". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p140.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp132-133. (1672) (1672)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gian Domenico Cassini". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9020655/Gian-Domenico-Cassini
[2] http://www.answers.com/Giovanni+Domenico+Cassini+?cat=technology
Paris, France2 ;Guiana, South America3   
324 YBN
[1676 AD] 11 12 		1851) Humans measure the speed of light.5 6 7 8
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
2. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
3. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M.
Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7,
1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
4. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris"
is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136)
on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
5. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
6. ^ "Ole Romer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083854/Ole-Romer
7. ^ "Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumiere trouvé par M.
Römer de l' Academie Royale des Sciences", Journal des sçavans, December 7,
1676 http://books.google.com/books?id=5scUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA484
8. ^ "A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light, communicated from Paris"
is published in the "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society" (No. 136)
on June 25, 1677. http://books.google.com/books?id=juU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=118
9. ^ William Tobin, "The Life and Science of Léon Foucault",
Cambridge University Press, 2003, p118.
10. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary
of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology
11. ^ "Olaus Roemer". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Olaus+Roemer?cat=technology (1676)
12. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp154-155. (1676) (1676)
(Paris Observatory9 ) Paris, France10   
322 YBN
[1678 AD] 5 		3592) Direct neuron activation (neuron writing). Human contracts muscle with
electricity.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
4. ^ "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
5. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year
1837", E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1678}"

MORE INFO
[1] "Jan Swammerdam". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam
[2] http://www.answers.com/Jan+Swammerdam+?cat=technology
[3] http://www.janswammerdam.net/portrait.html
[4] "Apothecary". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary
[5] http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/exhibits/herbal/swammerdam.htm
[6] "Jan Swammerdam". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9070581/Jan-Swammerdam
(1672)
[7] "Electricity and Magnetism" Amédée Guillemin, translated by Silvanus P.
Thompson, B.A., D.Sc., F.R.A.S. Macmillan and Co., London, 1891.
http://books.google.com/books?id=iHg9AQAAIAAJ
[8] http://www.telephonecollecting.org/feeling.htm
Amsterdam, Netherlands4 (presumably)  
318 YBN
[03/03/1682 AD] 4 5 6 7 		1788) Cell nucleus described.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}
2. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
3. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
4. ^ Henry Harris, "The Birth of the Cell",
p76 http://books.google.com/books?id=zVsxFp3CyngC&pg=PA76
5. ^
http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/cell/resources/blooddisc.htm?HeaderFooter
=0
6. ^ Leeuwenhoek, A. van: Opera Omnia, seu Arcana Naturae ope exactissimorum
Microscopiorum detecta, experimentis variis comprobata, Epistolis ad varios
illustres viros., Langerak, 1722 , p51.
http://books.google.com/books?id=0Zs_AAAAcAAJ {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_Ar
cana_Naturae_1722.pdf} Cited after: Dieter Gerlach, Geschichte der
Mikroskopie. Verlag Harry Deutsch, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2009. ISBN
978-3-8171-1781-9.
7. ^ Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, and Johan Arnold Langerak. Antonii à
Leeuwenhoeck ... Opera Omnia, Seu Arcana Naturae, Ope Exactissimorum
Microscopiorum Detecta, Experimentis Variis Comprobata, Epistolis, Ad Varios
Illustres Viros, Ut Et Ad Integram, Quae Londini Floret, Sapientem Societatem,
Cujus Membrum Est, Datis, Comprehensa, et. ^ Quatuor Tomis Distincta. Editio
novissima, prioribus emendatior, cum indicibus cuique tomo accommodatis.
Lugduni Batavorum: apud Joh. Arnold Langerak, 1722, p213.
http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009289705 {Leeuwenhoek_Opera_Omnia_Seu_A
rcana_Naturae_1719.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
[2] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher
[3] "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group, Inc,
2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health (10/09/1676
(letter to Royal Society)
[4] "Leeuwenhoek". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health (10/09/1676 (letter
to Royal Society)
Delft, Netherlands3   
317 YBN
[09/12/1683 AD] 4 5 		1785) The first picture of bacteria.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047611/Antonie-van-Leeuwenhoek
2. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf
3. ^ "Leeuwenhoek". Encyclopedia of Public Health. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Leeuwenhoek?cat=health
4. ^ http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/leeuwenhoek.html
(09/12/1683)
5. ^ Egerton, Frank N. "A history of the ecological sciences, part 19:
Leeuwenhoek's microscopic natural history." Bulletin of the Ecological Society
of America 87.1 (2006):
47-58. http://esapubs.org/bulletin/current/history_list/history19.pdf

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Anton van Leeuwenhoek".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek
[3] "Haberdasher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haberdasher
Delft, Netherlands3   
313 YBN
[1687 AD] 5 		1845) Law of gravitation, matter attracts other matter with a force that is the
product of their masses, and the inverse of their distance squared.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
2. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
3. ^ (Liber I Prop. LXIX. Theor. XXIX.) Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p190. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA190
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071 English
(note: Third Edition): Newton, I., A. Motte, and J. Machin. The Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy. B. Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy, Volume 1,
p259. http://books.google.com/books?id=Tm0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA259
4. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108764/Sir-Isaac-Newton
5. ^ Newton_isaac_letters_739364699_content.pdf Annals of Science, The
Newton Letters Vols I and II, G Burniston Brown, 06/01/1960 (publishes: 1687)

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[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics
[12] (Scholium.) Newton, I., and A. Motte. The Principia. Prometheus
Books, 1848. Great Minds Series., p182
Cambridge, England4 (presumably)  
302 YBN
[1698 AD] 5 		1777) The size and distance of other stars is measured.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Sagan, Soter, Druyan, "Cosmos", 1984.
2. ^ Thomas Dick, "The sidereal heavens
and other subjects connected with astronomy: as ...", 1844,
p63. books.google.com/books?id=a-gRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63
3. ^ Huygens, "Cosmotheoros, Or Conjectures Concerning the Planetary Worlds and
Their Inhabitants", 1699. Huygens, Christiaan. Cosmotheoros: or, conjectures
concerning the inhabitants of the planets. Translated from the Latin of
Christian Huygens. A new edition, corrected. Glasgow, Mcdlxii (1762).
Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27 May 2012, Book 2,
p116.
http://find.galegroup.com/ecco/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=ECCO&userGroupN
ame=ucirvine&tabID=T001&docId=CW3309941561&type=multipage&contentSet=ECCOArticle
s&version=1.0&docLevel=FASCIMILE {Huygens_Cosmotheoros.pdf}
4. ^ "Christiaan Huygens". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041658/Christiaan-Huygens
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp138-140. (1698) (1698)

MORE INFO
[1] "Christiaan Huygens". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens
[2] http://www.answers.com/Christiaan+Huygens?cat=technology
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=ntZwxttZF-sC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=huygens+distan
ce+stars+sirius&source=web&ots=LS3xk1VXzb&sig=dggeaF1_TGO8d12SB7CC9-t0Wxg
The Hague, Netherlands4 (presumably)  
287 YBN
[03/28/1713 AD] 5 		6594) The mass of the planets is determined1 and the theory that the Universe
is made of mostly empty space2 .
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228
2. ^ (Book III, Propositions X) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p372-373. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA372 AND: Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p372-373. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p230-232. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA230
3. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf}
4. ^ "Sir Isaac Newton." Encyclop�dia Britannica.
Encyclop�dia Britannica Online. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 27
Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/413189/Sir-Isaac-Newton>.
5. ^ (Proposition VIII) Newton, I. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia
Mathematica. sumptibus Societatis, (Second edition), 1723,
p370-371. http://books.google.com/books?id=3h9_GY8v-hgC&pg=PA370 AND Newton,
Isaac, Sir. Philosophi� naturalis principia mathematica. Auctore Isaaco
Newtono, Equite Aurato. Editio secunda auctior et emendatior. Cantabrigi�,
MDCCXIII. (1713). Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale. UC Irvine. 27
Mar. 2013, p370-371. . {Newton_Principia_Second_Edition_17130328.pdf} For
English see Third Edition: Newton, I. The Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy. printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729. The Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy, Volume 2,
p228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA228

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Sir_Isaac_Newton
[2] "binomial theorem". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079241/binomial-theorem
[3] http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Newton.html
[4] http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/newtlife.html
[5] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=47
[6]
http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/texts/viewtext.php?id=NATP00006&mode=norma
lized
[7] http://www.jstor.org/view/03702316/ap000007/00a00090/0
[8] "Niccolo Zucchi". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078475/Niccolo-Zucchi
[9]
http://grus.berkeley.edu/~jrg/TelescopeHistory/Early_Period.html
[10] http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/prism.php?id=15
[11] "acoustics". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-64048/acoustics
[12] (De Motu Corporum -Liber Primus- Scholium) Isaac Newton,
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. (London: 1687),
p34. http://books.google.com/books?id=qjEyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA34
AND http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00071
[13] Sir Isaac Newton, The mathematical principles of natural philosophy,
Volume 2, printed for Benjamin Motte, 1729,
p227-228. http://books.google.com/books?id=6EqxPav3vIsC&pg=PA227
[14] "Ismael Bullialdus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Bullialdus
[15] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,
Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and
Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London: 1704),
p132. http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031
AND http://archive.org/details/opticksortreatis00newt
[16] Isaac Newton, "Opticks: Or, A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions,
Inflexions and Colours of Light. Also Two treatises of the Species and
Magnitude of Curvilinear Figures", First Edition, (London:
1704) http://www.newtonproject.sussex.ac.uk/catalogue/record/NATP00031
[17] http://www.physics.odu.edu/~kuhn/PHYS101/VisViva.html#ref
[18] "Isaac Newton". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com.
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gravity+levity&as_brr=1
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totle+gravity+levity&source=web&ots=uMydiEAeSU&sig=7Jj8rcY4QjtyJC6olR_uyAt2KAE#P
RA1-PA141,M1
[21] "Isaac Newton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
[22] "Edmund Halley". Who2? Biographies. Who2?, 2008. Answers.com 2008.
http://www.answers.com/Edmund+Halley+?cat=technology
[23] The Mechanical Universe, Episode 18, Waves
[24]
http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath109/kmath109.htm
[25] Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation",
(Pergamon, NY), 1965, p4
(Dabam) London, England3 4   
282 YBN
[1718 AD] 4 5 		1876) The movement of the stars over long periods of time is proven.1 2 3
FOOTN
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1. ^ Edmund Halley, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of
the Principal Fixt Stars.", R. S. Sec. Phil. Trans. 1717 30 351-363 736-738;
doi:10.1098/rstl.1717.0025
http://intl-rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/citmgr?gca=roypt;30/351-363/736
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/103320
2. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions", Astronomical
Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp159-160.
5. ^ Aitken, R. G., "Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper
Motions", Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, No. 164,
p.103. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1942ASPL....4..103A/0000106.000
.html

MORE INFO
[1] "Edmond Halley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038943/Edmond-Halley
[2] "Edmund Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Halley
[3] "comet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110156/comet
[4] "Comet Halley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Halley
  
265 YBN
[1735 AD] 5 6 7 		1996) Life of Earth is systematically categorized.1 2
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1. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp181-183.
3. ^ "carolus linnaeus". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus
4. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus
5. ^ "Carolus Linnaeus". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048407/Carolus-Linnaeus (1735)
6. ^
Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology;
the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient times to the
present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
pp181-183. (1735)
7. ^ "carolus linnaeus". History of Science and Technology. Houghton
Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/carolus-linnaeus (1735)
Netherlands3 4   
255 YBN
[11/04/1745 AD] 11 12 13 		1972) Storage of electricity. The capacitor.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
2. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
3. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
4. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
5. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, pp102-103. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351
6. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements:
From 500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
7. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From 500
BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
8. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist
9. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/kleist.html
10. ^ "Pomerania". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania
11. ^ Keithley, J.F. The Story of Electrical and Magnetic Measurements: From
500 BC to the 1940s. Wiley, 1999,
p21. http://books.google.com/books?id=uwgNAtqSHuQC&pg=PA21
12. ^ Priestley, Joseph. The history and present state of electricity, with
original experiments, by Joseph Priestley, ... The third edition, corrected and
enlarged Vol. 1. London, 1775. 2 vols. Eighteenth Century Collections Online.
Gale Group, p102. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO Gale Document
Number: CW3308601351 (11/04/1745)
13. ^ "E Georg von Kleist". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045738/E-Georg-von-Kleist (1745)

MORE INFO
[1] "Ewald Georg von Kleist". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Georg_von_Kleist
(University of Wittenburg) Wittenburg, Germany7 (was for von Kleist:
Pomerania?, Prussia8 9 ) (coast of Baltic Sea between Germany and Poland10
)  
253 YBN
[1747 AD] 3 		3452) Basis of refrigeration understood.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
2. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf}
3. ^ William Cullen, "Of the Cold produced by evaporating Fluids and of some
other Means of producing Cold", Philosophical Society of Edinburgh. Essays and
observations, physical and literary. Read before a Society in Edinburgh, and
published by them. Volume 2. Edinburgh, 1754. 464pp. 2 vols,
p145-156. {Cullen_evaporation.pdf} {1747}

MORE INFO
[1] "William Cullen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
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[2] "William Cullen." Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale Group,
Inc, 2004. Answers.com 09 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/william-cullen
[3] Thomas S. Kuhn, "The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression", Isis, Vol.
49, No. 2 (Jun., 1958), pp.
132-140. http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-1753(195806)49%3A2%3C132%3ATCTOAC%
3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 {Cullen_William_1755_Isis.pdf} (05/01/1755)
(Academy of Petersburg) Petersburg, Russia2   
240 YBN
[1760 AD] 4 5 		2122) Electrolysis. Molecules are split using electricity. Water is separated
into hydrogen and oxygen gases using electricity.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16009a.htm
3. ^ "Giovanni Battista Beccaria". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Beccaria
4. ^ http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/c8x97gg743267538/fulltext.pdf
(1760 (presumably)
5. ^
http://books.google.com/books?id=wKzJTBZh20wC&pg=PA59&lpg=PA59&dq=%22john+warlti
re%22+electricity&source=web&ots=qx-N2a9F9w&sig=0ReDFF5mI7Bgvvrn__a-VFc2T-0
(c1762)

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[1] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
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[2] Phil. Trans., 1 744, 43, p. 167)
[3] "Electrolysis". Encyclopedia Britannica.
1911. http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electrolysis
[4] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06649b.htm
[5] http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/?k=Beccaria
[6] "biophysics#48706.toc". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
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[7] http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/b/beccaria.xml
Turin, Italy2 3   
234 YBN
[05/29/1766 AD] 4 5 		2113) Hydrogen gas isolated.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Three Papers, Containing Experiments on
Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry Cavendish, F. R. S.", Philosophical
Transactions (1683-1775) , Vol. 56, (1766), pp.
141-184 http://www.jstor.org/stable/105491
5. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1766)

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[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
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[2] "Hydrogen#History". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen#History
[3]
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fic+papers+cavendish#PPA77,M1
[4]
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IN&node_id=925&content_id=CTP_004439&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1
[5] Three Papers, Containing Experiments on Factitious Air, by the Hon. Henry
Cavendish, F. R. S. Journal Philosophical Transactions
(1683-1775) Issue Volume 56 -
1766 Pages 141-184 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1766.0019 http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac
.uk/content/k22512528480nx11/?p=d80161c905fe4831aa63484ba66ccb98&pi=2 cavendish
_3gases.pdf
London, England3   
231 YBN
[1769 AD] 8 		1206) The first self-propelled vehicle.3 4 A steam-engine powered automobile.5
6
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1. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
2. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
3. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
4. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
5. ^ Trevor I. Williams, "A history of invention : from stone axes to silicon
chips ", (New York: Checkmark Books, 2000).
6. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
7. ^ "Cugnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugnot
8. ^ "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 02 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot>. {1769}
England7   
228 YBN
[1772 AD] 3 		2285) Nitrogen gas isolated.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p238.
2. ^ "Daniel Rutherford". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Daniel+Rutherford?cat=technology
3. ^ "nitrogen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055947/nitrogen
(1772)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[2] "Nitrogen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
Edinburgh, Scotland2   
226 YBN
[08/01/1774 AD] 3 4 		2139) Oxygen gas isolated.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The Gale
Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
2. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Priestley
3. ^ "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. The
Gale Group, Inc, 2004. Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Priestley
(08/01/1774)
4. ^ Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, Vol.2. London,
1775, p34. books.google.com/books?id=gB0UAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA34

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Priestley". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061366/Joseph-Priestley
[2] "oxygen". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057841/oxygen
[3] "Oxygen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
[4]
http://www.answers.com/oxygen?cat=health
Calne, England2   
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 3 		2216) Combustion is shown to be a reaction with a gas in the air (later named
oxygen).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226.
2. ^ "Antoine Laurent
Lavoisier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106472/Antoine-Laurent-Lavoisier
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp222-226. (1774) (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Antoine Laurent Lavoisier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
226 YBN
[1774 AD] 5 		2664) Telegraph.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/projects/bluetelephone/html/part4.html
2. ^ Bowers , Brain, "Sir Charles Wheatstone" Science Museum- London Her
Majesty's Stationery Office 1977, Pg109
3. ^ The Worldwide History of
Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, p48.
4. ^ The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, By Anton A.
Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49.
5. ^ The Worldwide
History of Telecommunications, By Anton A. Huurdeman, 2003, isbn 0471205052,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc, p48-49. (1774)

MORE INFO
[1] "Georges-Louis LeSage". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges-Louis_LeSage
Switzerland4 (presumably)  
219 YBN
[03/13/1781 AD] 3 4 		2840) Planet Uranus identified.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
2. ^ "Sir William Herschel".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1781) (1781)
4. ^
"William Herschel". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Herschel?cat=technology (03/13/1781)

MORE INFO
[1] # Full text of The Story of the Herschels (1886) from Project
Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12340
[2] http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/similar/herschel.html
[3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html
Bath, England2   
217 YBN
[07/15/1783 AD] 3 4 5 		2206) Steamboat.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
2. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans
3. ^ http://www.answers.com/steamship (1783)
4. ^ "Claude Francois Dorothee marquis de
Jouffroy dAbbans". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044021/Claude-Francois-Dorothee-marquis-de
-Jouffroy-dAbbans (1783)
5. ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08526b.htm (07/15/1783)

MORE INFO
[1] "Claude de Jouffroy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Jouffroy
[2] "Steamboat". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat
Saône River, near Lyon, France2   
217 YBN
[11/21/1783 AD] 3 4 		2194) Human flight by balloon.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
2. ^ "Montgolfier". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Montgolfier?cat=technology
3. ^ "balloon flight." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov.
2011. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1424455/balloon-flight>.
{11/21/1783}
4. ^ Yenne and Grosser, "100 Inventions That Shaped World History", 1993, p40.
{11/21/1783}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982)
[2] "Joseph Michel and Jacques
Etienne Montgolfier". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9053540/Joseph-Michel-and-Jacques-Etienne-M
ontgolfier
[3] "Montgolfier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgolfier
[4] "Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier
(11/21/1783)
Paris, France2   
216 YBN
[01/15/1784 AD] 4 5 		2115) Water shown to be a compound, not an element. Fusion of molecules using
electricity. Water is synthesized by using an electric spark in hydrogen and
oxygen gases.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia
Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 28 Feb. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-cavendish
2. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol 74,
1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
4. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical
Transactions, Vol 74, 1784,
pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dk9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA119 AND
http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202. (01/15/1784)
(01/15/1784)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
[2] "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
London, England3   
216 YBN
[1784 AD] 5 6 7 		2259) The first gas is liquefied, sulfur dioxide.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231.
3. ^ Ren� Taton,
Gaspard MONGE (Count de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
4. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
5. ^ "Monge, Gaspard." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 9. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 469-478. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 26 Mar. 2013.
6. ^ Ren� Taton, Gaspard MONGE (Count
de P�luse.), "L'�uvre Scientifique de Monge", 1951,
p332-333. {Monge_First_liquefaction_of_gas_Taton_1951.pdf}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp230-231. (1785) (1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Gaspard Monge". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge
[2]
http://books.google.com/books?id=YrQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15&dq=intitle:statics&as_brr=
1&hl=en An Elementary Treatise on Statics With a Biographical Notice of the
Author (Biddle, Philadelphia, 1851)
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=UjEDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:Gas
pard+inauthor:Monge&as_brr=0&hl=en An elementary treatise on descriptive
geometry, with a theory of shadows and of perspective (Weale, London, 1851)
(École du génie) Angers, France4   
215 YBN
[06/02/1785 AD] 3 4 		2116) Air is shown to be a mixture of gases, and not a single element.1
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ "Henry Cavendish". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Henry+Cavendish?cat=technology
2. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
3. ^ Henry Cavendish, "Experiments on Air.", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 75 - 1785,
372-384 Henry Cavendish, "Experiments On Air", Philosophical Transactions, Vol
74, 1784, pp119-153. http://books.google.com/books?id=-uEKAAAAIAAJ
4. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
London, England2   
215 YBN
[1785 AD] 4 		2168) Electric and magnetic attraction and repulsion are proven to be both
proportional to amount of charge and inversely proportional to distance
squared.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Baigrie, B.S. Electricity and Magnetism: a Historical Perspective.
Greenwood Press., p46.
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=coulomb+1785
+construction+and+usage&source=web&ots=RCp1tlEosB&sig=olOXH2XVdh36x0kmcoBsMtstqT
I#PPA44,M1 Electricity and Magnetism, By Brian Baigrie, 2006
2. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), p211.
4. ^ "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Charles+Augustin+Coulomb+?cat=technology
(1785)

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Augustin de Coulomb". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026555/Charles-Augustin-de-Coulomb
[2] "Charles Augustin Coulomb". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Coulomb
Paris?, France3 (presumably)  
209 YBN
[1791 AD] 5 		2175) Remote neuron activation (remote neuron writing). Muscle contracted
remotely by using an electric spark and metal connected to a nerve.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect
of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
2. ^ Luigi Galvani,
Elizabeth Licht, Robert Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on
Muscular Motion", Waverly Press, 1953.
3. ^ Luigi Galvani, Elizabeth Licht, Robert
Green, "Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion", Waverly
Press, 1953.
4. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani
5. ^ "Luigi Galvani". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035937/Luigi-Galvani (1791)

MORE INFO
[1] https://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/NatureandArtifice/lecture14.html
Bologna, Italy4   
204 YBN
[07/01/1796 AD] 3 4 5 		2280) Immunity by vaccination proven.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
2. ^ "Edward Jenner".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner
3. ^ "Edward Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner (07/01/1796
(injection of small pox)
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp236-237.
(05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox) (05/14/1796 (injection of cow pox)
5. ^ "Edward
Jenner". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043524/Edward-Jenner (05/14/1796
(injection of cow pox)

MORE INFO
[1] "Edward Jenner". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner
[2] http://www.answers.com/edward+jenner?cat=health
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Berkeley, England2 (presumably)  
202 YBN
[1798 AD] 4 		2117) The gravitational constant, the mass, and the density of the Earth are
measured.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp200-202.
2. ^ "Henry Cavendish".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
3. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish
4. ^ "Henry Cavendish". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9021916/Henry-Cavendish (1798)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henry Cavendish". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavendish
London, England3   
201 YBN
[1799 AD] 3 4 5 6 		2315) Elements are shown to combine in definite proportions.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246.
2. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061640/Joseph-Louis-Proust
3. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061640/Joseph-Louis-Proust (1793)
4. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp245-246. (1799) (1799)
5. ^ "Joseph Louis Proust". The
Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005.
Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Louis+Proust?cat=technology (1799)
6. ^
http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm (1799)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Proust". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Proust
Segovia, Spain2   
200 YBN
[03/20/1800 AD] 6 7 		2250) Electric battery.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229.
4. ^ Volta, "On
the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of
different Kinds.", Philosophical Magazine, September 1800,
p288. http://archive.org/download/lepidopterarepor07winc/lepidopterarepor07winc
.pdf
5. ^ "Conte Alessandro Volta". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075699/Conte-Alessandro-Volta
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp228-229. (1800) (1800)
7. ^
"alessandro volta". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/alessandro-volta?cat=technology (03/20/1800(sends
letter to Banks secretary of royal society)

MORE INFO
[1] "Alessandro Volta". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta
[2] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Alessandro_Volta.htm
Pavia, Italy5   
200 YBN
[03/27/1800 AD] 8 9 		2179) Invisible light recognized.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours
to Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
3. ^ William Herschel,
"Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and Illuminate
Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of Radiant Heat.
To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
5. ^ William
Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to Heat and
Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different Refrangibility of
Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method of Viewing the Sun
Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High Magnifying
Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , Vol. 90,
(1800), pp. 255-283. books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215.
7. ^ "Sir William
Herschel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9040235/Sir-William-Herschel
8. ^ William Herschel, "Investigation of the Powers of the Prismatic Colours to
Heat and Illuminate Objects; With Remarks, That Prove the Different
Refrangibility of Radiant Heat. To Which is Added, an Inquiry into the Method
of Viewing the Sun Advantageously, with Telescopes of Large Apertures and High
Magnifying Powers.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 90, (1800), pp. 255-283.
books.google.com/books?id=dlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA255
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp212-215. (1800) (1800)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Herschel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel
Slough, England7   
200 YBN
[09/17/1800 AD] 3 4 		2436) Hydrogen and oxygen gas collected separately from electrolysis of water.1

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
2. ^ "Johann Wilhelm Ritter".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p244. (Nicholson:
05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800)
4. ^
http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.html (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by:
)09/17/1800) (Nicholson: 05/02/1800)(by: )09/17/1800)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[2]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[3]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
Jena, Germany2 (presumably)  
199 YBN
[02/22/1801 AD] 4 5 		2167) The invisible light, ultra-violet light is discovered.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278.
2. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung
nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des Violett." Annalen der Physik 7
(1801): 527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
3. ^ "Johann Wilhelm
Ritter". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9063787/Johann-Wilhelm-Ritter
4. ^ Ritter, J. W. "Auffindung nicht-sichtbarer Sonnenstrahlen an der Seite des
Violett." Annalen der Physik 7 (1801):
527. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA527 English:
"Discovery of non-visible solar radiation to the side of violet." {todo:
Determine if there is any English translation of this work}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov,
"Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City,
NY: Doubleday, 1982), p278. (1801) (1801)

MORE INFO
[1] "Johann Wilhelm Ritter". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Ritter
[2]
http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/forum/ausstellungen/Physik_als_Kunst/Physik
_als_Kunst.htm
[3]
http://www.sil.si.edu/silpublications/dibner-library-lectures/scientific-discove
ries/text-lecture.htm
[4] "Dowsing". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing
[5] http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/RITTER_BIO.html
Jena, Germany3 (presumably)  
199 YBN
[11/12/1801 AD] 8 		2405) Frequencies and wavelengths (or particle intervals) of light determined.
Glass diffraction gratings.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
2. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
3. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
4. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
5. ^ "Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young", Thomas Young, George
Peacock, 1855 John Murray, p161.
6. ^ Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the
Theory of Light and Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802),
pp12-48. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575ba
e414c9a974a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 {Young_Thomas_1802_
on_the_theory_of_light_and_colours.pdf}
7. ^ John Charles Drury Brand, Raymond Bonnett, "Lines of Light: The Sources of
Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930", CRC Press, 1995, p27.
http://books.google.com/books?id=sKx0IBC22p4C&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=joseph+fraun
hofer+measured+wavelengths+lines&source=web&ots=qKuKNGN2kv&sig=ZwvLfbjr0XPa68680
mOZkZhEnUs&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA32,M1 {11/12/1801}
8. ^ Thomas
Young, Philip Kelland, "A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the
Mechanical Arts", Taylor and Walton, 1845. {Contains the lectures which form
vol. I of the 1807 edition.} http://books.google.com/books?id=fGMSAAAAIAAJ
{11/12/1801}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Young (scientist)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_%28scientist%29
[2] "etalon." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 17 Jun.
2008. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/etalon>
[3] Thomas Young, "The Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and
Colours", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886),Volume 92, (1802), pp12-48.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/q3r7063hh2281211/?p=422e575bae414c9a9
74a16d595c628d0π=24
AND http://books.google.com/books?id=-XAXAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140
London, England7   
198 YBN
[1802 AD] 5 6 		2365) Spectral lines identified.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
2. ^ William Hyde Wollaston, "A Method of Examining Refractive and Dispersive
Powers, by Prismatic Reflection", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 92, (1802),
pp365-380. http://www.jstor.org/stable/107124
AND http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/k1u515395v15n93p/?p=5f779c071a024f
e5bd90a27e9245eea7π=13 {Wollaston_William_1802_PT.pdf}
3. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
4. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology
5. ^ "William Hyde Wollaston". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Hyde+Wollaston+?cat=technology (1802)
6. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp257-258. (1802)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Hyde Wollaston". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] Francis Wollaston, "The secret history of a private man",
1795. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=vCUAAAAAQAAJ&dq=The+Secret+History
+of+a+Private+Man&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=lMwgXnBmu7&sig=JiY5flaqsad7
lmMEp0aw3Smzu-c&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result
[4] "William Hyde Wollaston." Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica
Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 15 May. 2013.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646649/William-Hyde-Wollaston>.
London, England4   
197 YBN
[10/21/1803 AD] 3 4 		2375) That atoms of different elements vary in size and mass is shown. Table of
elements by atomic mass.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
2. ^ "John Dalton". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028616/John-Dalton (10/21/1803
(paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society)
3. ^ "John Dalton".
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 May.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150287/John-Dalton/217770/Atomic
-theory>.
4. ^ John Dalton, "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids."
Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester , Second
Series, 1, 271-87
(1805). http://books.google.com/books?id=LJNIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA259

MORE INFO
[1] "John Dalton". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp259-261. (1803) (10/21/1803
(paper to Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society)
[4]
http://www.surveyor.in-berlin.de/himmel/Bios/Goodricke-e.html (1803)
Manchester, England2   
196 YBN
[1804 AD] 3 4 		6519) There are 1 billion humans on Earth.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^
Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million
B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
4. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
  
191 YBN
[1809 AD] 4 5 		2466) Gases shown to combine in small whole number ratios by volume.1 2
FOOTNOT
ES
1. ^ http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284.
3. ^ "Joseph Louis Gay
Lussac". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036247/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp282-284. (1809) (1809)
5. ^ "Joseph
Louis Gay Lussac". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford University
Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph%20Louis%20Gay-Lussac (1808)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac
Paris, France3 (presumably)  
191 YBN
[1809 AD] 8 		2481) Electric light.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
2. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
4. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp284-286.
6. ^ "Humphry Davy". History
of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
7. ^ "Humphry Davy". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology
8. ^ "Humphry Davy". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Humphry+Davy+?cat=technology (1809)

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Humphry Davy Baronet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9029535/Sir-Humphry-Davy-Baronet
[2] "Humphry Davy". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
London, England7   
189 YBN
[1811 AD] 3 		2432) The concept of molecules.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp277-278.
2. ^ "Amedeo Avogadro". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9104090/Amedeo-Avogadro
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology; the lives and achievements of 1195 great scientists from ancient
times to the present, chronologically arranged", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,
1982), pp277-278. (1811)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
Vercelli, Italy2   
186 YBN
[1814 AD] 5 		2571) The spectroscope. That substances emit specific spectral lines is known.1
2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
2. ^ Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
3. ^ Joseph, Fraunhofer, "Bestimmung des Brechungs- und
Farbenzerstreuungs-Vermögens verschiedener Glasarten, in Bezug auf die
Vervollkommnung achromatischer Fernrohre.", Akademie Der Wissenschaften zu
München, (1814), 15 Band v, pp 193-226.
http://books.google.com/books?id=2-AAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA203 This work is
translated from German into English in the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal",
(1823) vol IX,
pp288-299 http://books.google.com/books?id=Py87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA288 and
"Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" (1824), vol X,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=xS87AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 In addition this
is printed in: Vol. 56, pp. 264-313. Gilberts Annalen der Physik.
(1817) (Apparently the figures are not
included) {Fraunhofer_1817_1814.pdf} Original in German:
{Fraunhofer_Joseph_1814.pdf} Another English translation: Excerpts in
English translation "DETERMINATION OF THE REFRACTIVE AND THE DISPERSIVE POWER
OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF GLASS WITH REFERENCE TO THE PERFECTING OF ACHROMATIC
TELESCOPES.": J. S. Ames (ed.), Prismatic and Diffraction Spectra: Memoirs by
Joseph von Fraunhofer, New York 1898, pp. 1-10.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=5GE3AAAAMAAJ&dq=Prismatic+and+Diffracti
on+Spectra:++Memoirs+by+Joseph+von+Fraunhofer&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots
=K2VGb4IsNb&sig=HcoZYrNDKoTfjsUErIWZX5pLtn0&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resu
lt#PPA1,M1
4. ^ "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035214/Joseph-von-Fraunhofer
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp303-304. (1814)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph von Fraunhofer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer
Benedictbeuern (near Munich), Germany4   
185 YBN
[11/??/1815 AD] 4 5 6 		2544) Theory that all atomic masses are a multiple of hydrogen.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298.
3. ^ "William Prout". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
Oxford University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/William+Prout?cat=technology
4. ^ William Prout (published anonymously), On the Relation between the
Specific Gravities of Bodies in their Gaseous State and the Weights of their
Atoms. Annals of Philosophy 6, p321-330
(1815). books.google.com/books?id=tDowAAAAYAAJ
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp297-298. (1815) (1815)
6. ^
"William Prout". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9061643/William-Prout (1815)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Prout". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Prout
[2]
http://www.chem.yale.edu/~chem125/125/history99/4RadicalsTypes/Analysis/Liebigan
al.html
London, England3 (presumably)  
180 YBN
[04/21/1820 AD] 4 5 6 7 8 9 		2454) Electricity understood to cause magnetism. First electromagnet.2
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of
a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol.
16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated from a printed account drawn up in
Latin by the author and transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of
Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The
First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
2. ^ Hans Christian Oersted,
(title in Latin?), "Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on
the Magnetic Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820.
Translated from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and
transmitted by hum to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in:
Tricker, R. A. R., "Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation",
(Pergamon, NY), 1965, p113-117.
3. ^ Hans Christian Oersted, (title in Latin?),
"Experiments on the Effect of a Current of Electricity on the Magnetic
Needle.", Annals of Philosophy, Vol. 16, pp. 274-75, October 1820. Translated
from a printed account drawn up in Latin by the author and transmitted by hum
to the Editor of the Annals of Philosophy. reprint is in: Tricker, R. A. R.,
"Early Electrodynamics - The First Law of Circulation", (Pergamon, NY), 1965,
p113-117.
4. ^ "Hans Christian Ørsted". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted (04/21/1820)
5. ^ "Hans Christian
Orsted". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9057470/Hans-Christian-Orsted (04/1820)
6. ^ "hans
christian rsted". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company,
2004. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820)
7. ^ "hans
christian rsted". Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1820)
8. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp281-282. (1819) (1819)
9. ^ "hans christian rsted". The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology (1819)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[2] "electromagnetic radiation". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-11356/electromagnetic-radiation
Copenhagen, Denmark3   
180 YBN
[09/25/1820 AD] 3 4 5 		2424) Magnetism identified as electricity.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. Mémoire présenté é l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, oé se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu é la méme Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques. Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1
2. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm
3. ^ AMPERE, André-Marie. "Mémoire présenté à l'Académie royale des
Sciences, le 2 octobre 1820, où se trouve compris le résumé de ce qui avait
été lu à la même Académie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des
courans électriques.", Annales de chimie et de physique, 1820, vol. 15, p.
59-74,
p.170-218. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&
bdd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 partial translation to
English in: R. A. R. Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965,
p140-154. http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/ice/ice_book_detail.php?lang=fr&type=text&b
dd=ampere&table=ampere_text&bookId=2&typeofbookId=1 {1820) 10/02/1820}
4. ^ R. A. R.
Tricker, "Early Electrodynamics", Pergamum Press, 1965, p140-154. {10/20/1820
(mistake}
5. ^ http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/ampere.htm c09/30/1820)
(before the end of September) c09/30/1820)

MORE INFO
[1] "Andre Marie Ampere". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9007234/Andre-Marie-Ampere
[2] "André Marie Ampère". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marie_Amp%C3%A8re
[3] http://www.answers.com/topic/hans-christian-rsted?cat=technology
[4]
http://books.google.com/books?id=3XEc5xkWxi4C&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=%22The+mutual+
action+of+two+electric+currents%22&source=web&ots=RDi1vlMrpC&sig=gi8URXRfofk0H64
F6rtiHIYWarw&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA70,M1
[5] L. Pearce Williams, "What Were Ampere's Earliest Discoveries in
Electrodynamics?", Isis , Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp.
492-508 http://www.jstor.org/stable/232209
[6] "Analyse des Memoires lus par M. Ampere a l'Academie des sciences, dans les
seances des 18 et 25 septembre, des 9 et 30 octobre 1820," Annales générales
des sciences physiques (published only 1819-1821), 1820, 6:238-257
("Analyse"); p241-257. http://books.google.com/books?id=3ugrAQAAMAAJ
[7] "Memoire presente a l'Academie royale des Sciences, le 2
octobre 1820, oiu se trouve compris le resume de ce qui avait ete lu a la meme
Academie les 18 et 25 septembre 1820, sur les effets des courans
electriques."," Ann. chim. phys., 1820, 15:59-76; "Suite du Mémoire," ibid.,
pp. 170-218. http://books.google.com/books?id=YezNlOSC2pcC&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q
&f=false
Paris, France2   
180 YBN
[1820 AD] 6 		3374) Gas combustion engine.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
2. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
3. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
4. ^ Cambridge Philosophical Society, "Transactions of the Cambridge
Philosophical Society", University Press, 1822, p217-239.
http://books.google.com/books?id=hgYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0iE3HbhCd9wmSagF2t&as_brr=1#PPA217,M1
5. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine
6. ^ "Gas Engine". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gas_Engine {1820}

MORE INFO
[1] "history of technology." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 01 Jul. 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1350805/history-of-technology>
(Magdalen College4 ) Cambridge, England5   
179 YBN
[09/11/1821 AD] 5 6 		2701) Electric motor.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
2. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
3. ^ http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM
4. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
5. ^ Michael Faraday, "On some new Electro-Magnetical Motions, and on the
Theory of Magnetism", Royal Institution Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts.
Volume XII, (1822), pp74-96.
http://books.google.com/books?id=lCUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=%22on+some
+new+electro-magnetical+motions%22&source=web&ots=VKIy3FqaNj&sig=YybSGqm9Q6m-Wqj
9LSQTTX8JGDk&hl=en {Faraday_1821_motor.pdf} (09/11/1821)
6. ^
http://www.sparkmuseum.com/MOTORS.HTM (1821)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[2] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
[4] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[5] Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf Experimental
Researches in Electricity Journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London (1776-1886) Issue Volume 122 - 1832 Author Michael
Faraday DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[10] Institution of Engineering and Technology, London Archives, Michael
Faraday
(Royal Institution in) London, England4   
174 YBN
[1826 AD] 5 6 7 		2355) The first photograph.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
2. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
3. ^ http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html
4. ^ "Nicephore Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce
5. ^ "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford
University Press, 1994, 1996, 2005. Answers.com.
http://www.answers.com/Joseph+Nic%C3%A9phore+Niepce?cat=technology (1826)
6. ^
http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/permanent/wfp/7.html (1826/7)
7. ^ "Nicephore
Niepce". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055791/Nicephore-Niepce (1826/7)

MORE INFO
[1] "Joseph Nicéphore Niepce". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Niepce
[2] "lithography". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048518/lithography
Chalon-sur-Saône, France4   
173 YBN
[1827 AD] 3 		3591) Electric printer.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
2. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA
3. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837",
E. & F. N. Spon,
1884. http://books.google.com/books?id=0Mo3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+Hi
story+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&ei=esfUSJWpC6K-tgOhnYWOBA {1827}

MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy: Including Some
Bare-wire Proposals for Subaqueous Telegraphs", Dodd, Mead,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=alIXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=john
+j+fahie&ei=8xfYSLjYNKGutgP_lpXeDg
[2] "Old Time Telegraphic History", Electrical World and Engineer, 01/17/1903,
p113. http://books.google.com/books?id=hbZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA115
New York City NY2 (presumably)  
172 YBN
[02/??/1828 AD] 4 5 		2857) The first "organic" molecule produced from inorganic sources (urea).1 2
F
OOTNOTES
1. ^ Wöhler, Friedrich. "Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" Annalen
der physik und chemie V12 p253 (1828):
1828. http://books.google.com/books?id=n5OZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253 English
translation: "On the artificial formation of
urea." http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Wohler-article.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343.
3. ^ "Friedrich Wohler".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077322/Friedrich-Wohler
4. ^ "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077322/Friedrich-Wohler
(02/1828)
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp342-343. (1828) (1828)

MORE INFO
[1] "Friedrich Wöhler". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler
[2] http://www.answers.com/Friedrich+W%C3%B6hler?cat=technology
[3] "Friedrich Wohler". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Friedrich_Wohler
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
(Berlin Gewerbeschule (trade school)) Berlin, Germany3   
171 YBN
[03/27/1829 AD] 8 		2844) Electricity produced by moving a wire near a magnet.4 5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
2. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
3. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
4. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402 {Zantedeschi_1829.pdf}
5. ^ Stewart, I. In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17
Equations That Changed the World. Basic Books, 2012,
p169. http://books.google.com/books?id=ezzWkITecN8C&pg=PT169
6. ^ Herbermann, C.G. et al. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work
of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the
Catholic Church. Robert Appleton Company, 1912. The Catholic Encyclopedia: An
International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and
History of the Catholic Church,
p750. http://books.google.com/books?id=9sZAAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA750
7. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di letteratura, scienze ed
arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402. Zantedeschi_1829.pdf
8. ^ Biblioteca Italiana, o sia Giornale di
letteratura, scienze ed arti,1829,vol 53,pp398-402, p402.
Zantedeschi_1829.pdf (03/27/1829)

MORE INFO
[1] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the
Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo
Tinazzi,
http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantedeschi_Tinazzi.pdf
[2] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf
Zantedeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to
[3]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1
[4] http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1
[5] http://www.wordreference.com/
Pavia, Italy7   
170 YBN
[1830 AD] 20 21 22 23 		4003) Sound vibrations are recorded by a tuning fork with an attached whisker
that marks a sooted glass plate.13 14 15 16 17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
2. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
3. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
4. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A. H.
Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
5. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
6. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
7. ^ Franz Josef Pisko,
"Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft und der
...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
8. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
9. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
10. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
11. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
12. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
13. ^ Franz Josef
Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der naturwissenschaft
und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false
14. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
15. ^ edited by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume
1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
16. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
17. ^ Dr. Franz Melde, Lehre von den Schwingungscurven. Leipzig, Barth 1864,
pag. 83, §. 17.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Ymj_c6z3kfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lehre+von
+den+Schwingungscurven+date:1864-1864#v=onepage&q=weber&f=false (in
English:) Dr. Franz Melde, "theory of Vibration-Curves". Leipzig, Barth 1864,
p. 83, §. 17.
18. ^ Schilling musikalisches Lexicon, Stuttgart 1830, I. Band,
Artikel Akustik von Wilhelm Weber. (in English:) Schilling musical lexicon,
Stuttgart, 1830, Volume I, Article Acoustics by William Weber.
19. ^ Friedrich A.
Kittler, "Gramophone, film, typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false
20. ^ Franz Josef Pisko, "Die neueren apparate der akustik: Für freunde der
naturwissenschaft und der ...",
1865. http://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA238&dq=wilhelm+weber+v
ibrograph#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1830}
21. ^ Friedrich A. Kittler, "Gramophone, film,
typewriter", 1999,
p26. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSrte54_9ZwC&pg=PA26&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+gla
ss+cylinder#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20glass%20cylinder&f=false {1830}
22. ^ edited
by Clarence John Blake, "The American journal of otology, Volume 1", 1879,
p3. http://books.google.com/books?id=aIpXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Wilhelm+Weber+tunin
g+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false
23. ^ edited by Juan C. Abel, Thomas Harrison Cummings, Wilfred A. French, A.
H. Beardsley, "Photo-era magazine, Volume 29",
p229-230. http://books.google.com/books?id=DR3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA229&dq=Wilhelm+Web
er+tuning+fork+1830#v=onepage&q=Wilhelm%20Weber%20tuning%20fork%201830&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] "Wilhelm Eduard Weber". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076390/Wilhelm-Eduard-Weber (1837)
(University of) Göttingen, Germany19   
169 YBN
[02/17/1831 AD] 4 		2702) The electrical transformer.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
2. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
3. ^
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=338986411&SrchMode=3&sid=7&Fmt=10&VI
nst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1204938559&clientId=48051&aid=1 Henry_J
oseph_1832_ajs.pdf American Journal of Science and Arts (1820-1879); Jan 3,
1832; 22, 2; APS Online pg. 403 On the Production of Current and Sparks of
Electricity from Magnetism (02/17/1831 {more full account published:}
08/29/1831)
4. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
(02/17/1831 {more full account published:} 08/29/1831) {02/17/1831 (more full
account published:) 08/29/1831}

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[6]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
[7] http://www.rigb.org/heritage/faradaypage.jsp
[8] http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15750b.htm
[9] The Contribution of Fracesco Zantedeschi at the Development of the
Experimental Laboratory of Physics Faculty of the Padua University, Massimo
Tinazzi,
http://www.brera.unimi.it/SISFA/atti/1999/Tinazzi.pdf Zantadeschi_Tinazzi.pdf
[10] La Electricidad, http://www2.ubu.es/ingelec/ingelect/HistII.pdf
Zantadeschi_HistII.pdf (apparently text identical to
[11]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fngtAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA398,M1
[12]
http://books.google.com/books?id=fxsAAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA6-PA44&lpg=RA6-PA44&dq=lebail
lif+scope&source=web&ots=36wpS-5ksg&sig=A7KVLfh8fg1hdDtoB5Kr81UzNAw&hl=en#PRA6-P
A43,M1 (for a description of a sideroscope of M Lebaillid)
[13] "Faradays law of
induction". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033718/Faradays-law-of-induction
[14] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf, p243.
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[15] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. "calico".
Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[16] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[17]
http://books.google.com/books?id=yUYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA76,M1
(Royal Institution in) London, England3   
169 YBN
[09/??/1831 AD] 8 		2705) The (dynamic) electric generator (constant current produced).5 6
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume 122, (1832),
p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
2. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
3. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
4. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
5. ^ Michael Faraday, "Experimental Researches in Electricity",
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1776-1886), Volume
122, (1832), p146. DOI 10.1098/rstl.1832.0006.
{Faraday_1832_Experimental_Researches_in_Electricity_1.pdf}
6. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm
7. ^ "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109756/Michael-Faraday
8. ^ http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/faraday.htm (09/??/1831)

MORE INFO
[1] "Michael Faraday". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday
[2] http://www.answers.com/Michael+Faraday+?cat=technology
[3] "Michael Faraday". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Michael_Faraday
[4] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[5] Faraday_referee_1831.pdf
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/n5776546166232n5/fulltext.pdf The
Referees' Assessment of Faraday's Electromagnetic Induction Paper of
1831 Journal Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
(1938-1996) Issue Volume 47, Number 2 /
1993 Pages 243-256 DOI 10.1098/rsnr.1993.0031
[6] "calico". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico
[7] "Charles Darwin". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642/Charles-Darwin
[8] http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/PY106/MagMaterials.html
[9]
http://books.google.com/books?id=KgMUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+science
+of+everyday+life#PPA341,M1
(Royal Institution in) London, England7   
168 YBN
[1832 AD] 9 		2514) Plastic. (Nitrocellulose).5 6 7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
2. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
3. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
4. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
5. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
6. ^ "major industrial polymers". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-76471/major-industrial-polymers
7. ^ "Henri Braconnot", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p130.
8. ^
http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm
9. ^ http://www.cyberlipid.org/chevreul/braconnot.htm (1832)

MORE INFO
[1] "Henri Braconnot". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Braconnot
[2] http://www.answers.com/saponification?cat=health
Nancy, France8   
166 YBN
[01/01/1834 AD] 		1247) Mechanical reaper.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "reaper." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 21 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/493183/reaper>.
2. ^ "Robert Hall McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hall_McCormick

MORE INFO
[1] "Cyrus McCormick". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_McCormick
Rockbridge County, Virginia, USA2   
166 YBN
[06/19/1834 AD] 4 5 		2899) Speed of electricity in wire measured.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
2. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
3. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone
4. ^ Charles Wheatstone, "An Account of Some Experiments to Measure the
Velocity of Electricity and the Duration of Electric Light", Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 124, (1834), pp.
583-591. http://books.google.com/books?id=G09FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA583 AND http://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/108080 {Wheatstone_velocity.pdf}
5. ^ "Sir Charles Wheatstone". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076748/Sir-Charles-Wheatstone (1834)

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.answers.com/Charles+Wheatstone?cat=entertainment
[2] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[3] http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/wheatstone.html
[4]
http://books.google.com/books?id=5iw5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=faraday+velo
city+of+electricity&source=web&ots=5NZWUd1EhA&sig=NK0D0pm5FFvHZpV7lB3JamIKhoo&hl
=en#PPA311,M1
[5]
http://books.google.com/books?id=0qSDQldRTFMC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=velocity+of+
electricity&source=web&ots=HZUnerxDqB&sig=XJ1gYT3wGhkgfzjTLNa99vSFNrQ&hl=en#PPA1
32,M1
(King's College) London, England3   
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 4 		2540) Parallax of a different star measured.1 Parallax is the difference in
the direction of an object as seen from two widely separated points; used to
measure the distance to an object.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297.
2. ^ "parallax." Britannica
Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 18
Jun. 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/parallax
3. ^ "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-8233/Friedrich-Wilhelm-Bessel
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp296-297. (1838) (1838)

MORE INFO
[1] "popup?va=parallax". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/mwu/popup?va=parallax
Königsberg, (Prussia now:) Germany3   
162 YBN
[1838 AD] 4 		2934) Cell theory:1 the principle that all living objects are made of cells.2

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355.
2. ^ "Cell theory."
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc., 2003. Answers.com 18 Jun. 2012.
http://www.answers.com/topic/cell-theory-1
3. ^ "Mathias Jacob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9066147/Mathias-Jacob-Schleiden
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp354-355. (1838)

MORE INFO
[1] "Matthias Jakob Schleiden". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden
[2] Trisha Creekmore. The Science Channel :: 100 Greatest Discoveries: Biology.
Discovery Communications.
http://science.discovery.com/convergence/100discoveries/big100/biology.html
[3] "University of Jena". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Jena
(University of Jena) Jena, Germany3   
161 YBN
[07/29/1839 AD] 11 		3308) Light converted to electricity (photoelectric effect).7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
2. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
3. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
4. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
5. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
6. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
7. ^ Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation
chimique de la lumi�re solaire, au moyen des courants �lectriques." CR
Acad. Sci 9 (1839): 145-149. English: "Studies of the effect of actinitic
radiation of sunlight by means of electric
currents" books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA145
8. ^ Becquerel, A. E. "M�moire sur les effets �lectriques produits sous
l�influence des rayons solaires." Comptes Rendus 9.567 (1839): 1839,
p561-567. English: "Note on the electric effects produces under the influence
of sunlight" http://books.google.com/books?id=zmZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA561
9. ^ "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 26 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/552875/solar-cell>.
10. ^ "Becquerel, Alexandre-Edmond", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p72.
11. ^ Becquerel,
Alexandre-Edmond. "Recherches sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la
lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques." CR Acad. Sci 9 (1839):
145-149; 561. also Annalen der Physick und Chemie, Vol. 54, pp. 18-34,
1841. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-2968&M=chemindefer
English: "Research on the effects of the chemical radiation of solar light by
means of the electric currents" {Becquerel_Edmond_1839.pdf} {07/29/1839}

MORE INFO
[1] "thermionic power converter." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 19 June 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106050>
[2] "A. E. Becquerel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Becquerel
[3] "Becquerel". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Becquerel
[4] Edmond Becquerel, "Des effets chimiques et électriques produits sous
l'influence de la lumière solaire",
1840. http://jubil.upmc.fr/sdx/pl/doc-tdm.xsp?id=TH_000231_001_page1&fmt=upmc&b
ase=fa&root=&n=&qid=&ss=&as=&ai=#page1
[5] "solar cell." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 19 June 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45872>
[6]
http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BecquerelEdmond.html
[7] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Isd9IEnR4bw {video of liquid oxygen
paramagnetism}
(University of Paris) Paris, France10   
158 YBN
[03/30/1842 AD] 3 		3171) Anesthesia used for surgery.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "anesthesia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 24 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1507634/anesthesia>.
2. ^ "Long, Crawford Williamson." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 25 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048846>.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical
encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982),
p389. (03/30/1842)
Jefferson, Georgia2   
155 YBN
[04/??/1845 AD] 8 9 10 		2839) The spiral shape of other galaxies is recognized.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
3. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
5. ^ The Earl of Rosse.
"Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342.
7. ^
http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Galaxies.html
8. ^ The Earl of Rosse. "Observations on the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1850):
499-514. http://books.google.com/books?id=BlFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA499
AND http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108449
9. ^ http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/Artikel/birr/birr_e.htm (04/1845)
10. ^ Isaac
Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp341-342. (1845) (1845)

MORE INFO
[1] "William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parsons%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse
[2] "William Parsons Rosse". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/William_Parsons_Rosse
[3] http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~trw/telescopes.html
[4] http://seds.org/MESSIER/more/m-rosse.html
[5]
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/universe/scientists/william_parsons_3rd_earl_
of_rosse#default
[6] Rosse, Earl of. "Observations on Some of the Nebulae." Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London 134 (1844):
321-324. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/108366
(Birr Castle) Parsonstown, Ireland7   
154 YBN
[09/23/1846 AD] 13 14 15 		3073) Planet Neptune is observed.6 7 8 9 10
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374.
2. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of
the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
3. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
4. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
5. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374.
7. ^ Galle, J. G., "Account of
the discovery of Le Verrier's planet Neptune, at Berlin, Sept. 23, 1846",
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 7,
p.153. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1846MNRAS.
..7..153G&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
8. ^ "Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices
of the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.
9. ^ Encke, M. "XXXII. On the newly discovered planet." The London, Edinburgh,
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 30.200 (1847):
181-185. http://books.google.com/books?id=iB9DAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA181
10. ^ Bericht �ber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der
K�nigl. preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Oct 22 1846,
p279 http://books.google.com/books?id=Hq0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA279
11. ^ "Urbain Jean Joseph Leverrier." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/urbain-jean-joseph-leverrier
12. ^ "Le Verrier, Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 7 May 2008
<http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>.
13. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), pp373-374. (09/23/1846)
14. ^ "Le Verrier,
Urbain-Jean-Joseph." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 7 May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9047487>. (09/23/1846)
15. ^
"Obituary Notices : Associates : Galle, Johann Gottfried". Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Society 71: 275. 1911.
Bibcode:1911MNRAS..71R.275. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1911MNRAS..71R.275.

MORE INFO
[1] "Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p538
[2] "celestial
mechanics." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-77432>
Berlin, Germany11 (and Paris, France12 )  
152 YBN
[08/10/1848 AD] 3 4 		2880) High voltage applied to gas-filled evacuated tubes.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
2. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
3. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic
Ignition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London V139,
1849,
p49-59. http://books.google.com/books?id=WVBFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA49 Grove_W_R_1849.p
df
4. ^ Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;87. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96 {Groves_W_R_1
852_polarity.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition",
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8
785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886)
[2] "antithetic". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/antithetic
[3] Harrison, W. J. (2004) "Gassiot, John Peter (1797-1877)", rev. Iwan Rhys
Morus, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,
accessed 5 August 2007 (subscription
required) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/10439
[4] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[5] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852): 87-101;
89-90. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[6]
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01745.x?cookie
Set=1
[7] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;95. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[8] Grove, William Robert. "On the electro-chemical polarity of gases."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 142 (1852):
87-101;97. http://books.google.com/books?id=CE9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA96
[9] "Sir William Robert Grove". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia
Britannica Online.
http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038234/Sir-William-Robert-Grove
[10] "William Robert Grove". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Grove
[11] "On the Effect of Surrounding Media on Voltaic Ignition",
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/rt1ug6668r7331x0/?p=8799fd4b7cc14bfd8
785b2ebc7cf84b9&pi=5 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
(1776-1886) Issue Volume 139 -
1849 Pages 49-59 DOI 10.1098/rstl.1849.0005 Grove_W_R_1849.pdf
London, England2 (presumably)  
150 YBN
[05/06/1850 AD] 3 		3281) Light shown to move more slowly in water than in air.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1
2. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bernard_Leon_Foucault
3. ^ Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp173-184. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 (05/06/1850)

MORE INFO
[1] "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>
[2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of
Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun.
2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[3] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." Biographies. Answers Corporation,
2006. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[4] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.,
2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[5] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault
[6] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259
[7] L'Institut Feb 7
1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by
Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
[8] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon
Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/513/
[9] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux
scientifiques de Léon Foucault
1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/527/
[10] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.htm>
[11] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/Science/SoFi/portrait.html
[12]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot
ype+features&as_brr=1
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
149 YBN
[02/03/1851 AD] 3 4 		3282) Earth rotation around its own axis proven experimentally with a
pendulum.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 14 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>.
2. ^ "Jean Bernard Leon Foucault".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Jean_Bernard_Leon_Foucault
3. ^ Léon Foucault, "Demonstration physique du mouvement de rotation de la
terre au moyen du pendule", Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. de Sciences de Paris.
tome XXXII, 3 Fevrier, 1851, p435. English translation: "Physical
Demonstration of the Rotation of the Earth by Means of the Pendulum"
http://www.fi.edu/time/journey/Pendulum/foucault_paper_page_one.html Léon
Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil des travaux
scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp378-384. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPP13,M1 {Foucault_Recue
il_des_travaux_scientifiques.pdf} (02/03/1851)
4. ^ "Foucault, Jean." Encyclopædia
Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 June 2008
<http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035012>. (1851)

MORE INFO
[1] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." History of Science and Technology.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[2] "Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 15 Jun. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/l-on-foucault
[3] "Jean Bernard Léon Foucault". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bernard_L%C3%A9on_Foucault
[4] "Foucault, Jean-Bertrand-Léon", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 1, Charles Scribner's Sons, (1981), p259
[5] L'Institut Feb 7
1849. Léon Foucault, Charles Marie Gariel, Jules Antoine Lissajous, "Recueil
des travaux scientifiques", Gauthier-Villars, 1878,
pp170-171. http://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA593&dq=Recueil+de
s+travaux+scientifiques+de+L%C3%A9on+Foucault&as_brr=1#PPA170,M1 Translated by
Professor Stokes in Phil Mag vol xix (1860) p194.
{stokes_foucault_kirchhoff.pdf}
[6] Collected Works Volume One - Recueil des travaux scientifiques de Léon
Foucault 1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/513/
[7] Collected Works Volume Two - Recueil des travaux
scientifiques de Léon Foucault
1878. http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/527/
[8] Fox, William. "Jean-Bertrand-Léon Foucault." The Catholic Encyclopedia.
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 14 Jun. 2008
<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06156c.htm>
[9] http://ams.astro.univie.ac.at/~nendwich/Science/SoFi/portrait.html
[10]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Q7oAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=foucault+sun+daguerreot
ype+features&as_brr=1
[11] "Foucault pendulum." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 15 June 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9035014>
[12] "Foucault pendulum". Wikipedia.
Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum
Paris, France2 (presumably)  
142 YBN
[07/01/1858 AD] 8 9 		3033) Theory of evolution. Humans understand their descent from a single
ancestor4 and the process of natural selection.5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
2. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Darwin, Charles, and
Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the
perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal
of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
4. ^ Currently I am presuming Darwin and or Wallace identified the idea of a
single common ancestor for all of life on Earth-Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Darwin, Charles, and
Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the
perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection." Journal
of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
6. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
7. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the
tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and
species by natural means of selection." Journal of the proceedings of the
Linnean Society of London. Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
8. ^ Darwin, Charles, and Alfred Wallace. "On the tendency of species to form
varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of
selection." Journal of the proceedings of the Linnean Society of London.
Zoology V3 N9 (1858):
45-62. http://books.google.com/books?id=lwRvy1WD5YkC&pg=PA45
9. ^ "Darwin, Charles." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. 30 Apr. 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109642>.
(07/01/1858)

MORE INFO
[1] The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online.
http://darwin-online.org.uk/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin
(Linnean Society), London, England6 7   
141 YBN
[10/20/1859 AD] 6 7 8 9 		3087) Humans understand that light spectra can be used to determine atomic
composition.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
2. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
3. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
4. ^ "Robert Bunsen." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 08 May. 2008.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
5. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf}
6. ^ Gustav Kirchhoff, "Uber die Fraunhofer'schen Linien," Monatsberichte der
Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1859, pp. 662-665
(presented Oct. 20, 1859).
http://books.google.com/books?id=AE0OAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:
0opDDCnWdNSgTdMkKm&lr=#PPA662,M1 Reprinted in Gustav Kirchhoff, Gesammelte
Abhandlungen (Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1882), pp. 564-566, as well as
in Kangro, {Kirchhoff's} Untersuchungen, pp. 1-6. English translation in
George Gabriel Stokes, "On the Simultaneous Emission and Absorption of Rays of
the same definite Refrangibility; being a translation of a portion of a paper
by M. Leon Foucault, and of a paper by Professor Kirchhoff," Philosophical
Magazine, 1860,
19:196-197. http://books.google.com/books?id=pRJDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA193 {stokes_fou
cault_kirchhoff.pdf} {10/20/1859}
7. ^ Daniel M. Siegel, "Balfour Stewart and Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff: Two Independent Approaches to 'Kirchhoff's Radiation Law"', Isis,
Vol. 67, No. 4 (Dec., 1976), pp.
565-600. http://www.jstor.org/stable/230562?seq=2
{Kirchhoff_Siegal_Isis_1976_230562.pdf} {10/20/1859}
8. ^
http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/bunsen.html (1859)
9. ^ "Bunsen, Robert
Wilhelm." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8
May 2008 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018091>. (1859)

MORE INFO
[1] "Robert Bunsen." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com
08 May. 2008. http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-bunsen
[2] "Robert Bunsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bunsen
[3] http://www.sciencetimeline.net/1651.htm
[4] "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp153-154
[5]
http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/periodic/bunsen-kirchhoff.html
[6] Norman Lockyer, The Chemistry of the Sun, Macmillan and co., (1887).
http://books.google.com/books?id=tr8KAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Fraunhofer+1
814&source=web&ots=-3MHM347gt&sig=NeAo2-HxUlNyC-wX6KRrM3pz_so&hl=en#PPA15,M1 {T
he_Chemistry_of_the_Sun.pdf}
[7] (English translation of 1860 paper) Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen,
"Chemical Analysis by Observation of Spectra", Annalen der Physik und der
Chemie (Poggendorff), Vol. 110 (1860),
pp161-189. http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Kirchhoff-Bunsen-18
60.html {Kirchhoff-Bunsen-1860.html}
[8] "Gustav Robert Kirchhoff", Obituary Notice. Proc. Roy, Soc. vol. 46, p.
vi. (1889).
http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/cg61418590l307t2/?p=b6c499a7daa34dfb9
4680da0469118ebπ=1 {Kirchhoff_obituary_PRS.pdf}
(University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany4 5   
139 YBN
[10/26/1861 AD] 9 10 		3997) Microphone, speaker, and telephone. Sound converted to electricity and
back to sound again.5 6 Quietly sending sound over longer distance is
possible.7
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
2. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
3. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
4. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
5. ^ Silvanus Phillips Thompson, "Philipp Reis: inventor of the telephone: A
biographical sketch, with ...",
1883. http://books.google.com/books?id=YkHu_MiyFSkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=phil
ip+reis+inventor+of+the+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
{Philipp_Reis__inventor_of_the_telephone.pdf}
6. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p147. http://books.google.com/books?id=Fdpuup7RSrUC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=
%22galvanic+music%22&source=bl&ots=XSKEE-YQX1&sig=LnqVekN9DrlsZbrt8uQvjga8znk&hl
=en&ei=ze-eSqviJYOgswPdgpSCDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#v=onepage&q
=%22galvanic%20music%22&f=false
7. ^ Ted Huntington.
8. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking
phonograph, and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
9. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {10/26/1861}
10. ^ George Bartlett Prescott, "The
speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false {1861}

MORE INFO
[1] Herbert Newton Casson, "The history of the telephone",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=4iU1AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+
History+of+the+Telephone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[2] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[3] W. F. Barrett, "The Telephone, Its History and Its Recent Improvements",
Nature, vol19, 11/07/1878,
p12-14. http://books.google.com/books?id=oC0CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=history+microp
hone&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[4] The Talking Machine
Industry http://www.archive.org/stream/talkingmachinein00mitcuoft/talkingmachin
ein00mitcuoft_djvu.txt
(built in workshop behind Reis's house and cabinet in Garnier's Institute,
Friedrichsdorf, demonstrated before Physical Society) Frankfort, Germany8
  
125 YBN
[08/28/1875 AD] 5 		5575) Direct neuron reading. Electricity in nerve cells measured.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
2. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
3. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
4. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf}
5. ^ Richard Caton, "The Electric Currents of the Brain", British Medical
Journal, 1875, V2,
p278. http://www.bmj.com/content/2/765/257.full.pdf+html {Caton_Richard_187508
28.pdf} {08/28/1875}
Liverpool, England4   
123 YBN
[12/24/1877 AD] 4 5 		4002) Sound recording played out loud.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Herbert Treadwell Wade, "Phonograph", The New international
encyclopaedia, Volume
18. http://books.google.com/books?id=VDJXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA542&dq=scott+1855+phonau
tograph&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=scott%201855%20phonautograph&f=false
2. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
3. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ
4. ^ Edison "improvements to phonograph..." patent
#200521 http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=SWg_AAAAEBAJ {12/24/1877}
5. ^ Francis
Arthur Jones, "Thomas Alva Edison: sixty years of an inventor's life", 1907,
p138. http://books.google.com/books?id=29HAPQBd-JsC&pg=PA5&dq=thomas+alva+ediso
n&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false {12/24/1877}

MORE INFO
[1] "Thomas Edison." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 01 Sep. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/thomas-edison
[2] "Thomas Alva Edison". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[3] "Thomas Alva Edison". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison
[4] "Edison, Thomas Alva", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p274
[5] Video of Thomas Edison on
youtube.com: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7RQ5sKHR5E
[6] Video: A day with Thomas A. Edison / General Electric Co. ; producer, Bray
Studios. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/papr:@filreq(@field(NUMBER
+@band(edmp+4057s6))+@field(COLLID+edison))
[7] http://www.atheists.org/Thomas_Alva_Edison:_1911_Columbian_Interview
[8] http://www.atheistempire.com/greatminds/quotes.php?author=11
[9] Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison",
1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[10] Edith C. Kenyon, "Thomas Alva Edison: the telegraph-boy who became a great
inventor",
1896. http://books.google.com/books?id=24UVAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[11] http://users.belgacom.net/gc391665/microphone_history.htm
[12] Frank Lewis Dyer, Thomas Commerford Martin, "Edison: his life and
inventions",
1910. http://books.google.com/books?id=qN83AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[13] George Bartlett Prescott, "The speaking telephone, talking phonograph, and
other novelties",
1878,p9. http://books.google.com/books?id=ANw3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=t
he+speaking+telephone#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[14] Théodore Achille L. Du Moncel, "The telephone, the microphone, and the
phonograph",
1879. http://books.google.com/books?id=Do4DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR7&dq=history+microphon
e#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
and http://books.google.com/books?id=seQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7&dq=history+microphone&
as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=history%20microphone&f=false
[15] Theodore Du Moncel (comte), "Exposé des applications de l'électricité",
http://books.google.com/books?q=editions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=&id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&sa
=N&start=0 Volume 5
(1862): http://books.google.com/books?id=jdYnAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ed
itions:0WEbvzifraAvqv&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[16] Chemical news and journal of industrial science, Volume 38, 1878,
p241. http://books.google.com/books?id=ugYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA4-PA241&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[17] Silvanus P. Thompson, "On the Electric Resistance of Carbon under
Pressure.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, Vol 13, Num 81, April 1882,
p262-265. http://books.google.com/books?id=B1IwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA265&dq=%22carbon+r
elay%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[18] "Under Pressure", The Electrician, Volume 82, 03/11/1882,
p264. http://books.google.com/books?id=IOYTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA264&dq=%22carbon+relay
%22&lr=#v=onepage&q=%22carbon%20relay%22&f=false
[19] "plumbago>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"plumbago." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plumbago>
[20] Edison, 12/13/1887
patent http://www.google.com/patents?id=Gr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[21] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth
Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 02 Sep. 2009.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[22] "rheostat>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"rheostat." Online Etymology Dictionary. Douglas Harper, Historian. 02 Sep.
2009. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rheostat>
[23] http://atheism.about.com/library/quotes/bl_q_TAEdison.htm
[24] Edison patent 203,014, April 30, 1878, filed
07/20/1877 http://www.google.com/patents?id=Fr9BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom
=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[25] "Edison, Thomas Alva." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 1 Sept. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9106218>
[26] Edison's Patent on the pressure relay,
203015. http://www.google.com/patents?id=F79BAAAAEBAJ&printsec=drawing&zoom=4#v
=onepage&q=&f=false
[27] The Iron age, Volume 94, Issues
14-27 http://books.google.com/books?id=Na0vAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT22&dq=edison+phonograp
h+uses+recording+phone+calls&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[28] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edtime.html
(private lab) Menlo Park, New Jersey, USA3   
122 YBN
[1878 AD] 4 5 		3790) Synthetic fabric.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487.
2. ^ "Chardonnet,
Louis-Marie-Hilaire Bernigaud, Comte De", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p183-184.
3. ^ "Hilaire Bernigaud,
count de Chardonnet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d
e-Chardonnet>.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p487. {1878}
5. ^ "Hilaire Bernigaud,
count de Chardonnet". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 23 Dec.
2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106367/Hilaire-Bernigaud-count-d
e-Chardonnet>.

MORE INFO
[1] "rayon." How Products are Made. The Gale Group, Inc, 2002.
Answers.com 01 Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/rayon
[2] "Hilaire de Chardonnet". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_de_Chardonnet
[3] http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfabric.htm
[4]
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Chardonnet-Hilaire.html
Paris, France (presumably)3   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 5 		5839) Artificial muscle.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
4. ^ W. C.
Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen
von dielectrischen Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages
771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity"
5. ^ W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch
Electricität bewirkten Form- und Volumenänderungen von dielectrischen
Körpern", Annalen der Physik, Volume 247, Issue 13, pages 771–786,
1880. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.18802471304/abstract {Ro
ntgen_Wilhelm_Conrad_188009xx.pdf} English: "About the changes in shape and
volume of dielectrics caused by electricity" {09/1880}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] W. C. Röntgen, "Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen
Felde befindlichen Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann.
Phys. Chem. 35, 264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[7] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[8] "Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 20 Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>
[9] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad",
Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons,
(2000), p751-752
(University of Giessen) Giessen, Germany4   
120 YBN
[1880 AD] 		6577) Slavery is ended.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "slavery". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24160/Ways-of-end
ing-slavery>.
  
119 YBN
[01/05/1881 AD] 3 4 		3608) Electronic camera and image. Image captured and sent electronically.1
FOO
TNOTES
1. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf}
2. ^
http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID={362EAEAA-D808-2BE4-8
8E7-CAB0D5B92C95}&s=S1&SearchString=bidwell&source=Search&viewby=images&
3. ^ Shelford Bidwell, "Tele-Photography", Nature, Volume 23, Number 589, 10
February 1881,
pp333-356. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v23/n589/index.html {Bidwell_S
helford_1881_023344a0.pdf} {01/05/1881}
4. ^
http://www.hffax.de/html/hauptteil_faxhistory.htm {1881}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://books.google.com/books?id=wNURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA546&dq=Shelford+Bidwell+photo
telegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpGgswOOuuTeDg#PPA546,M1
[2] Marcus J. Martin, "The Electrical Transmission of Photographs", Sir I.
Pitman & sons, ltd.,
1921. http://books.google.com/books?id=Aw9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Shelford+Bidwell
+phototelegraphy&as_brr=1&ei=aHrZSMyOLpGgswOOuuTeDg#PPA12,M1
[3] "Electricity". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Electricity
[4] "Telegraph". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegraph
[5] "Shelford Bidwell". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelford_Bidwell
[6] Shelford Bidwell, "Telegraphic Photography and Electric Vision", Nature,
Volume 78 Number 2014 pp97-120, (04 June 1908),
p105. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v78/n2014/index.html http://www.nat
ure.com/nature/journal/v78/n2014/pdf/078105a0.pdf
London, England2 (presumably)  
118 YBN
[03/24/1882 AD] 11 12 		3620) Invisible particle communication. Radio communication.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
2. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
3. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
4. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
5. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
6. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
7. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1
8. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
9. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Electric Communication Without Wires",
Scientific American Supplement, Number 571, 12/11/1886,
p9119. http://books.google.com/books?id=_jEiAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA9119
10. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication", Patent number: 350299,
Issue date: Oct 5, 1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
11. ^ A. E. Dolbear, "Mode of Electric Communication",
Patent number: 350299, Issue date: Oct 5,
1886. http://www.google.com/patents?id=Pc9cAAAAEBAJ
12. ^ John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead & Co.,
1902,
p.94-100. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+W
ireless+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmK
fhhsRE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result#PPA98,M1 {1882}

MORE INFO
[1] Dolbear, A.E. �On the Development of a New Telephonic System.�
Telegraph Engineers and of Electricians, Journal of the Society of 11.41
(1882): 130�144. books.google.com/books?id=nBE4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA130
(employed at Tuft's College) Sommerville, Massachusetts, USA10   
113 YBN
[1887 AD] 4 		4369) Electricity of heart beat measured and recorded.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}
2. ^ Burch, G.E., and N.P. DePasquale. The History of Electrocardiography.
Norman Pub., 1964. Norman Cardiology Series, No
1. http://books.google.com/books?id=_w9v_ZkzTZoC&pg=PA28
3. ^
http://www.hrsonline.org/news/ep-history/notable-figures/augustuswaller.cfm
4. ^ Augustus D. Waller, "A Demonstration on Man of Electromotive Changes
accompanying the Heart's Beat", J Physiol. 1887 October; 8(5):
229–234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1485094/?page=1 {Waller
_Augustus_electrocardiograph_1887.pdf}

MORE INFO
[1] "A. D. Waller Obituary", Nature, Vol 109, N2735, April 1, 1922, p
418. http://books.google.com/books?id=xvARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418&lpg=PA418&dq=obitua
ry+einthoven+intitle:nature&source=bl&ots=ku9EmPPB1V&sig=WZRcbRFA9qoQo4ip0qYobAQ
rYLk&hl=en&ei=1Wz9S6riB4XENr_F3d4H&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0C
CMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=obituary%20einthoven%20intitle%3Anature&f=false
[2] "Augustus Desiré Waller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Desir%C3%A9_Waller
[3]
http://caribbean.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0043-314420050003
00012&lng=en&nrm=
(St. Mary's Hospital) London, England3   
111 YBN
[06/21/1889 AD] 14 15 16 17 		4021) Motion picture camera and projector.9 10 11 12
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine,
Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
2. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
3. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
4. ^ Josef Eder, "History
of Photography", 1945, p515.
5. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors",
Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
6. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
7. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
8. ^ Josef Eder, "History
of Photography", 1945, p515.
9. ^ Cecil Bembridge, "Moving Pictures in Colors",
Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false
10. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false
11. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an
Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948, p53-57. {ULSF: copyright on work was
now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the
pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a "rat"?}
12. ^ Josef Eder,
"History of Photography", 1945, p515.
13. ^ Ray Allister, pseudonym for Muriel Forth,
"Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland Publications, 1948. {ULSF:
copyright on work was now renewed and so the book is now in the public domain
in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there was fear of being labeled a
"rat"?}
14. ^ "William Friese-Greene". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Friese-Greene {06/21/1889}
15. ^ Ray Allister,
pseudonym for Muriel Forth, "Friese-Greene: Close-up of an Inventor", Marsland
Publications, 1948. {ULSF: copyright on work was now renewed and so the book
is now in the public domain in the USA. Notice the pseudonym - perhaps there
was fear of being labeled a "rat"?} {06/21/1889}
16. ^ Francis Rolt-Wheeler, "Thomas Alva
Edison", 1915,
p159. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKIDAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=thom
as+alva+edison&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=tasimeter&f=false {1882}
17. ^ Cecil Bembridge,
"Moving Pictures in Colors", Technical World Magazine, Vol 11, 1909,
p290. http://books.google.com/books?id=CQfOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA291&dq=Friese-Greene&a
s_brr=1#v=onepage&q=Friese-Greene&f=false {1889}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/508948/index.html (note:
seems somewhat biased against Frieses-Greene[t])
[2] Earl Theisen, "The Depicting of Motion Prior
to the Advent of the Screen", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture
Engineers, Volumes 20-21, 1943,
p249. http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofsociety20socirich/journalofsociety
20socirich_djvu.txt http://books.google.com/books?id=Ct-BAAAAIAAJ&q=THE+DEPICTI
NG+OF+MOTION+PRIOR+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&dq=THE+DEPICTING+OF+MOTION+PRIO
R+TO+THE+ADVENT+OF+++THE+SCREEN&as_brr=0
[3] http://www.precinemahistory.net/1885.htm
(Piccadilly) London, England13   
111 YBN
[11/28/1889 AD] 4 5 6 		3818) Planet of a different star detected.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende berichtete über die Resultate
spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte
der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1045 English
translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of spectrographic
observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr. Scheiner"
(Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences)
2. ^ Anton Pannekoek, "A History of
Astronomy", Courier Dover Publications, 1989,
p434-435. http://books.google.com/books?id=O7D9AyU-nLYC&pg=PA435&lpg=PA435&dq=a
lgol+vogel&source=web&ots=8ZX6T6iHqP&sig=FBWWwbfCBLrO80GS1idBcEWVxIU#PPA434,M1
3. ^ "Vogel, Hermann Karl." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 6 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9075639>.
4. ^ Vogel, H.C., Scheiner, "Der Vorsitzende
berichtete über die Resultate spectrographischer Beobachtungen des Sterns
Algol durch die", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften, 1789,
p1045-1046. http://books.google.com/books?id=_k8VAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1081&dq=intitle:
Sitzungsberichte+intitle:preussischen+date:1889-1889&lr=&ei=heBjSYaAN4H4lQTejf2E
Cw#PPA1045,M1 English translation: "The Chairman reported on the results of
spectrographic observations of the star Algol by prof. H. C. Vogel and Dr.
Scheiner" (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences) {11/28/1889}
5. ^ Hector
Macpherson, "A century's progress in astronomy", Blackwood and sons, 1906,
p183. http://books.google.com/books?id=4ftCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cent
ury%27s+progress&ei=as5jScbVK4WcMuarpf8I#PPA175,M1 {1889}
6. ^ Alexander Hellemans,
Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition, Simon and Schuster,
1991, p370. {1889}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Karl Vogel." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 06 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-karl-vogel
[2] "Hermann Carl Vogel". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Carl_Vogel
[3] "Vogel, Hermann Carl", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition
2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p910
[4] "Untersuchungen uber die Spectra der
Planeten", Gekronte Preisschrift von der K. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. in Kopenhagen,
Leipzig, 1874. Later 1876 paper?: Vogel, H.C. "Untersuchungen uber die
Spectra der Planeten", Pogg. Ann., 158, 1876,
p461-472. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112504372/PDFSTAR
T English translation: H. C. Vogel, "Recent Research on the Spectra of
Planets", The Astrophysical Journal,
1895. http://books.google.com/books?id=CWUsAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA196&dq=Recent+Rese
arches+on+the+Spectra+of+the+Planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=P7ZjSd7uM5byMu_91f8I
[5] Review in 1895
"Science": http://books.google.com/books?id=73oCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA474&dq=Spectra+of
+the+planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG
[6] "Vogel on the Spectra of the Planets", Harper's Magazine,
1872. http://books.google.com/books?id=OnkCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA783&dq=Spectra+of+the+
planets+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=47VjSfq7K4zKM7HN-KwG#PPA783,M1
[7] Edwin Frost, "Hermann Carl Vogel" (obituary), The Astrophysical Journal,
v.27, Jan. 1908,
p1. http://books.google.com/books?id=6JcsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=The+Astrophysical+J
ournal+vogel&as_brr=1&ei=-rpjSdW8I4rONcKPzZQI
[8] http://phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/vogel/
[9] "Antonia Maury." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 07 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/antonia-maury
(Astrophysical Observatory at Potsdam) Potsdam, Germany3   
105 YBN
[01/31/1895 AD] 3 		3842) Argon and inert gases identified.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the
Atmosphere.", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf}
2. ^ "Strutt, John William, Third Baron Rayleigh", Concise Dictionary of
Scientific Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p844.
3. ^ Lord
Rayleigh, William Ramsay, "Argon, a New Constituent of the Atmosphere.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1895,
p.265-287. http://journals.royalsociety.org/content/1012472m98g64233/?p=3f7bb64
e1e0840a6b69bee16651602a9π=32 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=cqYOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:r
oyal+date:1895-1895&as_brr=1&ei=PZN3SdS8JYWekwTLxeyMAw#PPA265,M1 {Strutt_John_R
ayleigh_Lord_Ramsay_William_1894.pdf} {01/31/1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Baron Rayleigh." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[2] "Baron Rayleigh." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Columbia University Press., 2003. Answers.com 14 Jan. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[3] "John Rayleigh". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rayleigh
[4] "Rayleigh scattering." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 13 Jan. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9062822>
[5] "John William Strutt, 3rd baron Rayleigh".
Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_baron_Rayleigh
[6] John Tyndall, "On Chemical Rays, and the Light of the Sky.", Philosophical
Magazine, 1869,
p429-450. http://books.google.com/books?id=PiHR6flNP-sC&pg=PA429
[7] J. W. Strutt, "On the Reflection of Light from Transparent Matter.", Phil.
Mag., S. 4, Vol. 42, Num 278, Aug 1871, p.81-97
[8] J. W. Strutt, "On the Light from
the Sky, its Polarization and Colour.", Phil. Mag., S. 4, Vol. 41, Feb 1871,
p.107-120,274-279
[9] "Rayleigh scattering". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering
[10] By John William Strutt, Baron Rayleigh, "Scientific papers (1869-1919)",
University Press, 1899. vol
1: http://books.google.com/books?id=KWMSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
2: http://books.google.com/books?id=Y2MSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
3: http://books.google.com/books?id=gWMSAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=edition
s:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8T8X_O vol
4: http://books.google.com/books?id=S-sPAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=strutt+
+scientific+papers&ei=r3F2Sa_lIYrUkwSUjJDKBg vol 5 &
6: http://books.google.com/books?id=ThtWAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions:0YOgfc3cBhm9OyqKb8
T8X_O&lr=&pgis=1
[11] R. J. Strutt, "On the Tendency of the Atomic Weights to approximate to
Whole Numbers.", Philosophical Magazine, S. 6, V. 1, March 1901,
p311-314. http://books.google.com/books?id=CJAOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&dq=strutt+atom
ic+weight&ei=Wl53ScT8JIGklQS0xMHmBA#PPA311,M1
[12] "Baron Rayleigh." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006. Answers.com 14
Jan. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/baron-rayleigh
[13] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Relative Densities of Hydrogen and
Oxygen", Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1888,
p356-363. http://books.google.com/books?id=gKQOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:royal++date:1888-1888&as_brr=1&ei=PmR3Sd7HKYnikATOldjRBg#PPA356,M1
[14] (original footnote:) "The Relative Values of the Atomic Weights of
Hydrogen and Oxygen," by J. P. Cooke and T. W. Richards, 'Amer. Acad. Proc.,'
vol 23, 1887
[15] (original footnote:) Address to Section A, British Association
'Report,' 1882
[16] (original footnote:) "On the Composition of Water by Volume," by
A. Scott, 'Roy. Soc. Proc.,' June 16, 1887 (vol. 42, p. 396)
[17] Lord Rayleigh, "On
an Anomaly encountered in Determination of the Density of Nitrogen Gas.",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 1894,
p340-344. http://books.google.com/books?id=t6gOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:proceedings+date:1894-1894&as_brr=1&ei=n4B3SYiGFonikATOldjRBg#PPA340,M1
[18] Lord Rayleigh, "On the Densities of the Principle Gases.", Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London, 1893,
p134-151. http://books.google.com/books?id=qwYWAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:proceedings+intitle:london+date:1893-1893&as_brr=1&ei=KYN3Se-sN5bskgTq7b
XHBg#PPA134,M1
(Own Laboratory) Terling, England2   
105 YBN
[11/05/1895 AD] 8 9 		3936) X-rays.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den
Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
3. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
5. ^ Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
"Über eine neue Art von Strahlen", Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger
Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft 1895.
also http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%9Cber_eine_neue_Art_von_Strahlen Annale
n der Physik, vol. 300, Issue 1,
pp.1-11 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/112488309/abstract English
translation: "On a New Kind of Rays", Nature, Volume 53, Number 1369, Jan. 23,
1896, p274. http://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&pg=PA274
OR http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v53/n1369/pdf/053274b0.pdf
OR Science,
02/14/1896 http://books.google.com/books?id=4Z8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR13&dq=%22A+NEW+FO
RM+OF+RADIATION%22&ei=cMXESaPkLIzOkATcx42ADg#PPA227,M1
OR http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504.
7. ^ "Röntgen, Wilhelm
Conrad." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20
Mar. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9083885>.
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science
and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p502-504. {11/05/1895}
9. ^
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/rontgen-bio.html
{11/05/1895}

MORE INFO
[1] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[2] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[3] "Roentgen, Wilhelm Konrad." The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press., 2003.
Answers.com 20 Mar. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/wilhelm-conrad-r-ntgen
[4] "Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Konrad_R%C3%B6ntgen
[5] "Rontgen rays". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1911.
http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Rontgen_rays
[6] "Röntgen (Roentgen), Wilhelm Conrad", Concise Dictionary of Scientific
Biography, edition 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), p751-752
[7] W. C. Röntgen,
"Ueber die durch Bewegung eines im homogenen electrischen Felde befindlichen
Dielectricums hervorgerufene electrodynamische Kraft", Ann. Phys. Chem. 35,
264-270
(1888). http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112488000/PDFSTART
[8] W. C. Röntgen, "Beschreibung des Apparates, mit welchem die Versuche über
die electrodynamische Wirkung bewegter Dielectrica ausgeführt wurden", Annalen
der Physik und Chemie, Volume 276, Issue 5, Date: 1890, Pages:
93-108. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/112506815/PDFSTART
[9] Edmund Taylor Whittaker, "History of the theories of aether and
electricity: from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century",
Longmans, Green, 1910,
p426. http://books.google.com/books?id=vTHJah8btZIC&pg=PA426&dq=R%C3%B6ntgen+18
88+maxwell+dielectric&lr=&as_brr=1&ei=1tPDSenwHKS6kgSD7-3-DQ#PPA426,M1
[10] http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200708/history.cfm
[11] R. W. Wood, "The n-Rays.", Nature, n1822, v70, 09/29/1904,
p530-531. http://books.google.com/books?id=Qn0CAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=
intitle:nature+date:1904-1904&ei=wADJSd7UN4TIlQScj-3_DQ#PPA530,M1
[12] Rene Blondlot, tr:Julien Francois William Garcin, "'N' rays", Longmans,
Green, and co.,
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jpg3AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=N+ra
ys+a+collection+of+papers&ei=DsTISdm3N4TckASbmYHLAw
[13] www.rexresearch.com/blondlot/nrays.htm
(University of Würzburg) Würzburg, Germany7   
103 YBN
[1897 AD] 5 6 7 		4088) Electric display.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524.
2. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand."
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
3. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
4. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p.
552-559. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun
_Ferdinand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A
Method of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464&lpg=PA464&dq=A+Met
hod+of+Demonstrating+and+Studying+the+Time-relations+of+Variable+Currents.+Ferdi
nand+Braun.&source=bl&ots=CY1GqwE3Ku&sig=7-zDHHHs-PeoCHn_veDdZXebryM&hl=en&ei=O0
bOSoKvC5L0sgPulqm2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=A%20Meth
od%20of%20Demonstrating%20and%20Studying%20the%20Time-relations%20of%20Variable%
20Currents.%20Ferdinand%20Braun.&f=false
5. ^ Ferdinand Braun, "Ueber ein Verfahren zur Demonstration und zum Studium
des zeitlichen Verlaufes variabler Ströme", Annalen der Physik und Chemie,
vol. lx., 1897, p. 552-559. books.google.com/books?id=QUXkAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA552
AND http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15301j.image.f558.langFR {Braun_Ferd
inand_oscilloscope_1897.pdf} English translation: Ferdinand Braun, "A Method
of Demonstrating and Studying the Time-relations of Variable Currents.",
Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Volume 129, 1897,
p464. http://books.google.com/books?id=rXgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA464
6. ^ "Braun, Ferdinand." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016270>.
{1897}
7. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p523-524. {1897}

MORE INFO
[1] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
[2] "Karl Ferdinand Braun". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun
[3] "Braun, Ferdinand", Concise Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edition 2,
Charles Scribner's Sons, (2000), pp135
[4]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/braun-bio.html
[5] catalog of
papers http://books.google.com/books?id=E-ItAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334&dq=Karl+Ferdinand
+Braun+1874&as_brr=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[6] http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761583126/braun_karl_ferdinand.html
[7] "Karl Ferdinand Braun." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 02 Oct. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/karl-ferdinand-braun
(Physikal Institute) Strassburg, France4   
102 YBN
[1898 AD] 6 		4698) Magnetic writing and reading of data.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
2. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
3. ^ Poulsen patent 661,619 Method of Recording and Reproducing Sounds or
Signals http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=e79kAAAAEBAJ&dq=661,619
4. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
5. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>.
6. ^ "Poulsen, Valdemar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 30 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9061097>. {1898}

MORE INFO
[1] "Valdemar Poulsen." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2010. Answers.com 30 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/valdemar-poulsen-danish-engineer
[2] "Valdemar Poulsen." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh
Lauer. Vol. 6: 1900 to 1949. Detroit: Gale, 2000. 612. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 30 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX3408503938&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[3] "Valdemar Poulsen". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen
[4] Compilation of Oberlin Smith biographical and technical information of his
inventions
(Copenhagen Telephone Company) Copenhagen, Denmark5   
99 YBN
[10/10/1901 AD] 3 4 		4148) Protein synthesized.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
2. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>.
3. ^ "Fischer, Emil Hermann." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 1-5. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Gale. University of California - Irvine. 4 Nov. 2009
<http://go.galegroup.com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=univca20>. {1901}
4. ^ "Emil Fischer -
Biography". Nobelprize.org. 11 May 2013
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1902/fischer-bio.html


MORE INFO
[1] "Hermann Emil Fischer." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emil-fischer
[2] "Emil Hermann Fischer". Wikipedia. Wikipedia,
2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Hermann_Fischer
[3] Untersuchungen über Aminosäuren, Polypeptide und Proteine,
1899–1906 (Berlin,
1906); http://books.google.com/books?id=YwXiXA-UN0UC&dq=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCbe
r+Aminos%C3%A4uren,+Polypeptide+und+Proteine&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=o
_b7eX-MYN&sig=NBTkQPTKqSIIuIrisZiCgoRR_Yk&hl=en&ei=iCDySqWpCIn4tAOJrMneAQ&sa=X&o
i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[4] Untersuchungen in der Puringruppe, 1882–1906 (Berlin, 1907);
http://books.google.com/books?id=L5JPyTLCkA8C&pg=PA611&dq=Untersuchungen+in+de
r+Puringruppe#v=onepage&q=&f=false
[5] "Fischer, Emil." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. 4 Nov. 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9034371>
[6] "Hermann Emil Fischer." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 05 Nov. 2009.
http://www.answers.com/topic/hermann-emil-fischer
[7] Fischer, E. "Die Hydrolyse der Proteinstoffe." Zeitschrift für
Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A 5.24 (1902):
1207-1208. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02506767?LI=true
[8] Fischer, Emil, and Ernest Fourneau. "Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls."
Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 34.2 (1901):
2868-2877. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cber.190103402249/abstrac
t
(University of Berlin) Berlin, Germany2   
97 YBN
[03/23/1903 AD] 5 6 		4493) Airplane. The first powered, sustained, and controlled airplane flight.3

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
2. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
3. ^ "Wright, Wilbur and Orville." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-8026>.
4. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ "Wright, Wilbur." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 14.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 520-521. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 6 July 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830904733&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w {12/17/1903}
6. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p613-614,634-635.
{12/17/1903}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Wright Brothers." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010. http://www.answers.com/
[2] "Wright brothers". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
[3] Patent 821393 FLYING-MACHINE ORVILLE
WRIGHT http://www.google.com/patents?id=h5NWAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] "airfoil." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 06 Jul. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/airfoil
[5] Wright, Wilbur and Orville. Video. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6
July 2010 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-127561>
[6] aviation: flight of the first military airplane, 1909. Video.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 6 July 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/art-15290>
Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, USA4   
96 YBN
[1904 AD] 3 		5099) Radar.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>.
2. ^ US patent 810,150 dated Jan. 16,
1906. http://www.google.com/patents?id=2Ao_AAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ "radar." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/488278/radar>. {1904}

MORE INFO
[1] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p732-733
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p735
[3] "Watson-Watt, Robert Alexander." Complete Dictionary of
Scientific Biography. Vol. 18. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 977-978.
Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Jan. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905388&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[4] "Robert Watson-Watt." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 03 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/robert-watson-watt
[5] Frank Adcock, Improvement in Means for Determining the Direction of a
Distant Source of Electro-magnetic Radiation, UK Patent 130490, August 7, 1919
[6]
Robert A. Watson-Watt and J.F. Herd: “An Instantaneous Direct Reading
Goniometer,” J. IEE (London), vol. 64, p. 11, 1926, also Wireless World vol.
18 p. 366, 1926
[7] http://www.watsonwatt.org/theman.htm
[8] "Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 03 Jan. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/637658/Sir-Robert-Alexander-Watson-Wat
t>
Düsselsorf, Germany2 (presumably)  
94 YBN
[12/21/1906 AD] 8 9 10 		4788) Electric switch and amplifier.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
2. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
4. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
5. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p411.
6. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy",
Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan 29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
7. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
8. ^ Lee De Forest, "Space Telegraphy", Patent number: 879532, Filing date: Jan
29, 1907, Issue date: Feb 18,
1908 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6i1vAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {12/21/1906}
9. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p646-647. {1906}
10. ^ "Lee De Forest." A Dictionary of Scientists.
Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 09 Sep. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/lee-de-forest {1907 (patented}

MORE INFO
[1] "De Forest, Lee." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
4. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 6-7. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 9 Sept. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830901119&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[2] "Lee De Forest". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_De_Forest
[3] diathermy. (n.d.) Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers.
(2007). Retrieved September 9 2010 from
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/diathermy
(De Forest Radio Telephone Company) New York City, New York, USA7   
93 YBN
[05/??/1907 AD] 5 		4269) Mass spectrometer, atoms separated by mass.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
2. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
3. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
4. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil.
Mag., S6, V13, N77, May 1907,
p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561
5. ^ Thomson, J. J., "On Rays of Positive Electricity", Phil. Mag., S6, V13,
N77, May 1907, p561. books.google.com/books?id=vVjKOdktZhsC&pg=PA561 {05/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Joseph John Thomson". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Joseph_John_Thomson
[2] http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html
[3] "Sir Joseph John Thomson." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 03 Mar. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-joseph-john-thomson-1
[4] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[5] J. J. Thomson, "On the Rate of Propagation of the Luminous Discharge of
Electricity through a Rarefied Gas", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. January 1, 1890
49:84-100;
doi:10.1098/rspl.1890.0071 http://books.google.com/books?id=jAUWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8
4&dq=%22the+velocity+of+propagation%22+of+electric+discharge+through+gases+thoms
on&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22the%20velocity%20of%20propagation%22%20of%20elec
tric%20discharge%20through%20gases%20thomson&f=false
[6] J. J. Thomson, "On the velocity of the cathode-rays.", Phil. Mag. 38, 1894,
p358. http://books.google.com/books?id=TVQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA358&dq=On+the+velocity
+of+the+cathode-rays&as_brr=1&cd=3#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20velocity%20of%20the%20
cathode-rays&f=false
[7] J. J. Thomson and E. Rutherford, "On the passage of electricity gases
exposed to Rontgen-rays.", Phil. Mag., S.5, V. 42, N. 258, Nov 1896,
p392. http://books.google.com/books?id=cbRw3OxLhUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=edit
ions:UOM39015024088687&lr=#v=onepage&q=thomson&f=false
[8] J.J. Thomson, "Experiments to show that negative electricity is given off
by a metal exposed to R6ntgen-rays." Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 12, 1903, p312
[9] J.J.
Thomson, (With J. A. MCCLELLAND.) On the leakage of electricity
through dielectrics traversed by Rontgen-rays. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 9,
1896, 126
[10] J. J. Thomson, "On the discharge of electricity produced by the
Rontgen-rays." Proc. Roy. Soc. 59, 1896, 274
[11] Sir Joseph John Thomson,
Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry,
1888. http://books.google.com/books?id=zWYSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32&dq=%22electricity+b
ehaves+in+some+respects%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%20some
%20respects%22&f=false http://books.google.com/books?id=cOLUiUml_qgC&pg=PA32&lp
g=PA32&dq=%22electricity+behaves+in+some+respects%22&source=bl&ots=HRChO2-Ci-&si
g=yjqoyERWPc1b8Byyk6rU7JtujMQ&hl=en&ei=mYyaS6vTA4TCsgOW6PCtAQ&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22electricity%20behaves%20in%2
0some%20respects%22&f=false
[12] Henry Crew, "The Rise of Modern Physics", Williams and Wilkens, 1935,
edition 2, p319-320
[13] "Thomson, Joseph John." Complete Dictionary of Scientific
Biography. Vol. 13. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 362-372. Gale
Virtual Reference Library. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
[14] Thomson, J. J., "The Existence of
Bodies Smaller Than Atoms", Notices of the proceedings at the meetings of the
members of the ..., Volume 16,
04/19/1901. http://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA574&dq=The+e
xistence+of+bodies+smaller+than+atoms+thomson&lr=&cd=2#v=onepage&q=The%20existen
ce%20of%20bodies%20smaller%20than%20atoms%20thomson&f=false
[15] Thomson J J 1897a 'Cathode Rays' Royal Institution Friday Evening
Discourse, 30 April 1897, published in The Electrician 21 May 1897, p104–9
[16] Isobel
Falconer, "J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron", 1997 Phys. Educ. 32
226 (http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/32/4/015)
[17] "Thomson, Sir J.J.." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9072205>
[18] Thomson, J. J., "On the ions produced by incandescent platinum.", Proc.
Camb. Phil. Soc. II, 1901, 509
[19] Thomson, J. J., "On the Masses of the Ions in
Gases at Low Pressures", Phil Mag, S5, V48, N295, Dec 1899,
p547. http://books.google.com/books?id=il4wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA557&dq=On+the+ions+pro
duced+by+incandescent+platinum&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ions%20produced%20by%
20incandescent%20platinum&f=false
[20] Do the gamma-rays carry a charge of negative electricity? Proc. Camb.
Phil. Soc. 13, 1905,
p121. http://books.google.com/books?id=7x7WAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA396&dq=Thomson+do+the+
gamma+rays+intitle:philosophical+carry+charge&hl=en&ei=6bqiS9H4BoS8sgO9g6X6Aw&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Thomson%20do%20
the%20gamma%20rays%20intitle%3Aphilosophical%20carry%20charge&f=false
[21] Thomson, Joseph John, "On the number of corpuscles in an atom.", Phil.
Mag. II, 769,
1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=GNjPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA769&dq=thomson+On+the+
number+of+corpuscles+in+an+atom&as_brr=1&cd=1#v=onepage&q=thomson%20On%20the%20n
umber%20of%20corpuscles%20in%20an%20atom&f=false
[22] J. J. Thomson, "Bakerian Lecture: Rays of Positive Electricity",
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a
Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 89, No. 607 (Aug. 1, 1913), pp.
1-20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/93452?&Search=yes&term=%22Rays+of+Positive+El
ectricity%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522Rays%2
Bof%2BPositive%2BElectricity%2522%26x%3D0%26y%3D0%26wc%3Don&item=1&ttl=46&return
ArticleService=showArticle
[23] Thomson, J. J., "The unit theory of light.", Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 16,
1912, 643
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England4   
93 YBN
[11/13/1907 AD] 4 		354) Helicopter.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
2. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
3. ^ "helicopter." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/259992/helicopter>.
4. ^ http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/Cornu/DI18.htm
{11/13/1907}

MORE INFO
[1] "Paul Cornu." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Aug. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138077/Paul-Cornu>
  
92 YBN
[06/06/1908 AD] 5 		3616) Image sent and received by radio.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY
THE ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
2. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
3. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
4. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf}
5. ^ KNUDSEN'S PROCESS OF TRANSMITTING PICTURES BY WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. BY THE
ENGLISH CORREESPONDENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.. Scientific American
(1845-1908). New York: Jun 6, 1908. Vol. Vol. XCVIII., Iss. No. 23.; p. 412 (1
page)
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?index=0&did=176336491&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=10&
VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=HNP&TS=1222470748&clientId=48051 {Knudsen_Ha
ns_1908.pdf} {06/06/1908}

MORE INFO
[1] John Joseph Fahie, "A History of Wireless Telegraphy", Dodd, Mead &
Co.,
1902. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=WE41AAAAMAAJ&dq=A+History+of+Wirel
ess+Telegraphy&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=08aQE8FQHe&sig=0AB8rC1DTmKfhhs
RE55cYSIq2PM&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result
London, England4   
91 YBN
[1909 AD] 4 		4899) Wireless telephone.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
2. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119.
3. ^ Ted
Huntington.
4. ^ B. Jacot, "Marconi-Master of Spacep119. {1909}

MORE INFO
[1] "Guglielmo Marconi." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 19 Oct. 2010. http://www.answers.com/topic/guglielmo-marconi
[2] "Guglielmo Marconi". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi
[3]
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/marconi-bio.html
[4] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", proceedings of the institution of
electrical engineers, v28, 1899,
p273. http://books.google.com/books?id=UQAUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=proc
eedings+of+the+institution+of+electrical+engineers&hl=en&ei=5yu-TOTnFIugsQOn9bzI
DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=marconi&f=
false
[5] G. Marconi, "Wireless Telegraphy", Proceedings of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, 16 (1899– 1901), 247–256
[6] G. Marconi, "Syntonic Wireless
Telegraphy", Royal Society of Arts. Journal, 49 (1901), 505
[7] Orrin E. Dunlap,
Jr., "Marconi: The Man and His Wireless" (1937)
[8] W. P. Jolly, "Marconi", 1972, p78
[9]
British patent No. 12,039, Date of Application 2 June 1896; Complete
Specification Left, 2 March 1897; Accepted, 2 July 1897 (later claimed by
Oliver Lodge to contain his own ideas which he failed to
patent) http://www.earlyradiohistory.us/1901fae.htm
[10] U.S. Patent 0,586,193 "Transmitting electrical signals", (using Ruhmkorff
coil and Morse code key) filed December 1896, patented July,
1897. http://www.google.com/patents?vid=586193
[11] U.S. Patent 0,763,772 "Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned
system; this innovation was predated by N. Tesla, O. Lodge, and J. S.
Stone) http://www.google.com/patents?id=L5tvAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&s
ource=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[12] B. L. Jacot de Boinod and D. M. B. Collier, "Marconi: Master of Space"
(1935), p273.
http://books.google.com/books?id=xiFDAAAAIAAJ&q=Marconi:+Master+of+Space&dq=Ma
rconi:+Master+of+Space&hl=en&ei=GFG_TMyWPJSfnQf_yqSJDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=re
sult&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
[13] "Marconi, Guglielmo." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 9.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 98-99. Gale Virtual Reference Library.
Web. 19 Oct. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830902815&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
(Marconi Company) London, England2 (verify3 )  
88 YBN
[11/11/1912 AD] 4 5 		4404) Diffraction explained as particle reflection.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. http://tedhuntington.com/ulsf/docs_pd/Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pd
f {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf}
2. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
3. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol
90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false
4. ^ Bragg, W.L. The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1913: 17, pp.
43-57. {Bragg_William_Lawrence_19121111.pdf} {11/11/1912}
5. ^ William Lawrence Bragg, "The
Specular Reflection of X-rays.", Nature, vol 90, num 2250, 12/12/1912,
p410. http://books.google.com/books?id=KI9FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA410&dq=%22X-rays+and+C
rystals%22+intitle:nature&hl=en&ei=_foHTMiQIpmyMZT63bUE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=r
esult&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22X-rays%20and%20Crystals%22%20intit
le%3Anature&f=false {12/08/1904} {12/08/1912} {and Nature article: 12/08/1912}

MORE INFO
[1] "Bragg, Sir William." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010. Web. 2 June 2010
<http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-9016145>
[2] "Sir William Henry Bragg." A Dictionary of Chemistry. Oxford University
Press, 2008. Answers.com 02 Jun. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/sir-william-henry-bragg
[3] "William Henry Bragg". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg
[4] William Henry Bragg, The World of Sound (1920)
[5] William Henry Bragg, Concerning
the Nature of Things
(1925) http://books.google.com/books?id=-ysYrMza-ukC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Con
cerning+the+Nature+of+Things&source=bl&ots=oxGn9h6_Nh&sig=5iWXT3YPVpAsaRroIJp9lv
Tz250&hl=en&ei=3eEGTLTIL5X2NY3P9Y8J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0
CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[6] William Henry Bragg, Old Trades and New Knowledge (1926)
[7] William Henry Bragg,
An Introduction to Crystal Analysis (1928)
[8] William Henry Bragg, The Universe of
Light (1933)
[9] Bragg, “On the Absorption of X-rays, and on the Classification of
the X-rays of Radium,” in Philosophical Magazine, 6th ser., 8 (Dec. 1904),
719–725; http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA719&dq=On+the+Abs
orption+of+X-rays,+and+on+the+Classification+of+the+X-rays+of+Radium&hl=en&ei=VO
QGTLL9BIH48AaElfCRDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBA#v=on
epage&q&f=false
[10] Bragg and Kleeman. “On the lonization Curves of Radium,” Philosophical
Magazine, 726–738. Dated 8 September
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=9k8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA726&dq=On+the+ionizati
on+Curves+of+Radium&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1904&as_maxm_is=0&a
s_maxy_is=1904&as_brr=0&cd=2#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20ionization%20Curves%20of%20R
adium&f=false
[11] Bragg, “The Consequences of the Corpuscular Hypothesis of γ and X-rays,
and the Range of β Rays”, Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 20 (Sept. 1910),
385–416; Studies in Radio-activity
[12] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p592-593
[13] "Bragg,
William Henry." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 2. Detroit:
Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 397-400. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 2
June 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830900594&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[14] Bragg, "On the Properties and Natures of Various Electric Radiations",
Philosophical Magazine, 6th Ser., 14 (Oct. 1907), 429–449. Read before the
Royal Society of South Australia, 7 May and 4 June 1907.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EhQXBZ1r44AC&pg=PA429&dq=On+the+Properties+an
d+Natures+of+Various+Electric+Radiations&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_i
s=1907&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1907&as_brr=0&cd=1#v=onepage&q=On%20the%20Propert
ies%20and%20Natures%20of%20Various%20Electric%20Radiations&f=false
(Cavindish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
86 YBN
[1914 AD] 4 5 		4977) Theory that spiral "nebulae" are other galaxies.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427.
2. ^ "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington."
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia
Britannica, 2010. Web. 29 Dec. 2010.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178891/Sir-Arthur-Stanley-Eddington>.
3. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, "Stellar movements and the structure of the
universe",
1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g
bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p427. {1914}
5. ^ Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington,
"Stellar movements and the structure of the universe",
1914 http://books.google.com/books?id=6KQ5AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=g
bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

MORE INFO
[1] "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 29 Dec. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/arthur-stanley-eddington
(Cambridge University) Cambridge, England3   
82 YBN
[04/??/1918 AD] 4 		5008) The Sun is determined to be in the outer part of our galaxy.1 2
FOOTNOTES

1. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p702-703.
2. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the
Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe", Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919),
311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false
3. ^ Shapley, H., "On the Nature and Cause of Cepheid Variation", Astrophysical
Journal, vol. 40, 1914,
p.448. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1914ApJ....40..448S {Shapley_Harlow_1914
0813.pdf}
4. ^ Shapley, "Remarks on the Arrangement of the Sidereal Universe",
Astrophysical Journal, 49 (1919), 311–336.
http://books.google.com/books?id=wX4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=Remarks+on
+the+Arrangement+of+the+Sidereal+Universe&source=bl&ots=Akurl3Ntg9&sig=CIY6NgmTy
xBZqKK3RXWo3MWIr2U&hl=en&ei=hmMcTaKJK5SosAPG2ZDSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result
&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Remarks%20on%20the%20Arrangement%20of%20th
e%20Sidereal%20Universe&f=false {04/1918}
(Mount Wilson Solar Observatory) Mount Wilson, California, USA3   
82 YBN
[06/21/1918 AD] 6 		6199) Electronic read and write memory.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic
relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5
August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
2. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
3. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred
Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed:
21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
4. ^ W. H. Eccles and F. W. Jordan (19 September 1919) "A trigger relay
utilizing three-electrode thermionic vacuum tubes." The Electrician, vol. 83,
page 298. {Eccles_flip-flop_19190919.pdf} Reprinted in: Radio Review, vol.
1, no. 3, pages 143–146 (December 1919) {Eccles_flip-flop_19191201.pdf}
5. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred
Jordan, "Improvements in ionic relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed:
21 June 1918; published: 5 August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
6. ^ William Henry Eccles and Frank Wilfred Jordan, "Improvements in ionic
relays" British patent number: GB 148582 (filed: 21 June 1918; published: 5
August 1920).
http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=GB&NR=14
8582&KC=&FT=E {Eccles_William_Henry_electronic_memory_GB148582A_19180621.pdf}
{06/21/1918}
(City and Guilds Technical College) London, UK5   
81 YBN
[04/??/1919 AD] 10 		4750) Atomic transmutation and atomic fusion. Atoms of Nitrogen changed into
atoms of Oxygen by high speed alpha particles colliding with Nitrogen gas.6 7 8

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
2. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
3. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil.
Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
4. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
5. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
6. ^ Ernest Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light
Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37, pp581-87.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
7. ^ "Rutherford, Ernest." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol.
12. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 25-36. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 17 Aug. 2010. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830903798&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
8. ^ "fusion>.". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc.
"fusion." The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company.
18 May. 2013. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fusion>.
9. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms,
Phil. Mag. June 1919, s6, 37,
pp537-61. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.
pdf}
10. ^ Rutherford, Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms, Phil. Mag. June
1919, s6, 37, pp537-61.
http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html {Rutherford_191904xx.pdf}
{04/1919}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Rutherford." Biographies. Answers Corporation, 2006.
Answers.com 12 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-rutherford-1st-baron-rutherford-of-nelson
[2] "Ernest Rutherford". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
[3] Ernest Rutherford, "Radioactive transformations", C. Scribner's Sons, 1906
http://books.google.com/books?id=Rb0KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=rutherfor
d&hl=en&ei=C4lkTIvqDZOjnQe_urBe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDUQ
6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Ernest Rutherford, Collected papers., New York, Interscience Publishers,
1962, 3 volumes
[5] Ernest Rutherford, "A Magnetic Detector of Electrical Waves, and
Some of its applications", Philosophical Transactions A, 01/01/1897,
189:1-24. http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/189/1.full.pdf+html?si
d=75c97b8c-5669-4ad5-a5fb-51b24afaa343
[6] Ernest Rutherford (obituary), The London, Edinburgh and Dublin
philosophical magazine and journal of science, 1937, p1022
[7] Ernest Rutherford,
"The Modern Theories of Electricity and their Relation to the Franklinian
Theory", The record of the celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the
birth of Benjamin Franklin, American Philosophical Society, delivered April 18,
1906,
p123. http://books.google.com/books?id=wQIOAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=
gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false
[8] Rutherford, "The Velocity and rate of Recombination of the Ions of Gases
exposed to Rontgen Radiation.", Philosophical Magazine, S5, V44, N270, Nov
1897,
p422. http://books.google.com/books?id=utXnmtFZ6TUC&pg=PA422&dq=The+velocity+an
d+rate+of+recombination+of+the+ions+of+gases+exposed+to+R%C3%B6ntgen+radiation&h
l=en&ei=A8JpTJKVDYzWtQO8mp2kBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6
AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[9] Rutherford publications: http://www.rutherford.org.nz/bibliography.htm
[10] Rutherford, "Uranium Radiation and the Electrical
Conduction Produced by It", Phil Mag ser 5 xlvii 109-163
1899. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipMOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA110&dq=Uranium+Radiati
on+and+the+Electrical+Conduction+Produced+by+It&hl=en&ei=TctpTKKkOZO8sAObsu2mBw&
sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Uranium%20Rad
iation%20and%20the%20Electrical%20Conduction%20Produced%20by%20It&f=false
[11] Rutherford, "A Radioactive Substance emitted from Thorium Compound", Phil
Mag ser 5 xlix 1-14 1900.
http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-half-life.html
[12] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p395
[13] Rutherford, "Radioactivity Produced in
Substances by the Action of Thorium Compounds", Phil Mag ser 5 xlix 161-192
1990 http://books.google.com/books?id=oEwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22Rad
ioactivity+Produced+in+Substances+by+the+Action+of+Thorium+Compounds%22&source=b
l&ots=-cyiagAP1C&sig=jdQ3u179zO6Xi1azPnwX4kW8Bgc&hl=en&ei=8xxrTMbZJZH0tgOPn-lG&s
a=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Radioactivi
ty%20Produced%20in%20Substances%20by%20the%20Action%20of%20Thorium%20Compounds%2
2&f=false
[14] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p664-665
[15] Rutherford and Soddy,
"The Radioactivity of Thorium Compounds II, The Cause and Nature of
Radioactivity", Transactions of the Chemical Society, v81, 1902,
pp837-860. http://books.google.com/books?id=uVWNAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq
=editions:UOM39015067129323#v=onepage&q=rutherford&f=false
[16] Rutherford, Brooks, "Comparison of the Radiations from Radioactive
Substances", Phil Mag, s6, 4, pp1-23, July 1902
[17] Ernest Rutherford, "The
Magnetic and Electric Deviation of the Easily Absorbed Rays from Radium", Phil.
Mag., S6, V 4, Feb 1903, pp177-187.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EFQwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA177&lpg=PA177&dq=The+Magnetic
+and+Electric+Deviation+of+the+Easily+Absorbed+Rays+from+Radium&source=bl&ots=hd
6YYVJA6n&sig=jXFrc1rH_POEoKypoNDmYkoHIHw&hl=en&ei=4b9tTJmFI5OisQPYo7H5Cg&sa=X&oi
=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Magnetic%20and
%20Electric%20Deviation%20of%20the%20Easily%20Absorbed%20Rays%20from%20Radium&f=
false
[18] "emanation." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 20 Aug. 2010.
http://www.answers.com/topic/emanation
[19] Rutherford, Soddy, "Note on the condensation points of thorium and radium
emanations", Proc Chem Soc 219-20
1902. http://books.google.com/books?id=ro0FAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA219&dq=Note+on+the+con
densation+points+of+thorium+and+radium+emanations&hl=en&ei=cRNvTJ3eHIi-sAOopo26C
w&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Note%20on%2
0the%20condensation%20points%20of%20thorium%20and%20radium%20emanations&f=false
[20] Rutherford, Soddy, "Condensation of the Radioactive Emanations", Phil Mag
ser 6, v 561-76 1903
[21] Rutherford, "Charge Carried by the α and β Rays of
Radium", Phil Mag, August 1905, s6, v10, pp193-208
[22] Rutherford, "Radioactivity", ed 1
1904. http://books.google.com/books?id=xDwJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=u-dyTO3LC4m6sAOOhfTMDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ve
d=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false
[23] Rutherford, "Radioactivity" ,ed 2
1905. http://books.google.com/books?id=g0MNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ruth
erford&hl=en&ei=YudyTOL9E4nGsAP3ppzDDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ve
d=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false
[24] E. Rutherford, H. Geiger, "A Method of Counting the Number of α Particles
from Radio-active Matter", Memoirs of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical
Society, 1908, V52, N9, pp1-3
[25] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia
of science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p687-688
[26]
Rutherford, "The Scattering of the α and β Rays and the Structure of the
Atom", Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 4, 55,
03/07/1911, pp18-20
[27] Ernest Rutherford, "The Structure of the Atom", Phil Mag,
March 1914, s6, v27,
pp488-498. http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Rutherford-1914.html
[28] Rutherford, "Radiations from Exploding Atoms", Nature, 95, 1915,pp494-8
[29] Ernest
Rutherford, "Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms", Phil. Mag. June 1919,
s6, 37, pp581-87. http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/rutherford.html
(University of Manchester) Manchester, England9   
75 YBN
[10/22/1925 AD] 4 		5292) Transistor.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllilienfeld.htm
2. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
4. ^ Julius Lilienfeld, Patent number: 1745175, "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR
CONTROLLING ELECTRIC CURRENTS", US Filing date: Oct 8, 1926, Canada filing
date: October 22, 1925, Issue date: Jan 28,
1930. http://www.google.com/patents?id=uBFMAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false {10/22/1925}

MORE INFO
[1] "Julius Lilienfeld". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lilienfeld
[2] Julius Lilienfeld, "Amplifier for Electronic Circuits", Patent number:
1877140, Filing date: Dec 8, 1928, Issue date: Sep 13,
1932 http://www.google.com/patents?id=jvhAAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[3] Julius Lilienfeld, "Device for Controlling Electric Current", Patent
number: 1900018, Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: Mar 7
1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id=52BQAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[4] Julius Lilienfeld, "Rectifying Apparatus for Alternating Current", Patent
number: 1611653, Filing date: Mar 27, 1926, Issue date: Dec 21,
1926. http://www.google.com/patents?id=L7RrAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
[5] Julius Lilienfeld, "Electrical Condenser Device", Patent number: 1906691,
Filing date: Mar 28, 1928, Issue date: May
1933. http://www.google.com/patents?id=SoZlAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&so
urce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA3   
70 YBN
[1930 AD] 2 		6578) Women gain the right to vote.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
2. ^ "woman suffrage". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 Feb.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/646779/woman-suffrage>.
  
69 YBN
[09/10/1931 AD] 6 		5446) The electron microscope.1 2 3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
2. ^ M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik
A Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/ {Rusk
a_Ernst_19320616.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p820-821.
4. ^ "Ernst Ruska." A
Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003.
Answers.com 05 Mar. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/ernst-ruska
5. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur
geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf}
6. ^ M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.", Ann.
Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html {Rusk
a_Ernst_q004_19310910.pdf} {09/10/1931}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389,
448, 1931
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/
[3] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des
Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen
Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der
Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für
Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am
10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html
[4] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle
Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen
am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html
(Technischen Hochschule/Technical University) Berlin, Germany5   
68 YBN
[04/16/1932 AD] 8 		5182) Atomic fission. Lithium atoms split by protons.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
2. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
3. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
4. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
5. ^ "John Cockcroft." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/john-cockcroft
6. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
7. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf}
8. ^ J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Disintegration of Lithium by Swift
Protons", Nature 129, 649-649 (30 April
1932). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3261/abs/129649a0.html {Cock
croft_John_19320416.pdf} {04/16/1932}

MORE INFO
[1] "Ernest Walton." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 23 Jan. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/ernest-walton
[2] H. GREINACHER, “Eneugung einer Gleichspannung vom vielfachen Betrag
einer Wechselspannung ohne Transformator,” Bull. SEV 11.59-66, (1920)
[3] H
Greinacher, "Erzeugung einer Gleichspannung vom veilfachen Betrag einer
Wechselspannung ohne Transformer" Bulletin des Schweizerischen
Elektrotechnischen Vereins, des Verbandes Schweizerischer Elektrizitätswerke,
V11, p59-66, 1920
[4] Joe W. Kwan, Oscar A. Anderson, Louis L. Reginato, Michael
C. Vella, Simon S. Yu, Electrostatic Quadrupole DC Accelerators for BNCT
Applications, 04/1994
[5] "Heinrich Greinacher". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Greinacher
[6] http://www.electrosuisse.ch/g3.cms/s_page/84410/s_name/greinacherh
[7] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 129, No. 811
(Nov. 3, 1930), pp. 477-489. http://www.jstor.org/stable/95496
[8] Henry A. Barton, "Comparison of protons and electrons
in the excitation of x-rays by impact Original Research Article", Journal of
the Franklin Institute, Volume 209, Issue 1, January 1930, Pages
1-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V04-49WK9PH-4G
H&_user=4422&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F1930&_alid=1617078843&_rdoc=2&_fmt=high&_orig=
search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=5636&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor=&
view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=7ed91ac1
a7c90f1548a87974be6c3ca8&searchtype=a
[9] "Cockcroft, John Douglas." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Vol. 3. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 328-331. Gale Virtual Reference
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=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[10] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951". Nobelprize.org. 24 Jan 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/
[11] J. D. COCKCROFT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Artificial Production of Fast
Protons", nature 129, 242-242 (13 February
1932. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v129/n3250/abs/129242a0.html
[12] J. D. COCKCROFT , C. W. GILBERT & E. T. S. WALTON , "Production of
Induced Radioactivity by High Velocity Protons", nature 133, 328-328 (03 March
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3357/abs/133328a0.html
[13] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
[14] J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, "Experiments with High Velocity
Positive Ions. (I) Further Developments in the Method of Obtaining High
Velocity Positive Ions", Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A June 1, 1932 136:619-630;
doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0107 http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/136/8
30/619.full.pdf+html
(Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University) Cambridge, England7   
63 YBN
[05/22/1937 AD] 8 9 		5515) Image of individual atoms. Atoms confirmed to be about 0.1 nm in size.5 6

FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
2. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
3. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
4. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
5. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode"
6. ^ "Erwin Wilhelm Müller." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396828/Erwin-Wilhelm-Muller>.
7. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University Press,
1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller
8. ^ Erwin W. Müller, "Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen von
Feldkathoden", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 106,
Numbers 9-10, 541-550, DOI:
10.1007/BF01339895 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h425u71vqh66w886/ {Mull
er_Erwin_W_19370522.pdf} English: "Electron microscopic observations of
field cathode" {05/22/1937}
9. ^ "Erwin Mueller." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford
University Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 21 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/erwin-mueller {1936}

MORE INFO
[1] "Erwin Wilhelm Mueller". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Wilhelm_Mueller
(Siemens and Halske) Berlin, Germany7   
62 YBN
[06/22/1938 AD] 4 		5448) The first image of a virus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
2. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
3. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf}
4. ^ B. v. Borries, E. Ruska und H. Ruska, "Bakterien und Virus in
übermikroskopischer Aufnahme.", Klin. Wochenschrift 17 (1938)
921-925. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q021/q021.html {Ruska_
Ernst_19380622.pdf} {06/22/1938}

MORE INFO
[1] E. Ruska u. M. Knoll, Zeitschrift für technische Physik, 12, 389,
448, 1931
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986". Nobelprize.org. 5 Mar 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/
[3] M. Knoll and E. Ruska, "Das Elektronenmikroskop", Zeitschrift für Physik A
Hadrons and Nuclei,Volume 78, Numbers 5-6, 318-339, DOI:
10.1007/BF01342199 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x7l53h8685108383/
[4] Ernst Ruska, "Über eine Berechnungsmethode des
Kathodenstrahloszillographen auf Grund der experimentell gefundenen
Abhängigkeit des Schreibfleckdurchmessers von der Stellung der
Konzentrierspule.", Studienarbeit Technische Hochschule Berlin, Lehrstuhl für
Hochspannungstechnik, eingereicht am
10.5.1929. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q001/q001.html
[5] E. Ruska und M. Knoll, "Die magnetische Sammelspule für schnelle
Elektronenstrahlen.", Z. techn. Physik 12 (1931) 389-400 und 448, eingegangen
am 28.4.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q003/q003.html
[6] M. Knoll und E. Ruska, "Beitrag zur geometrischen Elektronenoptik.",
Ann. Physik 12 (1932) 607-661, eingegangen am
10.9.1931. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q004/q004.html
[7] Knoll, Max (1935). "Aufladepotentiel und Sekundäremission
elektronenbestrahlter Körper". Zeitschrift für technische Physik 16:
467–475
[8] "Microscope". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope
[9] E. Ruska, "Über Fortschritte im Bau und in der Leistung des magnetischen
Elektronenmikroskops.", Z. Phys. 87 (1934) 580-602. eingegangen am
12.12.1933. http://ernstruska.digilibrary.de/bibliographie/q013/q013.html En
glish: "On progress in construction and performance of the magnetic electron
microscope."
[10] "Ernst Ruska." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/513086/Ernst-Ruska>
(Berliner Medizinischen Gesellschaft/Berlin Medical Society) Berlin, Germany3
  
61 YBN
[04/30/1939 AD] 9 10 		5835) Bipedal robot.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
2. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
3. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
4. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
5. ^ http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm
6. ^ N Sharkey, A Sharkey, "Electro-mechanical robots before the
computer", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:
Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, Volume 223, Number 1 / 2009,
Pages 235-241. http://journals.pepublishing.com/content/j15unr6757440045/ {Sha
rkey_200901xx.pdf}
7. ^ Scott Schaut, Robots of Westinghouse 1924-today, 2006, p91,185.
8. ^ "Elektro".
Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro
9. ^
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-york-worlds-fair-opens {around)
04/30/1939 (opening of World's Fair}
10. ^
http://davidszondy.com/future/robot/elektro1.htm {1939 (verify}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuyTRbj8QSA&feature=related
[2] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ay225WkU4Gs&feature=related
[3] Scott Schaut, "Robots of Westinghouse, 1924-today",
Mansfield, Ohio : Scott Schautt, Mansfield Memorial Museum, 2006
[4]
http://www.archive.org/details/middleton_family_worlds_fair_1939
(Westinghouse Electric Corporation) Mansfield, Ohio, USA7 8   
58 YBN
[12/02/1942 AD] 5 		5277) Self-sustained atomic fission reaction.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ E. Fermi, "Work Carried Out by the Physics Division", Report CP-387 for
month Ending December 15, 1942. Reprinted in "Enrico Fermi, Collected Papers,
v2, 1965, p270.
2. ^ "Experimental production of a Divergent Chain Reaction",
American Journal of Physics, 20, 1952,
536-558. http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v20/i9/p536_s1 {Fermi_Enrico_19
520627.pdf}
3. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
4. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's
biographical encyclopedia of science and technology", (Garden City, NY:
Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of
science and technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p781-783.
{12/02/1942}

MORE INFO
[1] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938". Nobelprize.org. 7 Feb 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/
[2] E Fermi, "Eine statistische Methode zur Bestimmung einiger Eigenschaften
des Atoms und ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie des periodischen Systems der
Elemente", Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 48, Numbers
1-2, 73-79. "A statistical method for determining some properties of the atom
and its application to the theory of the periodic table of
elements" http://www.springerlink.com/content/v762582061464612/
[3] E. Fermi, "Zur Quantelung des idealen einatomigen Gases", Zeitschrift für
Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 36, Numbers 11-12, 902-912. "The
quantization of the ideal monatomic
gas" http://www.springerlink.com/content/k763270092273181/
[4] E. Fermi, "Argomenti pro e contro la ipotesi dei quanti di luce"
("Arguments for and against the hypothesis of quanta of light"), Il Nuovo
Cimento (1924-1942), Volume 3, Numbers 1-2,
xlvii-liv. http://www.springerlink.com/content/lm022085605043uh/
[5] Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p465
[6] E. Fermi, "Magnetic Moments of Atomic
Nuclei", Nature 125, 16-16 (04 January 1930)
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v125/n3140/abs/125016a0.html
[7] E. Fermi, "Quantum Theory of Radiation", Rev. Mod. Phys. 4, 87–132
(1932). http://rmp.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v4/i1/p87_1
[8] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi, B. Pontecorvo, E. Rasetti and E. Segré, La Ricerca
Scientifica, 2, No. 12; 1933
[9] "Versuch einer Theorie der β-Strahlen. I ",
Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, Volume 88, Numbers 3-4, 1933,
161-177. http://www.springerlink.com/content/wq2r06j058382226/
[10] "Chadwick, James." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 17.
Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 143-148. Gale Virtual Reference
Library. Web. 4 Feb. 2011. Document
URL http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CCX2830905049&v=2.1&u=univca20&it
=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
[11] Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 5, p282 (1934); Fermi, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 1,
pp. 283, 330 (1934); Amaldi, D'Agostino, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 452, 652, 21 (1934); Fermi, Rasetti and D'Agostino, 'Ric.
Scient.,' vol. 1, pp. 533 (1934); Fermi, 'Nature,' "Radioactivity Induced by
Neutron Bombardment" vol. 133, N3368 pp. 757, 898 (1934). See also Fermi, '
Nuovo Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 429 (1934); Amaldi, Fermi, Rasetti and Segre, 'Nuovo
Cim.,' vol. 11, p. 442 (1934); Amaldi and Segre, 'Nuovo Cim.,' vol.11,. p. 452
(1934); ' D'Agostino ' Gazz. Chim. Ital.,' in press (1934)
[12] E. Fermi, E. Amaldi,
O. D'Agostino, F. Rasetti and E. Segre, "Artificial Radioactivity Produced by
Neutron Bombardment", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,
Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 146, No. 857
(Sep. 1, 1934), pp. 483-500 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2935604
[13] Enrico Fermi, "Possible Production of Elements of
Atomic Number Higher than 92", Nature 133, 898-899 (16 June
1934). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v133/n3372/abs/133898a0.html
[14] E. Segre (Ed.): "Enrico Fermi: Collected Papers" (Nore e Memorie),
University of Chicago Press, Chicago (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.
Roma) 1962, Vol. 1 , p. 640
[15] E Fermi, "Le ultime particelle costitutive della
materia", Societa italiana per il progresso, 1934
[16] Fermi, Amaldi, Pontecorvo,
Rasetti, Segre, 'Ric. Scient.,' vol. 2, p. 280 (1934);
[17] E. Amaldi, O. D'Agostino,
E. Fermi, B. Pontecorvo, F. Rasetti and E. Segrè, "Artificial Radioactivity
Produced by Neutron Bombardment. II", Proceedings of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 149, No. 868 (Apr.
10, 1935), pp. 522-558 http://www.jstor.org/stable/96379
[18] ENRICO FERMI, "Reactions Produced by Neutrons in Heavy
Elements", Nature 146, 640-642 (16 November
1940). http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v146/n3707/abs/146640a0.html
[19] E. Amaldi and E. Fermi, "On the Absorption and the Diffusion of Slow
Neutrons", Phys. Rev. 50, 899–928
(1936). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v50/i10/p899_1
(University of Chicago) Chicago, Illinois, USA4   
55 YBN
[07/16/1945 AD] 3 		5311) Atomic fission explosive.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "nuclear weapon." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 08 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/421827/nuclear-weapon>.
2. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/p7_image.shtml
3. ^ http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/p7_image.shtml
{07/16/1945}

MORE INFO
[1] "Manhattan Project." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth
Edition. Columbia University Press., 2011. Answers.com 08 Mar. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/manhattan-project
[2] "Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)
(Alamogordo Test Range) Jornada del Muerto (Journey of Death) desert, New
Mexico, USA2   
55 YBN
[10/08/1945 AD] 3 		6272) Microwave oven.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
2. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
3. ^ US patent 2495429, Spencer, Percy L., "Method of treating foodstuffs",
issued 1950-January-24 www.google.com/patents?id=x_tuAAAAEBAJ
and http://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2495429
{10/08/1945}
(Raytheon Manufacturing Company) Newton, Massachusetts, USA2   
47 YBN
[04/02/1953 AD] 11 		5660) Double helix structure of DNA understood.7 8 9
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
2. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
3. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
4. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
5. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
6. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
7. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
8. ^ Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p859-861,863,874,886-887.
9. ^ "Francis Harry Compton
Crick." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142894/Francis-Harry-Compton-Crick>.
10. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf}
11. ^ J. D. WATSON & F. H. C. CRICK, "Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a
structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid", Nature, (1953) volume: 171 issue:
4356 page:
737. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v171/n4356/abs/171737a0.html and
also: http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/jmuir/bio112/watson_crick.pdf {Crick_Francis_
Harry_Compton_19530402.pdf} {04/02/1953}
(Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge) Cambridge, England10   
46 YBN
[05/05/1954 AD] 20 21 		5649) The MASER.13 14 15 16 17 18
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
2. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
3. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
4. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
5. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
6. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
7. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
8. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
9. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
10. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
11. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
12. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
13. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
14. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "The Maser—New Type of
Microwave Amplifier, Frequency Standard, and Spectrometer", Phys. Rev. 99, 1264
(1955). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v99/i4/p1264_1
{Townes_Charles_Hard_19550504.pdf}
15. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, Proc. Acad. of Sciences (U.S.S.R.) 101,
47 (1945). (Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR) English:
16. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov, J.
Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 27, 431 (1954) English:
17. ^ N. G. Basov and A. M. Prokhorov,
J. Exptl, Theoret. Phys. U.S.S.R., 28, 249 (1955) English: Soviet Phys. JETP
1, 184 (1955). {Basov_N_G_19541101.pdf}
18. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
19. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf}
20. ^ J. P. Gordon, H. J. Zeiger, and C. H. Townes, "Molecular Microwave
Oscillator and New Hyperfine Structure in the Microwave Spectrum of NH3", Phys.
Rev. 95, 282–284
(1954). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v95/i1/p282_1 {Townes_Charles_Hard_19
540505.pdf} {first publication:) 05/05/1954}
21. ^ "Charles Hard Townes." Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.
Web. 05 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601072/Charles-Hard-Townes>.
{12/1953}

MORE INFO
[1] "Charles Hard Townes." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 04 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-townes
[2] K. Shimoda, T. C. Wang, and C. H. Townes, "Further Aspects of the Theory of
the Maser", Phys. Rev. 102, 1308
(1956). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v102/i5/p1308_1
[3] "Charles H. Townes - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 4 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/townes-lecture.html {
Townes_Charles_Hard_19641211.pdf}
[4] T. S. Jaseja, A. Javan, J. Murray, and C. H. Townes, "Test of Special
Relativity or of the Isotropy of Space by Use of Infrared Masers", Phys. Rev.
133, A1221 (1964). http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v133/i5A/pA1221_1
(Columbia University) New York City, New York, USA19   
43 YBN
[10/04/1957 AD] 5 		5486) The first human-made satellite.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
2. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
3. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>.
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-001B
5. ^ "Sputnik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561534/Sputnik>. {10/04/1957}
(Baikonur Cosmodrome at Tyuratam) Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.4   
42 YBN
[08/01/1958 AD] 7 		5606) The first atomic explosion in empty space.1 2 3 4 5
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
2. ^ http://www.astronautix.com/sites/johsland.htm
3. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
4. ^ Operation Hardtack final report:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CC4QFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fww
w.hss.energy.gov%2FHealthSafety%2FIHS%2Fmarshall%2Fcollection%2Fdata%2Fihp2a%2F1
028_a.pdf&rct=j&q=hardtack%20yucca%20april%201958%20site%3Agov%20first&ei=00GUTf
S6GJH6sAP4_Mi3BQ&usg=AFQjCNGK3bPUO2I9Vq085Kvryl8BnQKxBA&cad=rja
5. ^ Video of Hardtack Teak explosion:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBxpHNCDfZQ
6. ^ http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Hardtack1.html
7. ^
http://www.scribd.com/doc/14162962/High-altitude-nuclear-explosions-HANE
{08/01/1958}

MORE INFO
[1] "Hardtack Teak". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack_Teak
(Johnson Island) Pacific Ocean6   
42 YBN
[1958 AD] 3 		6550) The integrated circuit (or IC).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
2. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
3. ^ "integrated circuit (IC)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 26 Jan.
2013 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/289645/integrated-circuit-IC>.
(Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor)2   
41 YBN
[09/14/1959 AD] 5 		5597) A ship impacts the moon.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-014A {09/14/1959}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-012A
[2]
http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/10/dayintech_1007#
[3] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunarussr.html
(Baikonur Cosmodrome) Tyuratam, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.4   
41 YBN
[11/05/1959 AD] 3 		191) A device inside the body is controlled remotely.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
2. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
3. ^ Glenn WWL, Mauro A, Longo E, Lavietes PH, MacKay FJ The Radiofrequency
Cardiac Pacemaker. Remote stimulation of the heart by radiofrequency
transmission. Clinical application to a patient with Stoke-Adams Syndrome. New
Engl J Med
1959:262;948-951 http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM195911052611905
(Yale University School of Medicine) New Haven, New Jersey, USA2   
40 YBN
[04/22/1960 AD] 6 		5768) The LASER.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
2. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing
date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf}
3. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
4. ^ Theodore H. Mainman, "Ruby Laser Systems", Patent number: 3353115, Filing
date: Apr 13, 1961, Issue date: Nov 14,
1967 http://www.google.com/patents?id=b-lUAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&sou
rce=gbs_overview_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
{Maimon_Theodore_Harold_19610413.pdf}
5. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf}
6. ^ T. H. Maiman, "Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby", Phys.
Rev. Lett. 4, 564–566 (1960)
http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v4/i11/p564_1 {Maiman_Theodore_Harold_1960042
2.pdf} {04/22/1960}

MORE INFO
[1] Douglas Martin (May 11, 2007). "Theodore Maiman, who built the first
laser, dies at 79". The New York Times.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/world/americas/13iht-obits.1.5685872.html
[2] T. H. MAIMAN, "Stimulated Optical Radiation in Ruby", Nature 187, 493 - 494
(06 August 1960);
doi:10.1038/187493a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v187/n4736/abs/187493
a0.html
[3] T. H. Maiman, "Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. I.
Theoretical Considerations", Phys. Rev. 123, 1145–1150 (1961)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1145_1
[4] T. H. Maiman, R. H. Hoskins, I. J. D'Haenens, C. K. Asawa, and V. Evtuhov,
"Stimulated Optical Emission in Fluorescent Solids. II. Spectroscopy and
Stimulated Emission in Ruby", Phys. Rev. 123, 1151–1157 (1961)
http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v123/i4/p1151_1
[5] "List of laser types". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types
(Hughes Research Laboratories) Malibu, California5   
39 YBN
[04/12/1961 AD] 5 		5601) The first human to orbit the Earth.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
4. ^ "Google Maps - Vostok 1 Landing Site - Monument".
http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=51.270682+N,+45.9972
7+E&sll=51.270689,45.997599&sspn=0.003296,0.00868&ie=UTF8&ll=51.270716,45.997385
&spn=0.003296,0.00868&t=k&z=17.
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1961-012A
{04/12/1961}

MORE INFO
[1] "Yury Alekseyevich Gagarin." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia
Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/223437/Yury-Alekseyevich-Gagarin>
[2] Isaac Asimov, "Asimov's biographical encyclopedia of science and
technology", (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982), p895-896
Saratovskaya oblast, U.S.S.R.4   
38 YBN
[10/26/1962 AD] 4 		6201) Laser writing and reading of data.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
2. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
3. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ
4. ^ Wayne R. Johnson, "High Speed, High Density, Optical Recording System",
Patent number: 3154370 Filing date: Oct 26, 1962, Issue date: Oct 27,
1964 http://www.google.com/patents?id=H9x0AAAAEBAJ {10/26/1962}

MORE INFO
[1] Carl H. Becker, "LASER RECORDER WITH VAPORIZABLE FILM", Patent
number: 3314073, Filing date: Oct 20, 1964, Issue date: Apr 11,
1967. http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT3314073
[2] Joseph T. Mcnaney, "SYSTEM FOR EFFECTING TRANSFER OF CATHODE RAY TUBE
DISPLAYS ONTO A RECORD MEDIUM", Patent number: 2898176, Filing date: Aug 26,
1957, Issue date: Aug 4, 1959 http://www.google.com/patents?id=6DsCAAAAEBAJ
[3] David Paul Gregg, "TRANSPARENT RECORDING DISC",
Patent number: 3430966, Filing date: Apr 3, 1967, Issue date: Mar 4,
1969. http://www.google.com/patents?id=H6JnAAAAEBAJ
[4] Jan van der Veen et al, "Optical recording medium and method of optically
recording information thereon", Patent number: 4298975, Filing date: Mar 19,
1979, Issue date: Nov 3,
1981 http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT4298975&id=IRcCAAAAEBAJ&o
i=fnd&dq=laser+recording+philips&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=laser%20recording
%20philips&f=false
[5] Charles M. Goldstein, "Optical Disk Technology and Information",
Science, New Series, Vol. 215, No. 4534 (Feb. 12, 1982), pp.
862-868. Published by: American Association for the Advancement of
Science Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1687481
(Winston Research Corporation) Los Angeles, California, USA3   
35 YBN
[07/14/1965 AD] 3 		5615) A ship from Earth reaches Mars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-077A {07/14/1965}
Planet Mars2   
34 YBN
[03/01/1966 AD] 4 		5613) A ship from Earth impacts Venus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A
4. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A {03/01/1966}
Planet Venus3   
31 YBN
[07/21/1969 AD] 5 		655) Humans land and walk on the surface of the moon of Earth.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1969-059C
{07/21/1969} {Armstrong walks on Moon on:) 07/21/1969}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4
Moon of Earth4   
31 YBN
[1969 AD] 4 		5851) The Internet.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ "Internet." Britannica Concise
Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1994-2010. Answers.com 30 May.
2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/internet
4. ^ "ARPAnet." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company
Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/arpanet
{1969}
(University of California at Los Angeles) Los Angeles, California,
USA|(Stanford Research Institute) Stanford, California, USA|(University of
California Santa Barbara) Santa Barbara, California, USA|(University of Utah)
Salt Lake City, Utah, USA3   
30 YBN
[01/29/1970 AD] 5 		5836) Digital electric camera.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor
Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
2. ^ G. F. Amelio, M. F. Tompsett, and G. E. Smith, "Experimental Verification
of the Charge Coupled Device Concept", Bell Sys. Tech. J., 49, 593,
(1970). http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-593.pdf
} {Smith_George_E_19700205.pdf}
3. ^ http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldigitalcamera.htm
4. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled
Semiconductor Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf}
5. ^ W. S. Boyle and G. E. Smith (April 1970). "Charge Coupled Semiconductor
Devices". Bell System Technical Journal 49 (4): 587–593.
http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/bstj/vol49-1970/articles/bstj49-4-587.pdf {Smit
h_George_E_19700129.pdf} {01/29/1970}

MORE INFO
[1] "Willard S. Boyle - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 29 May 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/boyle-lecture.html
{Boyle_Willard_S_20091208.pdf
[2] Jeffrey, Davene. "Willard Boyle, Nova Scotian Nobel Prize winner, dies at
86". The Chronicle Herald.ca. http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/1242428.html.
Retrieved 9 May 2011
(Bell Telephone Laboratories) Murray Hill, New Jersey, USA4   
30 YBN
[06/16/1970 AD] 4 		5716) Artificial gene synthesized.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA, "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
2. ^ "Har Gobind Khorana." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica
Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 24 Apr. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316846/Har-Gobind-Khorana>.
3. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf}
4. ^ K. L. AGARWAL, H. BÜCHI, M. H. CARUTHERS, N. GUPTA, H. G. KHORANA, K.
KLEPPE, A. KUMAR, E. OHTSUKA, U. L. RAJBHANDARY, J. H. VAN DE SANDE, V.
SGARAMELLA, H. WEBER & T. YAMADA , "Total synthesis of the gene for an alanine
transfer ribonucleic acid from yeast", Nature 227, 27 - 34 (04 July 1970);
doi:10.1038/227027a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v227/n5253/abs/227027
a0.html {Khorana_Har_Gobind_19700616.pdf} {06/16/1970}

MORE INFO
[1] "Har Gobind Khorana." A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford University
Press, 1993, 1999, 2003. Answers.com 24 Apr. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/har-gobind-khorana
[2] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr
2011 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/
[3] "H. Gobind Khorana - Nobel Lecture". Nobelprize.org. 24 Apr 2011
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/khorana-lecture.html
[4] R. Lohrmann, D. Söll, H. Hayatsu, E. Ohtsuka, H. G. Khorana, "Studies on
Polynucleotides. LI. Syntheses of the 64 Possible Ribotrinucleotides Derived
from the Four Major Ribomononucleotides", Khorand, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 88, 819
(1966) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00956a039
[5] H.G.Khorana, H.Büchi, T.M. Jacob, H.Kössel, S.A.Narang and E.Ohtsuka,
"Studies on Polynucleotides. LXI.' Polynucleotide Synthesis in Relation to the
Genetic Code. General Introduction" J. Am.Chem.Soc., 89 (1967)
2154. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00985a031
[6] H. G. Khorana, Federation Proc., 24, 1473 (1965)
[7] H. Kössel, A. R. Morgan and
H. G. Khorana, "Studies on polynucleotides: LXXIII. Synthesis in vitro of
polypeptides containing repeating tetrapeptide sequences dependent upon
DNA-like polymers containing repeating tetranucleotide sequences: Direction of
reading of messenger RNA", Journal of Molecular Biology, Volume 26, Issue 3, 28
June 1967, Pages
449-475. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WK7-4DM1GS1
-13&_user=4422&_coverDate=06%2F28%2F1967&_alid=1728726947&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_ori
g=search&_origin=search&_zone=rslt_list_item&_cdi=6899&_sort=r&_st=13&_docanchor
=&view=c&_ct=2&_acct=C000059600&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4422&md5=4856df
9c96658f9c5733d2b24ae007f7&searchtype=a
[8] S. BRENNER, A. O. W. STRETTON & S. KAPLAN, "Genetic Code: The 'Nonsense'
Triplets for Chain Termination and their Suppression", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol
206 No 4988 p994. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html
[9] MARTIN G. WEIGERT & ALAN GAREN, "Base Composition of Nonsense
Condons in E. coli: Evidence from Amino-Acid Substitutions at a Tryptophan Site
in Alkaline Phosphatase", Nature, 5 June 1965 Vol 206 No 4988
p992. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v206/n4988/index.html
[10] "kinase." The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language,
Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 30 Jun. 2013.
http://www.answers.com/topic/kinase
(University of Wisconsin) Madison, Wisconsin, USA3   
29 YBN
[11/14/1971 AD] 4 		5618) Ship orbits another planet (Mars).2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-051A
{11/14/1971}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.astronomy.csdb.cn/ceps/rpif/mariner9/mariner9_archive.htm
Planet Mars3   
29 YBN
[11/27/1971 AD] 4 		5619) Ship impacts Mars.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-045D
{11/27/1971}
Planet Mars3   
29 YBN
[12/02/1971 AD] 5 		5620) Ship lands on Mars.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049F
{12/02/1971}
Planet Mars4   
28 YBN
[07/31/1972 AD] 4 		5751) Proteins are synthesized by adding DNA to bacteria.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method
for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular
SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
2. ^ "Paul Berg." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 02 May. 2011.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61698/Paul-Berg>.
3. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for
Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40
DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
4. ^ David A. Jackson, Robert H. Symons, and Paul Berg, "Biochemical Method for
Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40
DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of
Escherichia coli", PNAS October 1, 1972 vol. 69 no. 10 2904-2909
http://www.pnas.org/content/69/10/2904.short {Berg_Paul_19720731.pdf}
{07/31/1972}
(Stanford University Medical Center) Stanford, California, USA3   
27 YBN
[12/03/1973 AD] 5 		5622) Ship reaches Jupiter and sends the first close-up images.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1972-012A
5. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2003/03_25HQ.html
{12/03/1973}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.aerospaceguide.net/pioneer10.html
Planet Jupiter4   
26 YBN
[1974 AD] 5 6 		5846) Personal computer.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577.
2. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop
Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc., 2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011.
http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
3. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair
4. ^ "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
Systems". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems
5. ^ "Altair." Computer Desktop Encyclopedia. Computer Language Company Inc.,
2011. Answers.com 30 May. 2011. http://www.answers.com/topic/altair {1974}
6. ^
Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second edition,
Simon and Schuster, 1991, p577. {1975}
(Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems) Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA3 4
(verify)  
25 YBN
[10/20/1975 AD] 6 		5623) Ship orbits and lands on Venus.3 4
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
2. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
4. ^ http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_09
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
6. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1975-050A
{10/20/1975}
Planet Venus5   
25 YBN
[1975 AD] 2 		6371) External object moved by thought.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "The Incredible Human Machine", National Geographic (1975)
2. ^ "The Incredible
Human Machine", National Geographic (1975)

MORE INFO
[1]
http://news.yahoo.com/paralyzed-woman-uses-her-mind-control-robot-arm-181141007-
-finance.html
[2] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4396387.stm
  
21 YBN
[09/01/1979 AD] 5 		388) Ship reaches Saturn and sends close-up images.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
2. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
3. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
4. ^
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
5. ^ http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html
{09/01/1979}
Planet Saturn4   
16 YBN
[03/10/1984 AD] 4 		5814) Multicellular organism "cloned".1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of
identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243
doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf}
2. ^ Alexander Hellemans, Bryan Bunch, "The Timetables of Science", Second
edition, Simon and Schuster, 1991, p594.
3. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple
procedure for the production of identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record
1984;114:240-243 doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/1984}
4. ^ SM Willadsen and RA Godke, "A simple procedure for the production of
identical sheep twins", Veterinary Record 1984;114:240-243
doi:10.1136/vr.114.10.240
http://veterinaryrecord.bmj.com/content/114/10/240.abstract
{Willadsen_Steen_M_19840310.pdf} {03/1984} {03/10/1984}
(AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology) Cambridge, UK3   
14 YBN
[01/24/1986 AD] 8 		5628) Ship reaches Uranus and sends close-up images.5 6
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
6. ^ http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/uranus.html
7. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
8. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
{01/24/1986}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Uranus7   
12 YBN
[12/14/1988 AD] 5 		6194) Microscopic electric motor.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
2. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
3. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
4. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
5. ^ Long-Sheng Fan; Yu-Chong Tai; R.S. Muller; , "IC-processed electrostatic
micro-motors," Electron Devices Meeting, 1988. IEDM '88. Technical Digest.,
International , vol., no., pp.666-669, 1988 doi: 10.1109/IEDM.1988.32901 URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=32901&isnumber=1415
{12/11/1988-12/14/1988}
(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA4   
11 YBN
[08/25/1989 AD] 5 		5629) Ship reaches Neptune and sends close-up images.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
5. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1977-076A
{08/25/1989}

MORE INFO
[1] "Voyager 2". Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2
Planet Neptune4   
10 YBN
[01/17/1990 AD] 5 		6191) Individual atoms moved.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
2. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
3. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
4. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html
5. ^ D. M. Eigler & E. K. Schweizer, "Positioning single atoms with a scanning
tunnelling microscope", Nature 344, 524 - 526 (05 April 1990);
doi:10.1038/344524a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v344/n6266/abs/344524
a0.html {01/17/1990}

MORE INFO
[1] Driscoll, Robert J., Michael G. Youngquist, and John D.
Baldeschwieler. "Atomic-scale imaging of DNA using scanning tunnelling
microscopy."� Nature 346.6281 (1990) :
294-296. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v346/n6281/abs/346294a0.html
[2] G. Binnig, H. Rohrer, Ch. Gerber, and E. Weibel, "Tunneling through a
controllable vacuum gap", Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 178 (1982);
doi:10.1063/1.92999 http://apl.aip.org/resource/1/applab/v40/i2/p178_s1
(IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center) San Jose, California, USA4
  
5 YBN
[12/07/1995 AD] 4 5 		396) Ship orbits Jupiter.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
2. ^http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1989-084B
3. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B
4. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1989-084B
{12/07/1995}
5. ^ http://www.sandia.gov/LabNews/LN02-09-01/galileo/timeline_story.htm

MORE INFO
[1] "Galileo End of Mission Press Kit" (PDF). Retrieved
2011-05-15. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/docs/galileo-end.pdf
[2] http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/galileo/gallery/top10science-3.cfm
Jupiter3   
4 YBN
[11/25/1996 AD] 3 		186) Animal cloned from somatic cell.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult
Mammalian Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html
{Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
2. ^ I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke*, J. McWhir, A. J. Kind* & K. H. S. Campbell,
"Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells", Nature 385,
810 - 813 (27 February 1997);
doi:10.1038/385810a0 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810
a0.html {Wilmut_Ian_19961125.pdf}
3. ^ Wilmut, I. et al. "Viable Offspring Derived from Fetal and Adult Mammalian
Cells." Nature 385.6619 (1997):
810–813. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v385/n6619/abs/385810a0.html {
Wilmut_19961125.pdf}
(University of Edinburgh, Roslin Institute), Roslin Midlothian, UK2   
1 YAN
[02/12/2001 AD] 3 		5639) Ship lands on an asteroid.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
2. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A
3. ^
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1996-008A {02/12/2001}
Asteroid Eros2   
1 YAN
[06/28/2001 AD] 5 		6192) Microscopic radio chip (RFID).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
2. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
3. ^ http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/030902.html
4. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf}
5. ^ "World's smallest RFID IC,the “µ-chip” "
http://www.hitachi.com/New/cnews/E/2001/0628/index.html {Hitachi_u-chip_20010
628.pdf} {06/28/2001}

MORE INFO
[1] "World's tiniest RFID tag unveiled", BBC,
02/23/2007 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6389581.stm
[2] http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/337
[3]
http://www.thelibertyvoice.com/hitachi-develops-a-new-rfid-with-embedded-antenna
-%C2%B5-chip
(Hitachi) Japan4   
3 YAN
[04/04/2003 AD] 4 		6195) Nanometer scale electric motor.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ A. M. Fennimore, T. D. Yuzvinsky, Wei-Qiang Han, M. S. Fuhrer, J. Cumings
& A. Zettl, “Rotational actuators based on carbon nanotubes.” Nature
424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
2. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
3. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
4. ^ Fennimore, A. M. et al. “Rotational actuators based on carbon
nanotubes.” Nature 424.6947 (2003) :
408-410. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/abs/nature01823.html
{04/04/2003}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.mpoweruk.com/motorsspecial.htm
(University of California at Berkeley), Berkeley, California, USA3   
4 YAN
[07/01/2004 AD] 4 		5641) Ship orbits Saturn.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
2. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
3. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
4. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/ {07/01/2004}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-061A
Planet Saturn3   
4 YAN
[11/29/2004 AD] 		5832) Stem cells are used to repair damaged nerves.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm
2. ^ "Stem cell therapy brings paralyzed to feet",
ChinaDaily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-11/29/content_395570.h
tm

MORE INFO
[1] Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, et al. (2005). "A 37-year-old spinal
cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human
UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and
morphologically: a case study". Cytotherapy 7 (4): 368–73.
DOI:10.1080/14653240500238160. PMID 16162459
[2] "team co-headed by researchers at
Chosun University", Seoul National University and the Seoul Cord Blood Bank
(SCB) Umbilical cord cells 'allow paralysed woman to walk' By Roger Highfield,
Science Editor. Last Updated: 1:28AM GMT 30 Nov 2004
(Chosun University) Kwangju, South Korea2   
5 YAN
[01/14/2005 AD] 3 		5642) Ship lands on a moon of Saturn (Titan).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
2. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/
3. ^
http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/saturntourdates/2004through2006saturntourhigh
lights/ {01/14/2005}

MORE INFO
[1] http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1997-061A
Planet Saturn, moon Titan2   
8 YAN
[12/10/2008 AD] 5 		3886) Remote neuron reading. Image of what the eyes are seeing captured
remotely.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
2. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
3. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
4. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito,
Y., Tanabe, H. C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction
from human brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image
decoders. Neuron, 60, 5, 915-929.
http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
5. ^ Miyawaki, Y., Uchida, H., Yamashita, O., Sato, M., Morito, Y., Tanabe, H.
C., Sadato, N., Kamitani, Y. (2008). Visual image reconstruction from human
brain activity using a combination of multi-scale local image decoders. Neuron,
60, 5, 915-929. http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00958-6
{12/10/2008}

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
(Collaboration between researchers at two Japanese Universities, two research
Institutes, and ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories) Kyoto, Japan4
  
FUTURE
15 YAN
[2015 AD] 4 		332) Sound a brain hears is recorded remotely.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{2015}
  
15 YAN
[2015 AD] 		6394) Microscopic radio (particle transmitter and receiver).
  
18 YAN
[2018 AD] 		6208) Radio device functions as cell organelle.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
20 YAN
[2020 AD] 		6197) Remote controlled microscopic flying device.
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		337) Remote neuron writing using microscopic devices in neurons. Microscopic
devices enter the human body by the lung, enter the blood circulation, and
position themselves as organelles inside cells. External devices communicate
with the intracellular devices to make the neuron cell fire.3

Sounds, images, smells, and muscle contractions can be remotely activated in a
brain by sending light particles to intracellular devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1]
http://www.nerdgrind.com/dream-and-thought-recorder-created-by-japanese-research
-team/
[2]
http://gizmodo.com/5107377/new-technology-could-display-your-dreams-on-screen
[3] personal communication, see most of Kamatani's email correspondence with me
at: http://www.tedhuntington.com/neuron_reading_and_writing.htm
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6193) Microscopic wireless camera and microphone.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6198) Remote controlled microscopic flying camera.
  
25 YAN
[2025 AD] 		6375) Wireless microscopic maser.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 4 		365) Thought-audio recorded (Remote neuron reading) and played out loud
publicly. The first recorded thought audio may be the audio "1 2 3". Humans
start to communicate by thought-image and thought-sound only.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 1 		366) Artificial muscle bipedal robot, lighter than motor robots.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2040}
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 4 		680) Thought-images are recorded remotely using remote neuron reading and shown
publicly.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2025}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 2 		791) Bipedal robots start replacing humans in most low-skill jobs (for example
as walking security cameras, in fast-food, and fruit picking).1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate)
  
30 YAN
[2030 AD] 		6391) Nanometer scale camera.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 4 		790) Humans walk around with robot servants.3 These robots clean and cook for
their owners.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2050 (my own estimate}
  
50 YAN
[2050 AD] 1 		6300) Bacteria identified and destroyed by microscopic device inside animal
body.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100} {2050}
  
51 YAN
[2051 AD] 3 4 5 		6520) There are 10 billion humans on Earth.1 2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Kremer, Michael. “Population Growth and Technological Change: One
Million B.C. to 1990.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108.3 (1993):
681–716. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2118405
2. ^ Parker, G. Compact History of the World. Barnes & Noble, 2001, p17.
3. ^ Ted
Huntington.
4. ^ http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm
5. ^ Ted Huntington
  
55 YAN
[2055 AD] 1 		6302) Cancer cell growth stopped by microscopic devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2055}

MORE INFO
[1] Schroeder, Avi et al. “Treating Metastatic Cancer with
Nanotechnology.” Nat Rev Cancer 12.1 (2012):
39–50. http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v12/n1/full/nrc3180.html?WT.ec_id=NR
C-201201
  
60 YAN
[2060 AD] 1 		6301) Virus identified and destroyed by microscopic devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2060}
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 		367) Most humans communicate only by images and sounds of thought.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 4 		793) Helicopter-cars form a second line of traffic above the streets.3
FOOTNOTE
S
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2100 my own
estimate}

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.sdi.gov/curtis/Trans_Trends.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 1 		794) 100 ships with humans orbit Earth.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 2 		4575) Robots walk on the moon of Earth and build buildings.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
moon of Earth  
100 YAN
[2100 AD] 2 		4613) Humans conquer all bacteria and viruses. Microscopic devices can identify
and destroy all known bacteria and viruses anywhere inside or outside of the
body.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2500} {2100}
  
120 YAN
[2120 AD] 		4584) Robots walk and build buildings on Mars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
140 YAN
[2140 AD] 1 		687) Large scale transmutation: Humans can convert most common atoms (like
Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium) into much more useful atoms (like
Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen). This allows many humans to live independently
of Earth, in ships, and on planets and moons without air or water.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.

MORE INFO
[1] http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
[2] future_est.xls
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 1 		659) First major nation to be fully democratic.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. (50 years to get progressive president, 50 years to get
pro fully democratic, 50 years for actual full democracy to be integrated (in
courts, military, laws))
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 		4592) Humans land on Mars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 		6223) The first "Moon colony".
  
150 YAN
[2150 AD] 1 		6304) Nucleic Acid changed by remote control microscopic devices.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2058} {2150}
  
180 YAN
[2180 AD] 		4594) Humans live on Mars.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mars  
190 YAN
[2190 AD] 2 		4606) Humans land on Mercury.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mercury  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 4 		792) Robots and other machines have replaced humans in most manual labor tasks
(including driving, cleaning, and food planting, harvesting, preparing and
serving).3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington
2. ^ Ted Huntington
3. ^ Ted Huntington
4. ^ Ted Huntington (my own estimate) {2200 my own
estimate}
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 4 		795) 1000 human-filled ships orbit earth.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
2. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
3. ^ Ted Huntington future_est.xls
4. ^ Ted
Huntington future_est.xls (my own estimate)
  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 1 		4607) Humans live on Mercury.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Mercury  
200 YAN
[2200 AD] 		6305) Microscopic devices repair, regrow, and reshape damaged cells.
  
250 YAN
[2250 AD] 3 		4611) Humans land on a moon of Jupiter.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
280 YAN
[2280 AD] 2 		4598) Human-filled ship orbits the Sun.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2280}
  
280 YAN
[2280 AD] 1 		4620) Humans land on a moon of Saturn.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Saturn  
300 YAN
[2300 AD] 3 		4627) Humans land on a moon of Uranus.2
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
Uranus  
350 YAN
[2350 AD] 1 2 		4630) Humans orbit Neptune and land on a moon of Neptune.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {2900}
Neptune  
350 YAN
[2350 AD] 		6393) A ship reaches other star (Alpha Centauri). The first close up pictures
of planets
of a different star.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
370 YAN
[2370 AD] 1 		6209) Living objects on planets of another star identified (bacteria made of
DNA).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2760} {2765}
Alpha Centauri  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 1 2 		683) Removal of Venus atmosphere is started.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
  
500 YAN
[2500 AD] 4 5 		686) End of death by aging.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{2500}
5. ^ future_est.xls
  
600 YAN
[2600 AD] 		6547) Ship reaches Sirius.

MORE INFO
[1]
Sirius  
650 YAN
[2650 AD] 4 		4619) Humans create atoms from light particles. Photon fusion: the reverse of
separating atoms into light particles.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {2650}
  
750 YAN
[2750 AD] 1 		4622) The first large ship to reach a different star (Alpha Centauri).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Alpha Centauri  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 		24) Humans consume an asteroid.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1 		4615) Humans live on Venus.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Venus  
800 YAN
[2800 AD] 1 		4628) Humans change the motion of a moon. (A moon of Jupiter).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {2800}
Jupiter  
850 YAN
[2850 AD] 1 		4580) Humans change the motion of a planet (planet Earth).
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Earth  
900 YAN
[2900 AD] 1 		29) Ship impacts the surface of Jupiter. First image of the surface of Jupiter.
The solid and liquid body of Jupiter is confirmed to be 6 times the diameter of
Earth.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
1,000 YAN
[3000 AD] 		4631) Start of the removal of the Jupiter atmosphere.

MORE INFO
[1]
Jupiter  
1,150 YAN
[3150 AD] 1 		4638) Ships with robots reach the second closest star, Barnard's star.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
Barnard's Star  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 		4614) A ship from Centauri reaches Earth and returns the first objects from a
different star.

MORE INFO
[1]
Earth System  
1,200 YAN
[3200 AD] 4 		4637) Humans reach a different star (Alpha Centauri). Humans now live around
two star systems.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {3100} {3200 (100 years per
light year 400 years}
Alpha Centauri  
1,300 YAN
[3300 AD] 		777) End of major religions.

MORE INFO
[1] future_est.xls
[2] "MODERNIZATION, CULTURAL CHANGE, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF
TRADITIONAL VALUES" Ronald Inglehart University of Michigan Wayne E.
Baker University of Michigan religion_inglehart_baker.pdf
[3] "ESTIMATING THE RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF ALL
NATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT", Becky Hsu, Amy Reynolds, Conrad Hackett,
James Gibbon Princeton University November 2, 2005 Religions_estimating.pdf
  
1,400 YAN
[3400 AD] 2 		4643) The motion of Mars is controlled by orbiting ships.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3600}
Mars  
1,500 YAN
[3500 AD] 1 2 		684) The Atmosphere of Venus is completely removed.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ future_est.xls
Venus  
1,800 YAN
[3800 AD] 2 		4645) The motion of Jupiter is controlled by orbiting ships.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {3800}
Jupiter  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD] 		4644) The atmosphere of Jupiter is completely removed.

MORE INFO
[1]
Jupiter  
2,000 YAN
[4000 AD] 		4646) Humans have ships at 10 star systems.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
2,200 YAN
[4200 AD] 1 		4651) The rings of Saturn are consumed.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington. {4200}
Saturn  
2,300 YAN
[4300 AD] 2 		6379) Humans land on Jupiter.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington. {4300}
Jupiter  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 1 2 		4579) The Venus atmosphere is like the atmosphere of Earth.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {4500}
2. ^ future_est.xls {4500}
Venus  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 		4655) Humans live on Jupiter.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Jupiter  
2,500 YAN
[4500 AD] 1 		4662) Motion of all planets under human control.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
3,100 YAN
[5100 AD] 4 		4671) The first image of advanced living objects that evolved around a
different star.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {5100}
  
3,500 YAN
[5500 AD] 		6176) Motion of star controlled. Star of Earth moved in direction of Centauri.
Sun  
4,000 YAN
[6000 AD] 		4674) Centauri is moved towards the star of Earth.

MORE INFO
[1]
Centauri  
4,000 YAN
[6000 AD] 4 		4675) Humans touch advanced living objects that evolved around a different
star.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
4. ^ Ted Huntington. {6000}
  
4,500 YAN
[6500 AD] 		4676) Humans form a cluster of 4 stars (the Sun and the three stars of
Centauri).
Sun-Centauri cluster  
5,000 YAN
[7000 AD] 1 2 		678) One trillion humans.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html {15,505 YAN (rate=0.033%)
(at current rate is 2600}
  
25,000 YAN
[27000 AD] 		4677) Humans inhabit 100 stars and form a globular cluster of 10 stars.
  
45,000 YAN
[47000 AD] 		4679) Humans inhabit 1000 stars and form a globular cluster of 100 stars.
  
50,000 YAN
[52000 AD] 		4658) All asteroids are consumed.1
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
  
63,000 YAN
[65000 AD] 		6171) Humans reach the center of the Earth.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
Earth  
65,000 YAN
[67000 AD] 1 		6174) Earth is completely filled with living objects.

There is no more molten material inside the Earth. All the molten compressed
matter was extracted, cooled and consumed, mostly as building materials, fuel,
and food.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ "quintillion." The American Heritage� Dictionary of the English
Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Answers.com 25 Jan.
2013. http://www.answers.com/topic/quintillion
Earth  
70,000 YAN
[72000 AD] 		4684) Humans inhabit 10,000 stars and form a globular cluster of 1,000 stars.
  
90,000 YAN
[92000 AD] 1 		6210) Human-made globular cluster of 10,000 stars leaves the plane of the Milky
Way Galaxy.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington based on 0.03% growth from 2000 to 90000
  
121,000 YAN
4 5 6 7 		681) The Moon of Earth population reaches the maximum possible (200
quadrillion).1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
3. ^ future_est.xls
4. ^ Ted Huntington.
5. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
6. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
{3800}
7. ^ future_est.xls {3800}
Moon of Earth  
125,500 YAN
4672) Planet Mercury is completely filled with living objects.
Mercury  
127,000 YAN
4 5 6 		682) The population of Mars reaches the maximum.1 2 3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
2. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
3. ^ future_est.xls
4. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
5. ^ http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html
6. ^ future_est.xls
Mars  
138,000 YAN
4678) All planets of Star of Earth consumed.

MORE INFO
[1] Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
148,000 YAN
1 		100) The star of Earth is consumed.
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Huntington_Ted_population_estimates.txt
  
205,000 YAN
6317) Sirius consumed.
Sirius  
630,000 YAN
106) Ten to the power 100 humans.

MORE INFO
[1]
  
1,000,000,000 YAN
2 3 		4685) All the stars in the Milky Way Galaxy belong to a globular cluster.1
FOOT
NOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington. {100002000}
Milky Way Galaxy  
30,000,000,000 YAN
4687) The Milky Way Globular Galaxy integrates the matter of the Magellanic
Cloud galaxies.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy  
40,000,000,000 YAN
4688) The Milky Way and Andromeda globular galaxies join.3
FOOTNOTES
1. ^ Ted Huntington.
2. ^ Ted Huntington.
3. ^ Ted Huntington.
Milky Way Galaxy and Andromeda Galaxy  
"Universe, Life, Science, Future" is published under the GNU license, except where otherwise indicated or determined to be fair use, copyrighted, public domain, CC, GDFL or other license.
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